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MATERIA MEDICA OF INDIA
AND THEIR
THERAPEUTICS.
By
RUSTOMJEE NASERWANJEE KHORY,
Honorary Physician^ Sir J, J. Hostital and attached to Bat Motlibai and Sir Dinska Petit
Hospitals ; Member of the Royal College of PhvsicianSy London; Fellow and Licentiate
of Medicine of the University of Bombay ; Voctor of Medicine (Brux,); Late Syn-
dic and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Bombay ; Late Presi-
dent. Grant College Medical Society ; Fellow of the Koyai Medical and
Chirurgical Society of London ; Fellow of the Obstetric Society, Lon-
don ; Justice ofthe Peace for the City of Bombay ; Author of
" The Digest of Medicine,'' ''The Principles and Practice of
Medicine,'' " The Bombay Materia Medica and Their
Therapeutics "/ Examiner in Materia Medica and
Therapeutics and in Midwifery and Diseases of
Women and Children, University, Bombay ;
AND
NANABHAI NAVROSJI KATRAK,
Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery (Bombay), Justice of the Peace for ihe Ctty of Bombay ;
Late Chairman of the Standing Committee and Member of the Municipal
Corporation of Bom lay ; Late Secretary and Vice-President of
the Grant College Medical Society, Bombay.
BOMBAY :
PRINTED AT THE CAXTON WORKS.
1903.
UJis'
To
The Right Honourablk
LORD REAY, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., LL.U., &c.,
Late Governor of Bombay.
In grateful recognition of eminent services rendered
to the cause of education in general and medical education
in particular, and of many and beneficent medical reforms
introduced in the Bombay Presidency, and the sym-
pathetic solicitude evinced for raising the status and
position of the local medical profession,
This work has been, by permission, respectfully
dedicated.
Organic Drugs from the Vegetable Kingdom.
The drugs belonging to this kingdom are treated in this work
according to the system of natural orders, as this is the most scientific
and practical of the various systems made use of in works on botany.
At any rate the importance of this system so far as medicine is con-
cerned cannot be questioned. The arrangement and sequence of the
various natural orders have been determined after consulting various
authors, under the hope that they will be found convenient.
Rananoulaceee.
Bachanaga, buttercup or crowfoot family.
Ranunculaceae is derived from Ranunculus, a little frog, as many
species grow in moist places where frogs abound.
Habitat, — Cold, damp climates. Mountainous places.
Characters, — Herbs or shrubs with an acrid watery juice ; when
applied fresh quickly produce a blister. Leaves alternate or opposite,
generally much divided, sometimes entire with dilated and sheathing
petioles. Stipules generally absent or united to the base of the petiole.
Flowers small yellow, most complete ; sepals, petals and stamens all
distinct hypogynous, Corolla 5 with imbricate aestivation, seeds without
an aril, embryo minute at the base of homogeneous horny albumen,
roots tuberous.
Properties, — The leaves and roots of many species when taken in
excess produce symptoms of irritant poisoning. The different parts
of the plant at diflferent seasons abound in a volatile acrid principle
which possesses local irritant, and in some cases even vesicant pro-
perties ; the acrid principle being volatile is dissipated by drying or
by infusing it in boiling or even cold water. Some plants contain in
addition a narcotic principle. A few plants are simply bitter tonics,
alteratives and stimulants. Among the natives the poisonous plants
are known as Bish naga. The word is derived from bish — poison, and
naga — a root, a plant with poisonous root. The non-poisonous plants
are known by the name of Nirbishi ; nir — against, and bisha — a poison.
Aoonitum Ferox.
Habitat, — Himalaya mountains, Northern India, Nepaul, Cash-
mere and Sikkim.
Parts used, — The dried tuberous root.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Bish, khanikeel, namir. Beng. — Batsnib,
Bish, Mitha, telia Ati-singiabish. Bomb. — Bachnab. Cing. —
2 ACONITUM FEROX.
Vachanabhi. Duk. — Bachnig. Guz. — Shingadio-vachnig. Hind. —
Teliy^-bis, Bishnab. Kalabachnig Singya-bis, Mithi-Zahar, Bish,
Bikh. Malay.— Vatsa-n^bhi. Mar. — Wuchnzlk. Punj. — Moura-bikh.
Pers. — Bishnag. Sans. — Vatsanibhaj Visham. Shringi-bish. Tam. —
Visha-navi, Vasha-nabhi. Tel. — Ati-vassa, Vasanabhi.
Teliya means greased or oiled, to preserve them from the action
of the air. Vatsa-nabhi means navel of children, as the root resem-
bles in appearance the navel of children. Shringebish from shingia
or shingdan, which means a horn, and bish a poison. The smooth and
tapering root of aconite resembles in appearance a goat's horn.
Characters* — ^The tubef is heavy, horny, fusiform or conical,
generally wrinkled, dark or yellowish brown externally, and shining
black within ; in shape it resembles a deer's horn. It is from 2 to 4
inches long and about an inch wide at the crown or base ; it breaks
with a resinous fracture and could be reduced to a coarse powder ; the
smell is very disagreeable, resembling that of cat's urine, the taste
acrid and stimulating ,' a portion of it when chewed causes a tingling
sensation and numbness on the tongtie, the sensation remaining
unabated for a long time. £)ose of the root i to 2 grains.
Constituents. — A crystalline alkaloid called napelline or pseudo
aconitine, similar to aconitine (one pound yielding one drachm). It
has a transparent vitreous appearance, soluble in boiling water, less
soluble in ether, chloroform and alcohol. Is weaker than Aconitine.
A valuable hypnotic. Dose, i to J gr. A good substitute for opium
and chloral.
Preparations. — (i) Liniment. (2) Tincture 1 in 8 of alcohol. Dose,
2 to s ms.
Actions and uses. — Aconitum ferox is diaphoretic, diuretic, anti-
pyretic and anodyne. It is more diuretic and less antipyretic than
A. napellus. The tincture is antiphlogistic and useful in nasal catarrh ;
also in tonsillitis, sore throat, coryza, neuralgia and acute gout. The
liniment is used for chilblains.
Aoonitum HeterophyUum.
ffabitat.^lndi^t Himalaya.
Ihrts used. — The dried tuberous roots.
r^rw^c«/^r.— Duk.— Ativish, Ataicha, Atvik4, Vajje-Turki. Guz.
— Atavakha-ni-kali. Atvasek. Hind.— Atis, Patis-Batis. Mar.—
Ativish. Pers.— Vajje-Turki, Tam.— Ati vadayam. Tel.— Ati-vasa.
Ativisha — meaning counteracting poison.
Characters, — Two varieties, grey and white. White tubers are
young, plump, of a pale ash colour, ovoid and half an inch to an inch
long. External surface wrinkled and marked with scars of rootlets.
At the broad end there are 2 or 3 scale-like rings, the remains of fallen
scaly leaf buds. Grey tubers are longer and shrivelled ; both
break with a resinous fracture, their interior is white, taste very bitter.
Dose of the powder as a tonic, 5 to 15 grs. As an anthelmintic,
3 to 5 grs. As an antiperiodic, 20 to 30 grs.
ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM, 3
Cofistiiuents. — An intensely bitter alkaloid— rAtisine, Aconitic
acid, Tannic acid, Pectous substance, abundant starch, fat, a mixture
of oleic, palmitic-stearic glycerides, vegetable mucilage, cane-sugar
and ash, 2 p.c.
Preparation — Tincture (l in. 8). Dose lo to 60 nis. Bdligolia given
to infants for restlessness and to keep them quiet. It contains 3
narcotics namely. Cannabis, Opium, and Dhatura, and the remainder
28 bitters and aromatics.
Devdir yidi kvith. — Decoction.
Ativish, ShiijirOn, Rito Dhamaso Gokharu, each one part, fry
the mass and add Sunth, Kaephal, Nagarmoth, Kariatun, Kadu,
Dhini, Himaj, Gajapipli, Dhamiso, Ringani, Galo, Kakdasingi,
of each one part make a decoction (1 in 20). Dose, 4 to 12 drs. used
during convalescence from fever, acute diseases, parturition, &c.
Actions and uses. — Bitter, stomachic, aphrodisiac, tonit, and
antiperiodic, given during convalescence froth such debilitating diseases
as fevers, acute inflammatory affections, &c., uSed also in cough,
dyspepsia and in diarrhoea depending thereupon, in which case ft is
given in combination with aromatifcs^ bitters, and astringents such as
Tinospora, Bonduc-nuts, Holarrheha, kt. It has been given as an
antiperiodic in malarial fevers with sofne sutce^s, but is much inferior
to quinine. Combined with vivadin^ it is given to expel worms.
Aconitum iiy6o6tontim.
Habitat, — Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya.
Part used.^-The tubers.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Khanik-el-zeb, Hind. — Bika.
Cotistituents. — It contains two alkaloids : Lycoctonine, soluble in
ether, but sparingly so in water ; and acolyctine, soluble in water, but
insoluble in ether.
Aoonltam MapeUus, B. P.
Aconite — meaning a rock, as the root grows upon steep rocks.
Napellus — meaning a little turnip, the shape of the root being
like that of the turnip.
Habitat* — Europe, Himalaya, Alps, North America.
Parts used. — ^The tuberous root, Aconiti Radix, B. P., and
Aconiti Folia.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Wolf's-bane, Monk*s-hood, mousebane,
Indian Aconite, Nepaul Aconite. Arab. — Khanik-el-nemer. Beng. —
Dudhia bikha. Guz. — Nagapuri Bachanaga, Dudhio Vachanaga,
Hind. — Dudhia bikha, Kota bikha, Batsnab-bish, Mahoor. Panj.
Telia Kachang. Bomb. — Bachnab, Tel Vasanabha. Can. — Vasanabhi.
Khanik-el-zeib and Khanik-el-nemir. Khanik, the slayer, and
Zeib, a wolf. Nemir, a panther. It means slayer of wolf and
panther. Aconite was used to destroy wild beasts.
Visham, visha, a name common to any poison.
4 ArONITlTM NAPFLl.US.
C^^r^^/^rj. —rFlowers deep blue, helmet shaped. Leaves in
segment, wedge-shaped and deeply cut, and when chewed giving a
sensation of tingling on the tongue and lips. Root of a brown colour,
tuberous, horny, irregular and roughly wrinkled, conical, 2 to 3 inches
long and one inch in thickness at the crown, the lower portion taper-
ing and marked with a few scars and fragments of rootlets; on the
top are the remains of leaflets. The root bark is thick and enclosing
a seven-rayed star-shaped pith, which is whitish and starchy. The cut
surface is yellowish white and resinous and made up of wedges. It is
without any marked odour, the taste is somewhat sweetish at first,
then becomes acrid and radish like ; when chewed it leaves a tingling
sensation on the tongue for a long time. Dose, i to 2 grs.
Constiiiteuts. — The chief active principle is the alkaloid aconitine
in the proportion of '03 p.c. Pseudo aconitine or napelline or
Veratroyl Aconine, Pseudo aconine, and Aconella, which resembles
narcotine, also Picraconitine, aconitic acid, resin, fat, and
sugar.
Pseudo aconitine or Veratroyl Aconine or Napellina or
Napelline is weaker than aconitine. It is more soluble in hot water
and less soluble in ether and chloroform.
Aconitina, B. P., aconitine, aconitia is identical with benzoyl
aconine. To obtain it mix the alcoholic extract with hot water, re-
move the oil and resin, cool and filter, then precipitate with ammonia,
exhaust the precipitate with ether, distil and dry. Met with in
colourless hexagonal, or rhombic prisms, or white amorphous
solid of alkaline reaction. With acids it forms salts. It is readily
soluble in alcohol or chloroform, less so in ether, nearly
insoluble in cold water (i in 150), in hot water fiinso), and in
petroleum spirit; melts at a temperature of 375® F. A drop of
even a very weak solution causes a tingling sensation on the
tongue. yJo K^« o^ aconitine is equivalent to about i grain of
aconite root Dose, j\^ to ^q grain. The salts of aconitine, namely
hydrochloride and hydrobromide are both crystalline.
Preparation, — Of the leaves, Extractum aconiti. Extract of
aconite. Dose, i to J grain. Of the root, Extractum aconiti fluidum,
each drop contains one grain of the powdered root. Dose, J to 2 ms.
Tinctura aconiti, B. P. (i in 20). Dose, 5 to 15 ms., if frequently
repeated 2 to 5 ms.
Linimentum aconiti,' B. P. (2 in 3).
St. Jacob's Oil. — It probably contains aconite liniment, ether,
alcohol, turpentine, red colouring matter and water. According to
another formula it contains turpentine, aconite liniment, carbolic acid,
alcohol, ether, capsicum and origanum.
Preparaiion.'—Oi aconitina. Unguentum aconitinae, aconitine
ointment, B. P., contains aconitine (2 p. c.)
ACOSITUM NAI»ltLLUS.
contains i grain in 240 ms.
Injectio aconiltn:e hypodermica,
Dose» I to 2 ms.
Oleatuni aconitinac, oleate of aconitine. Contains 2 p.c. of atoniline
10 oleic acid rt»r external use.
Anodyne arayl colloid. It contains aconitine, veratrirje, and
liydride of amy I dissolved in collodion* A good application in
neuralgia &c,
Bacbnag Powder, To prepare it, soak small pieces of the root in
milk for several hours» dry and powder. Dose. ^ to J gn
PhyshUigkai achon, — Aconite is sedative, anodyne, mydriatic and
poisonous. U depresses circulation and respiration. It is a powerful
depressant of the sensory nerve ends of nervous and of muscular apparatus
of the heart, respiration and the spinal nervous system. It docs not
aiTect the cerebrum. At first it stimulates the vagus centre in the
medulla, and lowers the heart-beat, the respiration, and arterial tension.
This is soon followed by cardiac depression and paralysis of the
vasomotor centre. As a sedative upon the nerve ends in small
quantity it produces a little tingling and then numbness as on the
tongue and lips. It also produces diaphoresis and diuresis. It
acts upon the stomach and intestines, producing increased i>ecrelion.
It causes constriction in the fauces, and produces nausea, vomiting
and more or less salivation.
In toxic doses there is loss of sight and hearing, with
dilated, sometimes contracted pupils, cold clammy sweats, great
numhness, lowering of the body heat, loss of motion, sensation and
impairment of reflexes, ending in convulsions, syncope and death ;
consciousness is generally retained to the last* Locally it is a powerful
sedative, paralysing the sensory nerves around painful areas and
producing numbness.
Therapeutics. — ^As a powerful antiphlogistic, its chief use is in the
early stages of acute cararrhal or sthenic fevers, acute catarrhal inflam-
mation and vascular excitement* In inflammation of serous mt^mbrancs
as acute pleurisy, in pericarditis, in orchitis, in acute peritonitis,
and in acute rheumatism, if given early, it is very useful.
It should not be given in asthenic patients, in weak, fatty, or dilated
hearty in continued fevers, in gastro-intestinal irritation and pulmonary
inflammation^ As a powerful vascular and cardiac sedative, it is
given in cardiac hypertrophy without any organic lesion, and in nervous
palpitation. It is also given in scarlet fever, measles, erysipelas, acute
catarrh^ acute bronchial affections, in coryza, tonsillitis, exophthalmic
goitre, and asthma ; also in croup, either spasmodic or inflammatory.
Given with Dover's powder, it is very useful in breaking up a cold
ar zn attack of influenza. It is a popular remedy with singers.
They take it occasionally to clear their voice. It is very beneticial
given m
' ETling th
gestive neuralgia, as
of the fifth nerve; i
Igia
ifi
or those
sentery
ppfcatjcd mLnhtruatiun folluvvlng a chill or exposure to
local con
iranc
facial neura
arrhoea
or
6 ACONITITM PALMATUM.
cold and in congestive dysmenorrhea. Given in gonorrhoea it
prevents chordee. In cases requiring the passage of a catheter,
tincture of aconite in drop doses prevents the chill following
the cathetrism. Aconitine in ,ijy grain doses is used hypoderniical-
ly in acute inflammations, accompanied with high fever. As a local
anodyne the liniment is applied to relieve the pain and itching in
herpes zoster, pruritis and chilblain ; in neuralgia and chronic
rheumatism. Aconitine ointment is a powerful local sedative and
used locally in facial neuralgia, also in orchitis and painful affec-
tions of the joints. In odontalgia the tincture may be rubbed on the
gums. It should not be used on an abraded surface. Aconitine oint-
ment is very efficient in trigeminal neuralgia.
AoonitaiQ Pa)mMmPr
Habitat, — Himalaya, Mishmi.
Parts used, — The tubers.
Vernacular, — Bomb. — Bikhma, Vakhafiia ; Guz. — Vakhamo ;
Hind. — Bishama.
Characters^ — Tuber generally branc}ipd, colour light brown, hard
and horny and breaking with a short starchy fracture. Externally the
surface is longitudipally furrowpd. Internally compact, shining and
yellowish. Taste iqtensely bitter, but not acrid. Smell somewhat
pungent and aromatic. Qos^, 5 to lo grs.
Constituents, — Ap alkaloid identical with atisine, starch, &c.
Preparation, — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, i to 4 drs.
Actions and //j^.— Stomachic, bitter, antiperiodic and anthel-
mintic; used in fevers, dyspepsia and diarrhoea. It has been also tried
in cholera.
Adonis Yemalia.
False hellebore or the pheasant's eye.
Habitat, — Southern Europe and Asia.
Parts used. — The leaves and stalks.
Characters, — A perennial l^erb of a wild growth. Dose 3 to 6 grs.
Constituents, — The active principle is a bitter hygroscopic
glucoside, called adonidin, aconitjc {icid, — adonido quercitrin, adonidic
acid and sugar (adonido-dulcite).
Adonidinum-adonjdin. A canary-yellow powder cf intensely
bitter taste and neutral reaction. It is soluble in water, ether
and alcohol. Dose ^^ to ^ gr.
Preparations, — Extractum adonidis liquidum. Dose, i to 2 ms.
Tinctura adonidis. Tincture of adonis (i in 8). Dose, 10 to 30 ms.
Infusum adonidis. Infusion of adonis (1 in 40). Dose, i to 4 drs.
ANhMOSi
LLA*
PJk}* ' aciiotis. — Fresh plant is ncrid, irritant and vesicant;
firv nlatii _ . .. ..lac aUmuUnt, tonic and diufetic, similar in action to
It acts more promptly, slowing the heart beats, increasing
and raising the blood pressure in the aiteries. It is rapidly
xl in the urine. It is not cumulative and can be given for
I- ti^ lime without danger. In large or poisonous doses it at first
Kciics the heart and then causes paralysis of the cardiac motor
'nerves. Adonidin is more energetic than degitoxtn. It is also a
cardiac sedative like belladonna.
Thtfijpfutics, — As 3 diuretic it is used to remove oedema or dropsy
loe to diseases of the hearti chiefly the dilated heart wiih mitral
eguxgitation. It slows the respiration, relieves throbbing headache,
ipsration and dyspncea. In epilepsy it may be given with potassium
lide.
Anamona Pulsatilla.
A, praleiuis (pali^tilla ni^ri-cans.) A. patens (pulsatilla vulgaris.)
Basque flower. Wind flower. Meadow anemone,
Ancotonc, from an<Jmos the wind, wind flower, the herb grows
rtndy places.
Fulsatilla, from puUerei to beat or strike^ it pulsatet from the
Willi I or be;iting against the tree.
I : ; , from pratum, a meadow or belonE^inir to meadow ; its
pkice iA growth*
fi'iliUit, — HngUnd, Siberia, Temperate untl Aljniie Himalaya.
/ arls! us^d. — The Hfiwcring herb,
iWuacuiaK — Pers.— Shakaykel-naamaa.
CAanicUrs, — Stems simple and erect, with l.irgc terminal flowcrSt
Flnwcrabcll-shapcfi* vidlt-l or purple. Fruits nchenes, numerous, Koott
brown» oiilique. Leaves silky and villmis. All parts covered
t ioft silky hairs. Without any odour and of an acrid taste*
Dose, 3 to to grs.
O^nstiiiieNis, — An nci id yellow oil» aiictnonal, winch is converted
in the pre«rnce of water into ariemonin or pulsatilla camphor ; the
■ f)le anemunic acid j and acrid anemone camphor,
iioninnm or pulsatilla camphor is obtained from
^ ol anemone. Distil the herb with water, and evaporate
It resembles camphor and is neutral white, friable,
Hs or needles without odour, of an exceedingly acrid taste,
lie in chloroform and hot alcohol and sparingly so in ether
irater j on the addition of alkalies it is converted into ancmoninic
jd« a crystalline insoluble powder; dissolves in alkalies with a
How colour* Oose^ i ^^ t fin** i" pi^^*
VffniratifiH. — Extract um puUalilUe liquidum. Dose, i to 5 ms*
Tinciura pulsattila (i in lo\* Dose, 2 to 10 !os. Infusion
(i fo 40). Dose, I to 4 dr
8 CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA.
Physiological action. — Diuretic, general stimulant, antispasmodic
sedative, mydriatic, expectorant, galactagogue and emmenagogue ;
in toxic doses irritant. When chewed it increases the secretion of
saliva. It lowers the heart, and arterial tension, reduces the respira-
tion and the body heat. In large doses it causes nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea, and in toxic doses paralysis with stupor followed by
convulsions and death. Locally it causes numbness, tingling, skin
inflammation and eruptions.
Therapeutics. — The root is mixed with milk and given
internally. Pulsatilla is now particularly used in functional uterine
derangements as leucorrhcea, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhoea, and
other painful affections of the pelvic organs ; also in rheumatism,
gout, nervous headache, orchitis and epididymitis, in both of which
it relieves inflammation and also the pain. As an antispasmodic
it is used in coryza, rhinitis, bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough,
and hysteria ; as a gastric sedative it is given in dyspepsia, gastritis,
flatulence, &c. Anemonin is used in asthma, bronchitis, whoop-
ing cough, &c.
Locally, i of tincture to lo of water is used as an injection for
leucorrhoea ; mixed with walnut husk, it is used for dyeing the hair
black. It is applied to scaly skin diseases and to unhealthy ulcers,
syphilitic sores &c.
Cimioifuga Racemosa, B. P.
Syn — Actaea Racemosa, Bugbane, black snake root, black cohosh,
rattle root.
Cimicifuga, that which drives away bugs, in allusion to the use
of one variety to drive away bugs.
Habitat, — Rich woodlands. Cashmere, Temperate Himalaya,
United States.
Parts used. — The dried rhizome with the attached rootlets.
Cimicifugae — Rhizoma-Cimicifuga syn. Actaeae Racemosae Radix, B. P.
Characters. — Rhizome 2 to 6 inches long and \ inch to i inch in
diameter, horizontal, thick, hard and covered with cup-shaped scars ;
the roots are brittle, especially near the rhizome ; on section they form
3 to 5 wedge-shaped woody bundles, separated by medullary rays,
colour brownish-black, odour slight, taste bitter and nauseous like that
of opium.
Constituents. — Resins (3^ p. c), fat, starch, gum, tannic and gallic
acids, sugar, volatile oil (when fresh), and an acrid crystallizabls
neutral principle known as cimicifugin. Of the two resins, one is
soluble in alcohol, but not in ether, and the other soluble in ether and
alcohol as well.
Cimicifugin. To obtain it act upon the rhizomes with alcohol,
precipitate the solution with acetate of lead, remove the lead with
sulphuretted hydrogen and evaporate.
CLEMATIS TRILOBA.
9
CAa racier s*-^ A powder of a yellowish-brow a colour, soluble in
aliolial and dilorofomii slightly so in ether and water* Dose, ^
to z gr5,
I^ffsaraif^n, — Extractuni cimtctfugde liquidum, B. P. Dose, 5
to 50 ms. Extractum cimidfugae. Dose, 1 to 4 grs« Tinctura cimicifugie,
TitKture of Act^ea Racemosa, B. P. (1 iu 10). Dose, 30 to 60 ms.
/^v / ' I action. — The root is alterative, stomachic, cnimena-
|0^ie. {i[ ic, diuretic, diaphoretic, arid antispasmodic. Its action
iLaii, ijiiculation^ and the nervous system is similar to that of
On the un.Htriped muscular fibres its action resembles that
In small dnse<> it is a gastric stimulant. It increases the
'4 the generative organs and the menstrual flow, also stimu*
ite the bronchial mucous membranes and the kidneys. In brge
JoAev it ».lows the heart, but increases its force, also raises the arterial
ctt^lon. In toxic doses it acts as an irritant, dilates the pupils,
r^r...f.v .^ dimness of sight, headache, nervous tremor, violent delirium,
, nausea, vomiting, and depression of pulse.
IJurapentks. — It has been given in chronic muscular rheumatism,
lumhagn. torticollis, intercostal neuralgia, sciatica, pleurodynia, and
^ to fatigue. As a stomachic tonic it is given in dyspepsia
»l iisnn and as a nervine tonic in delirium ireuieiB, hysteria,
uvafian neuralgic pains, chorea and impotence or seminal discharges ;
a* :\n irhciljt: it increases the flow of menses. It is also useful in
T and metrorrhagia, subinvolution of the uterus, and in
u,..-;^*^ T,,..i,b affections, Ac, As an expectorant it is of benefit in
acute and chronic bronchitis and phthisis. In puerperal mania
Of pyerperai pet itonitis^ also in puerperal hypochondriasis, its good
eflbcu are well marked. Cimicifugin is given to excite the contraction
of th< \o check or allay after-pains of delivery.
,icata, or baneberry (Eng.)^ possesses properties similar
lo cimjciiuga racemosa.
ClematJA Triloba.
/b^i/ri A— Mountains of Western India.
Aitj usiii. — The leaves*
Vernacular^ — Gux. — Rlojii. Hind. — Rdnj4i. Mar. — Morvel.
Saiii.-»Lagbu*kardni.
L^ghia*karani. — Laghu, small or tight, and knrani, ear, in allusion
to the shape of the leaves.
CkaractfTs, — A climber, young branches tonieiuose .md silky,
leaves on longish petioles, simple or alternately divided, elliptical, or
ovale and lanceolate, flowers large and white.
Preparation, — Infusion (1 in 20), Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Achomaptiiusis. — Alterative and sedative, used like sarsaparilla in
Wood diKasea, such as syphilis, chronic fevers and scrofula. It is also
given in Icptusy. The juice of the leaver coinbined with that of the
lO corns TFETA.
leaves of holarrhena antidysenterica, is dropped into the eye for the
rcflief of pain in staphyloma.
Coptis Teeta.
C. trifoliatt — Coptis or mishmi teeta.
Habitat. — Assam, China, Thibet, Mishmee Mountains.
Parts used. — The dried rhizome.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Urfik, M^hamirftn Assam. — Mishmee,
Teeta ; Chin. — Sou-lene or Chynlen, Honglane ; Cing. — Pita-karo-.
Sana. Eng. — Goden thread root. Gu4. — Haladio Vachnag. Hind.
Bomb. — Mishmitita and Maha-miran.
Urak, a kind of turmeric ; Miami means bitter.
Characters. — Two varieties — superior rhizome, creeping, golden
yellow, thick as a cane and marked with spinous projections where the
rootlets have been broken off. Jointed, nuckle-like at the upper end;
knotty, perfectly dry and brittle. Inferior rhizome, as thick as a goose-
quill, rootlets thin and wiry, breaks with a short fracture, centre
spongy, taste intensely bitter, without any odour. The root, when
cnewed, tinges the saliva yellow. Dose, 15 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — Berberine, 8| p.c., a colourless alkaloid coptine and
resin.
Berberine, a yellow, hitter crystalline alkaloidi also found in
Hydrastis, calumba root, berberry and Thalictrum foliolum.
Preparation, — ^Tinctura coptidis (1 in lo). Dose, 30 to 60 ms.
Infusum coptidis (i in 20). Dose, | to a fid. ozs.
Actions and uses, — Bitter, stomachic tonic, antiperiodic and altera-
tive; also local stimulant. As a tonic its influence in restoring appetite
and increasing the digestive power is very marked. largely used, in
native practice, in dyspepsia and in convalescence from acute diseases.
It has a gentle action on the bowels. In ague and other fevers it may
be given both during and after the paroxysms. Under its use patients
recover from acute diseases manifestly improved in strength. As an
alterative it is used in enlarged liver and spleen. Esp^ially used in
jaundice. Locally it stimulates the mucous membranes, and is used as
a gargle in sore throat and ulcers in the niouth, It is also used,
combined with Berberis asiatica, in conjunctivitis and as a snuff in
coryza.
DelphiniQm Denadatum.
Habitat, — Sirmoor, Lahore, Punjab.
Parts used.— ^Tubers and seeds.
Vernacular, — Greek — Saturyno. Arab — Zhadvar, antila. Bom. —
Jadwar Nirbishi. Pers. — M4h-pftrvin, Mafarfin. Sans. — Jadavar.
Jadwar. — The great purifier of blood or antidote. Mah-parwin. —
Moon and Pleiades, the plant blossoms in summer when the Pleiades
rise.
DBLPHlNltnf OFNtlOATUM,
If
_ Nirbbhi, Nir opposed to and Bisi belonging to Bis or poison,
lti3il 15, t{ is opposed lo, or an antidote to, poison*
Ciinmc/rrs. — Tubers small, blackish -brown, irregularly ovoid,
wrinkled, somewhat conical, seldoni more than an inch long and ^
iiKh in diameter, having u few horn-like projections at the top, the
remains of rootlets. Cut surface^ solttsh, of a dark-brown colour and
hom^ . unctuous to the touch, taste bitter, odour fruity.
r rjfx. — Some species contain delphinine and staphisagrine-
I liohol, staphisagrine is insoluble in ether in which
>■'■ , .;i-...L ..L . ..ble,
Pte^rathn. — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
its. — Alterative, stomachic tonic, and anodyne. Asa
Jfmit I ling convalescence from fevers; as an alterative in
phihs and rheumatism. The root is chewed to relieve toothache*
clphinc r«embles aconitine» and is antidotal against muscarine and
dtgtialinc. Staphisagrine acts like curare and paralyses the motor nerves.
fiennsrks. — A :, to Persian medical works Jadwar is found
^mng fogether h (A. ferox), to which and to snake poison
Jadirir b considered an antidote.
DelphiniuD) Brunoniajium.
VffnacnlttT^ — Samp-phali (Hind).
HaHtaU — Punjab* Himalaya.
Characi^rs. — The root has a strong scent of musk*
Actiafit and uses, — The juice is used to destroy ticks in animals.
Delphinium Cciruleum.
WiQ^rir/ifr^^Dakhan-ghut a Punjab plant» used to kill maggots.
lih^ nri«. — The marsh marigold found in marshes in the
t. The rtx>t is poisonous,
Delphiniuni Zalil.
ffiM/fiL — Rhorasan and Badghis*
Pari$ J»i^i/.— The herb.
Vernacular^ ^ Arab. — Zireer* Hind — Astruck Trayamuna.
B<>tiib, — ^Traya-mAn^Oul-Jalil. Gur,— Trayaman. Mah- —
Pcr*.^ — Zaiel, Asfrak. Punj. — Asbarga-yafiz-Gifiz, Sans —
Bol4 deva, Bala-bhadraf Arjaka, Mangalyarha.
I. — Herb light -brown or yellow, placed m water it tinges
}W ; stents anf^ular and furrowed* a span high and
■■ Tigthwise ; flowers pubescent, perfect, ribbed, yellow
i-biirri and surrounded by pointed follicles. Taste
lat aromatic; odour honey-like.
C'^ffsfifTtrfTft—A r»nrk*redd»sh acid resin ; two neutral principles
indtwo bitter alkaloids, somewhat similar
Western
\d.
*njij ^^Jincv.iii
DgLFHlMlUM STAPHISAGklA.
Preparation. — Ash and decoction (i in 20), Doze— 2 to 6drs.
Actions ami uses, — A bitter tonic, alterative, anodyne, din f
parasiticide. As a tonic it is used in fevers and dyspepsia; as ; 1^
Live and diuretic in enlargement of the abdominal viscera, as liver and
spleen, in jaundice and dropsy. Locally, mixed with lime-juice, the ash i»
used in parasitic afleclions of the skin, as scabies^ itch, &c. With barley
meat a poultice of it is used in inflammatory swellings*
Remarks. — Sometimes the rhizomes of Valeriana hardwickii arc
sold by native druggists for this drug*
Delphinium Siaphisagria, B. P.
Staphisagria means wild dried grape. The fruits are in cluj^tcrs
and resemble wild grapes.
Delphinium, a dolphin. — The shape of unopened flowers is like
that of a dolphin's head.
Habitat, — Mediterranean Coast| France, Italy, L-evant, Asia Minor.
Piijrts used, — The seeds. Staphisagri«e Seniina^ B.P, — Semen
Pedicularis, stavesacre seeds.
Characters* — An annual or biennial plant. Flowers in racefncs.
They are bluish or purple, the seeds are irregularly triangular
or obscurely quadrangular, arched or straight, blackish brown,
becoming dull, greyish brown by keeping. Test^i brownish gjcy,
wrinkled and deeply pitted with reticulated ridges. The interior of
the seeds is soft, whitish, and contains oily albumen, enclosing a small
embryOi The taste is nauseous, bitttr and acrid, without any odour, _
Dose of the powder, i to 2 grs.
Consfituents^^Set^s contain sevcrai alkaloids — delphinine, ng|
phinoidin, delphisine, and staphisagrine. It also contains rcsii^
fatty matters, a bitter principle, volatile oil| and fixed oil 25 p. c,< malic"
acid, proteids, mucilage. The fatty oil could be extracted by ether*
Delphinine, Delphinina, Delphia,
Characters, — An amorphous, brownij^h while or yellowish crysta
Manufacture. — Obtained by builing the decoction of the !iee^
with magnesia, ireaiing the precipitate with alcohol and evapoiatinjf.
It IS insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, iIIImiu it iM . md
chloroform. Dose i to J gr.
Staph tsagrine.—.\n amorphous yellow alkaloid ul a bitter auul
lasle. Insoluble in ether, soluble in chloroform and alcohol.
Preparation, — Oflhcseed; unguentuni stapliiMgria-, utniment of
staphisagria, stavesacre ointment, B.P, (4 in. 23). Oleum staphisagria:.
Tincture (10 p. c.) Dose, 5 to 10 ms.
Preparation 0/ Deipkimne,^0\n\mcni {20 grs. to 1 ox.)
Physi^toj^icat action* — The seeds arc parafilicrde (owiitg (lieir m**-
pctty to the fixed oil), Nioleni emctit, diutelic «ind caihariiL. The
HRU.FnORUS KIGRR,
dilkaloid dclpbinine, which is a local irritant, produces tingling, burning,
aintlrnH.immntion of theskfn. It is a heart poison, and, like aconitine and
veratrine, it depresses the heart and respiration. In large doses it leads
UM ^ ►t I he spinal cord and asphyxia* Internally it has to be
UKi iiiirdedly.
Therapeutic wi^5.— The powdered seeds are used, as an ointment.
In destroy scabio, pediculi, vermin, lice, &c.; as a liniment for
rhctjmatism, neuralgia, kc,
rviphininc is ^ivcn internally in dropsy, rheumatism, spasmodic
acsUimi <ind neuralgia ; externally the ointment or an alcoholic solution
is applied i»vcr the painlul ner\^e areas» in neuralgia, toothache and
cirache. Dclphinine and staphisagrine are antidotes to muscarine and
digttalin pcnsoning.
Helleborua Ni^eft Helleborus Offlcinalia. Black Hellebore.
Nabiiat. — South Europe, Germany, Nepaul Mountains.
Part used, — ^Thc dried rootlets and rhi^rome.
1^ Vrfnacnhr. — Arab — Khartik Kuerbeck Kharbec-ul-aswad* Bomb.
Cutkf. Duk. — Kutki, Eng. — Hellebore, Guz. — Kuddu. Hind.^ —
Kitt' Ju. Mar.— Rila-kadu. Pers. — Kh;ltbek-e-hindi. Tam. —
Ka: srti. Sans. — Kalaka-rohani, Katuruni. Singh, — Calurana.
Character s,^YiooX^ black, and hence the name. As met with in the
biiiaar it is tit two different colours, each having a different name, the
rrd kmiwn as Kadu and black, Kali Kutaki. In both the rhizome ts
kuDtty, io short broken pieces I to 3 inches long, in sixe resembling a
goo4c i|uit). Externally smooth and of a brownish white colour, slightly
lihrivclicd and marked with scars of fallen rootlets. Very fragile,
light soft, and can be compressed between the fingers. On section
the cut surface appears as if made up of layers or scales. Has
a white broken ring between the centre and the external surface ;
udour heavy, resembling that of majith or tobacco. Taste somewhat
acrid ;ind very bitter. The c<»lMur is brownish dark. In siiee some-
wlut thicker/ Externally each piece is covered over with numerous
(ftom 3 to 4) longitudinally nerved scales, or marks of leaflets,
Do«c, powdered rhizome as a tonic, 10 to 30 grs,; as a
piirgative, \ to I dr.
r'>my///irM/f,— Hellehorine, Helleborein — both crystalline and
|KitM>ji()u%, re^in, fat, &c.
Hclleborme. — Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and
chlornform.
Helleborein.— It is crystalline, very soluble in water, slighty so in
itcoltol and insoluble in ether. Dose, |V '^ iV' S^* ^^^ ^ ' P-^*
\ aulutioR.
t^fntiatnm.—VXmA extract of black hellebore. Dose, 3 to to m%.
14 HEPATICA TRILOBA.
Extract of black hellebore. Dose, i to 4 grs., cautiously.
Physiological action. — In small dose it is a bitter tonic, stomachic,
also antiperiodic. In large doses a drastic hydragogue, cathartic and
an emmenagogue. In toxic doses a violent, gastro-intestinal irritant,
giving rise to vomiting, purging, vertigo, cramps and convulsions,
often ending in death. As a purgative it resembles colocynth.
Helleborin is an active poison ; when applied to the tongue it
causes, like aconite, tingling sensation. Internally as a narcotic it
causes paralysis of motion and sensation, congestion of the brain and
spinal cord, dilated pupib, and death.
Helleborein is an irritant of the mucous membranes of the eyes,
nose, stomach, intestines, giving rise to conjunctivitis, sneezing, saliva-
tion, nausea, vomiting and purging. In small doses, like digitalis, it
acts as a cardiac tonic, but slows the frequency of the pulse. In largie
"doses it quickens the pulse, ultimately paralysing the heart. The
respiration is. at first increased, then slowed, and at last becomes
laborious, there is increased activity of the kidneys and uterus.
In toxic doses there is gradual paralysis, followed by convulsions,
and death.
Therapeutics, — ^Hellebore is given in acute cerebral affections,
fevers, dyspepsia and in jaundice; the natives give it in combination
with holarrhena antidysenterica seeds in amenorrhcea, melancholia,
mania, insanity , worms, dropsies, skin diseases. Helleborein, as a sub-
stitute for digitalis, is hypodermically injected or given internally in
smaller doses in diseases of the heart. As a local ansesthetic it is more
powerful than cocaine ; 3 to 4 drops of I p. c. solution of helleborein
causes complete anaesthesia of the cornea; on the addition of a little
erythrophlcein, the anaesthetic effect lasts for a very long time. •
Helleborus Fcetidus. — Bear's foot. Decoction or syrup of leaves
used for asthma, hysteria, hypochondriasis. Dose 5 to 20 grs.
Helleborus Viridis is the green hellebore. The root is used like
the root of H. Niger.
Hepatioa Triloba.— Liver wort.
Habitat. — North America, Europe.
Part used. — ^The leaves.
Characters. — Leaves reniform, 3-lobed, 2 inches long. Dose, \ to
2 drs.
Constituents. — ^Tannin, mucilage.
/^^/^ra//b;/.— Decoction (i in 20). Dose, 1 to 2 02s. Infusion
(i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and use Ss — Demulcent, tonic deobslruenl ; given in liver
disorders and in respiratory diseases^ such as phthisis, bronchitis, &c.
nVDRASTlS CANADENSIS,
«5
Hydrastis Canadensis^ B.P.
Golden seal, eye balm» orange root, yellow paint, ohio curcuma.
^ IS. — So called because its active properties are found in
the V. lice, or because it grows in marshy or watery places.
Golden SGiL— In allusion to the yellow rhizome, once used as a
paint and dye.
hatntat, — North America^ Canada, &c,
/fer/i used, — The dried rhtJEome and rootlets. Hydrastis Rhizoma
Hydrastis Rhtiome» 6. F.
Characten. — Rhizome, yellowish brown, tortuous, 2 inches long
\ o\ an inch thick, longitudinally wrinkled and breaking with
short resinuus fracture ; bark thick and reddish-yellow, with
nodulbry fays» pith large, of a grccuish-yellow colt)ur, exhibiting
ring of 10 bright yellow wood bundles; roots thin and brittle ; taste
bitter and odour slight. Dose, 5 to 30 grs,
r -' 'rnts^ — Hydrastinc, berberine, xantbopuccine, canadtue,
&tat4. . resin, and a fluorescent compound,
aa, liydraitine* — To obtain it» add hydrochloric acid
and the powdered root. Filter and remove the precipitate uf
err ->nia to the filtrate. To puriiy hydrastine
id 1 charcoal and crystallize. It occurs in the
rcioC iv the extent ul 15 p.c.
CA<tr^<r/rrjf.— In white crystals^ resembling strychnine in appear-
ance* very sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether and
rm. Taste very bitter; combined with acids it forms salts ; on
illation, it is converted into trimethylamine and meconin.
qr. From hydrastine is prepared an oxidation product,
^astinine, oxidize hydrastine with binoxide of
man. luric acid. Hydrastinine hydrochloride, the salt
|cncraiiy uacd, occurs as light yellow crystals deliquescent, of bitter
aslc, Kilublt! in water (i in i)and alcohol (i in 3). Dose, J to 1 grain j
in a to p.c. suKiiion it ts used as an injection hypodermically for
^ytcrinc hjrmurrhagcs.
Bcrberinc. — Occurs as yellow crystalst soluble in alcohol and water,
and insoluble in ether. Cajiadine. — In while needles ; Canadine
iulph^te is soluble in water and alcohol. Xanthopuccine. — In yellow
% It unites with acids to form salts. It is probably impure
1--
Prc/uiraticm 0/ Hydraslu. — Extractum hydrastis liquidum, B, P. —
''LiqtT- ^ '-net of hydrastis. Dose, 5 t<^ '5 ™s*
11. — A dry extractive. It is obtained by evaporating
it bydrasti> Hquidum. It consists chiefly of hydrochloride of
lL lj, It should not be confounded with the crystalline
rtd-*Hydnsline, A a bright yellow colour. Do*e
16
KrOETXA SATIVA
Trnctnra Hydrastis, B.R Tincture of Hydrastis (i in lo),
to I ;inn.
Physiohgicat actmn, — Alterative aperient, antiperiodic, dianede
and antiseptic. In small doses it is a bitter and stomachic tonic.
It has a stimulating action on the mucous membrane of the stomach and
intestines. It promotes appetite^ increases gastro-inteslinal secretions,
and stimulates the flow of bile. It is a good deobstruent to the glandular
sy:>tem* It causes uterine contractions If long continued,
it deranges digestion and leads to constipation. It is a poison la
the protoplasm and arrests the movements of the white corpuscles,
Hydrastine is simitar in action to quinine. It produces edects on the
nervous system and causes ringing in the ears,
Hydrastinine is utero vaso constrictor, antispasmodic and cardiac
stimulant.
Therapeutics, — As a stomachic tonic it is used in atonic dyspepsia
gastrO'intestinal catarrh, jaundice, in catarrh of the bladder^ uterus^
vagina. &c.» and in chronic alcoholism. It stimulates the liver in habi-
tual constipation. In menorrhagia and other uterine hasmorrhages, it
is given in preference to ergot and iron, also used in lismoptysis and
night sweats of phthisis.
Hydrastine^ the alkaloid, and hydrastint the dry extractive, are
both used as antiperiodics like quinine, in chronic malaria and in
intermittent fevers- As alteratives they are given internally in all
forms of catarrh, chiefly of the stomach, duodenum, h ' ' >,
bladder, uterus, vagina, &c. As cholagogue it is given ir. \*
tioM and in sluggish liver. Externally as an injection, the soluiioa
nf the extract (i in 50), or the infusion of hydrastis (1 in 50) is
used in chronic gonorrhoea, leucorrhoeav gleet, and in chronic nasal
catarrh. The solution is also applied to syphilitic sores in the
mouth, throat, &c., to rectal fissures and fistula, to aital prolapse^
haemorrhoids, cracks and fissures o( the nipples, abrasions, erosion and
ulceration of the os and cervix. As an ointment (1 in z^) it b
used in eczema. It is also used asa local antiseptic dressing for unhealthy
wc^unds and cancerous ulcers,
Hydrastinine hydrochloride is used hypodermically in !••
al irregularities a lew days before the expected lime. Comb ii
ergot and cannabis it has been used in uterine haemorrhages, such ^m
congestive dysmenrrhaa, mtinorrhagia and metrorrhagia, also In mctn-
lis, endometritis, pyosalpingitis, &c, ; also to induce abortion. Given
also in epilepsy, hydrophobia, strychnine poisoning, with g«>od
results. Externally applied in acne and hyperidrosis.
Ni^ella Sativa-H. Indlea.
I/ijbitaL — The Mediterranean countries. Cultivated in India,
J*arts uscii, — The seeds. Mugrela seeds*
Vernacular. — Arab.— Kamune-asvad, Hubha tussoudi* Benfi..— *
KAI-Zira, Bomb, — Kelanji, Bur.^Safi . t. Can. — Kare^jiragAH
Cing.— Kaluduni, Duk. — Kalauji. i mall fennel flow^
FiEONIA OrKICIN'ALis
Bgvi*t — Habes-souda. Guz. — Kalijiri. Hind. — ^Kalajira, mugriia.
*lalyal.— Karum-chirakam, Mar. — Kalajire, Pers. — Siyah-berang,
1iuncz« Sans, — Krishna-jiraka^ Karavi, Sushavi. Tarn, — Karin-
kiragum. TeK — Nalla-jilakara, Singh. — Kaloo-dooroo,
Characters, — ^It is probably the black curtiin of the Bible The seeds
resemble coarse gunpowder and are triangular, the umbilical end
^m&Der than the other. Surface, black, wrinkled and marked by
irregukir dcpre^iona. Testa rough. Internally the seeds contain a
white oily kernel of a strong aromatic odour, resembling lemons,
sassafras or cubebs* The taste is oily at first, after a time it resembles
that of garlic. Dose, 4 to 8 grs.
CoNsMucnfs. — The seeds contain a fixed oil 37,5 and volatile oil 1.5,
albumen 8.25, mucilage 2, albumen r.8, organicacids 0*9, metarabiii
i«4, melanthtn, resembling helteborin, 1,4^ ash 45, moisture 74, sugar
glucose 2*S> and arabic acid ^,2^ &c.
PrtparatioH^ — Medicated oil (oleum mugrel.-e) Tincture (i in 8).
Doflie, 30 10 boms. Decoction mugrela (1 in 20), Dose, 4 to 8 fluid drs-
AcHi^Hi a$td uses* — Anthelmintic, diuretic, galactagogue, emmena-
and carminative. It as an aromatic adjunct to purgative and
remedies. A decoction of the seeds just after delivery is given
to stimulate the uterus to contraction and to increase the secretion of
llie milk ; also tn worms. As a carminative and stomachic with
p]ilint)ago«root, it b given in dyspepsia^ loss of appetite, diarrhcea
and intermittent fevers* As an emmenagogue it is used inamenerrhcra
and in d) smcnorrhnea. In large doses it causes abortion. Locally it
IS kargety used brayed in water to remove painful swellings of
Ittiidft and feet*
Rrmarks.-^Th^ seeds are scattered between woollen shawU and
clothe as a protection against insects.
Paeonia Offloinalis.
/fahiai* — Temperate Himalaya and Europe,
lutrts uifd, — ^The tubers.
/ s, and Arab. — Fawania Aod-el-Salib. Bomb. —
LMS.J :. _ ^y rose, ofBcinal Peony. Hind. — Ud salap.
Udesalam is a corruption of Aod-el-salib, meaning wood of the
crots/* The wood on section shows two lines crossing each other like
acrou. Acd<«l-salib is also the name of Peony corallina or male peony,
the roots of which is turnip shaped.
Picoiii the physician of the gods.
CharacUrs^ — Tubers irregular, flattened^ turtlip shaped, one to two
iticbes ill length and from \ an inch to t inch in thickness. Hardt
heavy* and conical ; external surface or epidermis brownish, shrivelled,
tough, and fibrous or rugous» with numerous fissures radiating from
the ceiUre« At the top is a hard conical pointi the lem^iiis of a stem*
1 8 THALICTRUM FOUOLOSUM.
When cut, the tuber is starchy and presents a bluish surface,
resembling catechu or chobchini, and consists of 2 or 3 rings. Smell
peculiar, acrid, and resembles that of ipecacuanha. Taste slightly acrid
and nauseous. Dose, 3 to 10 grs.
Constituents. — Tuber contains malates, oxalates and phosphates, a
little tannin, sugar, starch and a volatile oil.
Actions and uses, — Acrid, alterative, antispasmodic, and emmena-
gogue. As an antispasmodic it is used in uterine obstructions, biliary,
intestinal and renal colic, hysteria, epilepsy, palpitation of the heart,
asthma and convulsive affections. It is, however, in great repute as an
emmenagogue in dysmenorrhoea and amenorrhoea, to stimulate the
secretion of menses. As an alterative, it is used m syphilis, torpor
of the liver and ascites. In large doses it is poisonous, causing
giddiness, vomiting, &c.
Remarks. — The peasantry of Europe, even nowadays, put a garland
of these seeds round the necks of children during dentition, or a
bag containing pieces of the root is suspended from the neck, under
the superstitious belief that it wards off convulsions.
P»nia Emodl.
Habitat, — Panjab.
Part used, — The tuber.
Vernacular, — Mamekh.
Actions and uses, — Similar to those of Paeonia officinalis.
Ranunoalas bulbOBus. Crowfoot.
Habitat, — Europe, North America.
Parts used. — The herb and corm.
Characters. — The plant is hairy, 6 to 18 inches high. The bulb
at the stem base. Dose — ^ to i drs.
Constituents, — A volatile oil, anemonine, and anemonic acid.
Preparation. — Decoction, infusion (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses, — Irritant, diuretic and narcotic Locally
applied to the chest in bronchitis. Also in rheumatism, sciatica,
neuralgia, &c.
Thalictram Foliolosum.
Z^^^//^/.— Temperate Himalaya, Khosia Hills, Sutlej Valleys,
Kamaon Mountains.
Paris used. — The root.
Vernacular, ^Bomh, — Piaranga, Mimeeree. Eng.— Gold thread,
Meadow rue, Poorman's rhubarb. Hind.— Shuprak Mamiran,
Pilijari. Punj.— Bur-moti, Gurbiani. Sans.— Pitaka. Pilijari— pili,
yellow, and jari, jar, a root. The root is yellow.
MAGNOLIACEiC. 19
Characters. — The root, often mistaken for Coptis Teeta. It is
creeping and of yellow colour, as thick as a goose quill; surface slightly
contorted, knotty, and covered with scales, the remains of rootlets.
Cut surface is resinous, of a deep yellow colour and hollow in the centre.
Light yellow rings arranged in wedges, found between the hollow and
the external portion. Taste bitter, odour resembling that of Fel
bovinum. Dose — 5 to 10 grs.
Cbiu/f/E/^/f/lf.— Berberine and a yellow bitter extractive.
Preparation, — ^Tincture (i in 8). Dose, 20 to 30 ms. Liquid
extract. Dose, 5 to 20 ms., and snufF.
Actions and uses, — Aperient, bitter tonic and febrifuge, used in
atonic dyspepsia, jaundice and flatulence, in the interval of intermittent
fever and during convalescence from fevers and acute diseases, as
an aperient, it acts gently on the bowels, a good substitute for rhubarb.
The snuff is used in coryza. It is a febrifuge of some power.
HagnoIIaoeA.
The magnolia or Bidiana family.
Trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, beautiful leathery and stipulate.
Flowers sweet and fragrant, white or red, and distinct, handsome with
large sepals and petals in two or more rows. Fruits cone-like, stellate or
capsular, with numerous carpels, one-celled, dry or succulent, dehiscent
or indehiscent and distinct or somewhat coherent ; seeds solitary or
several, albumen fleshy and homogeneous.
Habitat. — Temperate climates, Tropics, Hindustan, Japan, China.
Properties, — Plants in this order are remarkable for their bitter,
tonic, astringent, and aromatic properties; they contain an essential oil,
a bitter principle and sometimes tannic acid.
Drimys Winteri or Wintora Aromatioa:.
Habitat — South America.
Part used, — ^The bark.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Winter's Bark.
Characters, — Bark in quills or curves, in thickness 2 to 4 lines.
Colour greyish brown, with granular fracture ; odour similar to that
of canella or cinnamon, often substituted for cinnamon and sometimes
called Winter's cinnamon. Canella bark has been termed spurious
Winter's bark. Dose, 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents, — Winterene — a volatile oil, Resin 10 p.c. ; tannin
9p.c.
/V«r///rtf/irb«.— Tincture (i in 10). Dose, \ to i dr. Infusion
(i in 20). Dose, 4 to 12 drs.
Actions and uses, — Tonic, aromatic, and stimulant ; given for colic,
flatulence, scurvy, &c.
20 ILLICIUM VERUM.
Illioiam Yeram, B. P.
Illiciuniy meanrng allurement, t\e,^ from its odour and attractive
appearance. Verum, verus, true, genuine, or real type.
Habitat — Cochin China.
Parts used, — The fruit and oil, oleum anisi, oil of anise, B. P.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Raziyanaje, Badiani Khatai. Bomb.—
Badian. Burm. — Nanat-paen. Duk.-^Anas-phala. Eng. — Star-anise,
Chinese anise, aniseed. Hind. — Anasphil. Pers. — Badia-ni-Khatai.
Tarn. — Anashdpu. Tel. — Marati-mogga.
Star anise.— The manner in which they grow is peculiar, the pods
being in small clusters joined together at one end and diverging in
8 rays.
Characters. — A shrub ; Fruit pedunculate, of an iron-brown
colour, formed of 8 carpels arranged like stafs. Each carpel oval,
with a broad base, compressed on both walls, and having a boat-4ike
prominence at the top, woody, wrinkled and hard to the touch. The
cavity reddish-brown and glossy, opening by a slit at its upper margin ;
seed, one in each carpel, smooth, shining, ovato oval, ribbed only on one
side and glossy, of a brown or chestnut colour and oily ; taste of
the seeds like that of anisum, sweet , aromatic, acrid at first, then
astringent and, lastly, bitter. Taste of carpel like that of kabab chini.
Dose £ to 30 grs. It contains integuments or capsules, 78 p. c, and
seeds 22 p.c.
Constituents, — Star anise contains volatile oil, 4 to 5 p.c. Saponin,
proto catechuic acid, shikimic acid, resin, mucilage, cane-sugar and
ash, 2 p.c. The volatile oil is chemically identical with the oil distilled
from the fruits of pimpenella anisum and is obtained by distillation
with water.
Oleum anisi, B. P., a clear colourless or pale-yellow liquid, of fruity
odour and mildly aromatic sweet taste, becomes red on exposure to
air, the colour resembles that of ol. foeniculi, composed of a parts, j^
being a liquid anethol or anese camphor isomeric with oil of turpentine
and ^ solid anethol with small amount of terpene, safrol, anisic acid,
&c. Dose i to 3 ms.
Preparatton.^-lvdM^xon (i in. 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant carminative, anodyne, and diuretic.
Internally an infusion of the fruits is of great service in flatulent colic,
spasmodic affections of the intestinal canal ; also in infantile retention
of urine. The powdered capsules are stimulant and carminative. For
oil see Pimpinella anisum. An inferior variety is occasionally sold by
Mahomadan or Bohree druggists as true Badiana. The fruits are
abortive, with hardly any odour, narrow, and have 13 carpels instead of
eight. The colour is darker, reddish-brown and they are much wrinkled
on the under surface. The ends of the carpels are more turned
up than in the true variety. The taste is feebly aromatic and slightly
bitter and astringent. It contains only a bitter principle and tannin.
ILLICIUM RBLIGIOSUM. 2 1
lUieiom Reli^osam.
HaKtaU — Cultivated round Buddhist temples in China and Japan,
Part used. — The fruit.
Vernacular, — Shikimi .
Characters, — Fruit similar to Star-anise, having 8 carpels, thin,
more woody, shrivelled wrinkled, and end in a curved beak, odour
clove-like and faint ; taste unpleasant.
Constttuents. — It contains a liquid volatile oil, Protocatechuic acid,
Shikiminic acid, Sikimipicrin, shikimin ( poisonous ). The volatile oil
of the leaves contains saffrol, eugenol, shikimofand liquid anethol.
Actions and uses. — The fruits have poisonous properties causing
vomiting, dilated pupils, epileptiform convulsions and even cyanosis.
lUicium floridanum and L par viflorum have fruits with 13 and 8
carpels respectively. Bark is substituted for cascarilla.
Liriodendron. Tolipifera.
Hahttat, — United States, China.
Parts used,^'The bark.
Vernacula r, — Eng. — Tulip- tree.
Chafactets. — Bark in quills or curved pieces, a line or two in
thickness, colour purplish-brown, fissured and covered with thin ridges.
Inner surface smooth and whitish. Taste astringent. Dose, ^ to i
drachm.
Qmstituents, — Volatile oil, resins, liriodendrin, tulipiferine, tannin.
Preparation. — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, 4 to 8 drs. Decoction
(i in 20). Dose, 4 to 8 drs. ; fluid extract, 20 to 40 ms.
Action and uses, — Bitter tonic, given in dyspepsia, intermittent
fever, also in chronic rheumatism.
Magnolia Olaaoa.
Swamp sa&safras, beaver tree, sweet bay.
I/abttat,'^lJnited States.
Putt used. — The bark.
Characters.'^The bark in thin quills or curved pieces ; colour
orange brown, externally fissured and warty. Taste astringent, bitter;
used as a po.wder. Dose, ^ to i dr.
Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, tannin and a crystalline principle
magnolin which is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and alcohol.
/Reparation, — Infusion (i in 20). Decoction (i in 20). Dose,
I to 2 fl, ozs.
Actions ^iiiflffww.— Tonic, aromatic, bitter, antiperiodic,diaphoretic,
alterative. Resembling cinchona, and given in fevers, malaria, gout,
chronic rheumatism, catarrhs. In fever it arrests the paroxysms.
22 MICHELIA CHAMPACA.
Hichelia Champaoa— H. Nllagirioa, HUl Champa.
///?^//^/.— India, Nilgiris, temperate Himalaya. It is cultivated
for the sake of its yellow sweet-scented tulip-like flowers, which are
offered to the Hindu deities.
Paris used, — The bark, leaves and flowers.
Vernacular, — Burm. — Sa-ga. Eng. — Golden or yellow champa.
Beng. — Champaka. Can. — Sumpagahy. Cing. — Sappu (M. Nilagirica).
Guz. — Rae champa. Hind. — Champa. Duk. — Champa. Mar. — Pivala
Champa. Malyal. — Bongas jampacca. Sans. — Piti. champaka suvarna,
champaka-pushpam. Tarn. — Shempang shembugha. Tel. — Champa
Kamu R. Dipapushpa, (lamp flower), from depa, bright, shining; and
pushpa, flowers. The flowers are shining and bright.
Characters. — M. Champaca, leaves fall off during the cold season,
when the tree is full of flowers. Bark light-brown externally, and can
easily be removed from the wood by mere scratching ; inner surface
reddish brown; mottled with longitudinal green stripes and irregular
pale yellow dots or scars ; taste sortiewhat bitter and very acrid; odour
faint. M. Nilagirica. Bark light-brown, also brittle and covered with
lichens and mosses, of bitter taste and odour. Dose of the bark, \ to
I dr.
Consittuents, — M. Champaca. The bark contains a volatile oil, fixed
oil, resin, tannin, mucilage, starch and sugar. M. Nilagirica contains a
volatile and fixed oil, acrid resin, tannin, sugar, starch, calcium oxalate
.&c.
Preparation. — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, J to i ounce. Decoction
(i in 20). Dose, ^ to i ounce.
Actions and uses. — Deobstruent alterative, bitter, stomachic^
emmenagogue and demulcent. The leaves are applied to indolent
swellings; the bark is febrifuge and alterative and used as a substitute for
guaiacum in chronic rheumatism. The root is an emmenagogue ; it is
used in disordered menstruation to increase the flow, and as an aromatic
bitter during convalescence from fevers. The infusion of flowers is
demulcent and diuretic and given in gonorrhcea to relieve scalding.
Flowers beaten up with sweet-oil are applied to the nose in foetid nasal
discharges. The oil of the seeds is rubbed over the abdomen to relieve
flatulence.
Anonaoea.
The custard-apple or Sitdphala order.
Trees or shrubs with powerful aromatic taste and smell. Leaves
alternate, simple and exstipulate. Flowers usually green or brown ;
fruit dry, or succulent; carpels distinct or united, so as to form a
fleshy mass. Seeds one or more, albumen ruminated, anatropal.
Properties. — Generally aromatic and fragrant, in all their parts.
The order furnishes some edible fruit». Varieties Anona squamosa,
Custard-apple, Sweetsop, Sitaphal ; Anona muricata, Soursop ; A.
reticutala,Ramphal, Bullock-heart.
Anona Squamosa.
hj:ital —Western India ; cultivated in India and America.
I^rls used, — The leaves, root and seeds.
Vtwfiacular, — Arab. — Shurifa. Beng. — Luna, meba. Burni. — Ame-
auaca* Ctng. — Atta. Eng. — Custard apple, sweet sop, Duk. — ^Sita-
\\. Hind* — ^Sitaphal. Malay. — Buwah-nona, shri-kaya, Mar,^ —
'' ., — Shurifah. Sans. — Ganda gutea. Tain. — Sitapallam.
'1 alij, Maleal, — Ata-chika.
ChitracUrs^ — The root is dark-brown^ bark scabrous* Seeds dark
brown and polished with bi-laieral ridges, one end umbilicaled, or with
a ring ind a central pit» the interior contains ruminate albumen of a
brownish colour ; taste acrid and oily; odour nauseous, leaves lanceolate,
ftoiouth, glaucous* of a dark-green colour and of a pungent and
ofl*eii ' ' ur. Dose, 5 to 10 grs.
t uU\ — Oil and resins. The seeds, leaves and immature
[rutl contam an acrid principle,
'V 'Mratton. — Ointment.
ns and uses* — Insecticide. The seeds and leaves arc poisonous
^ The crushed leaves are applied to the nostrils ill
!\^ . ; 1. " i mixed with salt and made into a poultice are applied to
Mjfcs iniolccf with maggots; an ointment of pounded seeds is used
Tiv ill ouiaea worm, and for removing lice from the hair; also
cesses to hasten maturation. The natives apply to the
ied seed^ to procure abortion. The root is used as a
tive and given in melancholia. The drug rccjuires to be
a vvitn caution.
Bocagea Dalzellii and GuaUeria LaurifoUa.
//"^^lAsr/,— Concin, Travancore*
*4iH M$ed, — Leaves,
Wnacnlar. — Mar.— Sageri, Kochrik» Harkinjal*
CkaracUrs* — Leaves polished, narrow, oblong, acute or obtuse^ 5 to
9 in* ' ' T I to 2 inches broadp coriaceous, serrated, the base
acut i, taste pungent and bitter. Flowers white, carpels
j^c, contain 2 mature seeds*
... i -fi/j, — Tannin and gallic acid. A crystalline body, related
to stntgrin of mustard seed.
and uses. — Leaves are used as fomentation in
rheu
Henispermacdffi.
■ »on-sced, or cocculus family.
, irom mene, the moon, and sperm, a seed, the
finiU bang kidney or moon (crescent) shaped.
Genemf chmncUrs. — Shrub, climbing^ trailing or woody. Leaves
ilmple, entire, cx*tipulate» alternate* Flowers rarely unisexual.
24 ANAMIRTA PANICULATA.
generally dioecious, petals shorter than sepals, stamens distinct, some-
times monadelphous, imperfectly developed or wanting, seeds solitary,
moon or kidney -shaped fruits, small carpels, distinct, some species
contain a narcotic and a bitter principle, mucilage or starch and a
yellow colouring matter.
HahitaL — Tropics,
Properties. — Generally they are bitter tonics, and antiperiodic.
One species, kakamari, contains an excess of narcotic principle in
its seeds.
Anamirta Panioulata, B.P.
A, cocculus. Menispermum cocculus. Cocculus Indicus.
CqccuIus is a diminutive of coccum— -a berry. Indian berry.
Paniculata, having Panicles or flowers.
HahitaU — East India, Caylon, Malayan Islands, East Indies,
Malabar, Assam, Concan Islands, Travancore, Bengal.
Farts used. — A neutral principle obtained from the fruits.
Picrotoxinum, Picrotoxin, B. P.
Vernaculaf.^YsXig. — Levant nut, Indian berry, fish berry.
Burm.— Hong. Arab, — Khanak-ul-kalb. Beng. — Bakain-ka-phal Kaka
miri. Bomb. — Karvatzad. Can. — K^ka miri. Cing. — Tittaval. Duk,
— Kaka mari. Guz. — Kok phala, jermai . Maleal. — Gaarla-phalla,
Polla, Hind. — Kakmari. Malay. — -Tuba bidji, Pallak-kaya. Mar. —
Karwi, Pers. — Zeheri mahit Punj.— Neti mala. Tam. — Kakka-
calli-maram. Tel. — Kakichampa. Sans, — Kika-phala. Zeheri mahi,
from Zeher a poison, and mahi, a fish. The seeds, when given to fishes,
are intoxicating and poisonous. ^
Characters. — A climbing shrub. Berries in a long bunch, when
dry, larger in size than a pea or a small grape, kidney-shaped wrinkled,
and of a dark-brown purple colour, surface rough, highly tubercled
or wrinkled, and marked with a circular scar at the hilum ; seed oily
and yellow ; kernel brown, resinous and oily ; taste acrid and bitter ;
smell rancid and oily. Dose, i to 9 grains.
Constituents ^ — The berries or seed-kernels contain picrotoxin,
an active, neutral, non-nitrogepous crystalline principle ; anamirtin or
cocculin, and a fixed oil in large quantities. The pericarp or shell
contains an alkaloid menispermin united with cocculinic acid; para
menispermin, a neutral ciystalline principle ; hypopicro-toxic acid ;
also resin, fat and gum.
Picrotoxin, picrotoxinum, from picros bitter, and toxikon, poison.
It has properties of a bitter poison. To obtain it triturate aqueous
extract of seeds with magnesia, exhaust in hot alcohol, evaporate and
purify; seeds contain from J to i p. c. of picrotoxin.
Characters, — Neutral, colourless, shining, prismatic crystals, with-
out any odour, and of a very bitter taste ; soluble in cold water (i in
330), in boiling water (i in 35), in cold alcohol (i in 13), in boiling
ANAMIRTA rANICULATA,
Icoliol (i in 3), freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, in solution of
l^ish, in olive oil or lard (1 in 500), and in glycerine (^lin&o). It
not fortn salts. Dose internallyj ^0*^^ to ^^ grain.
Prepnraiinn of Pkrotoxitu — TJquor picrotoxini aceticus, about 2
grains to 1 fluid ounce. Dose, 2 to 8 minims. Pigmentura picrotoxini
(1 grain in r drachm) contains picrotoxin, acetic acid, castor oil
and eucalyptus Pilula picrotoxini, ^\ grain of picrotoxin with milki
sugar and glycerine of iragacanth to make one pill — unguenium
^krotoxini^ 10 grains to l ounce. Injeclio picrotoxini hypodermica,
i in 360 of water. Dose, 5 to 6 minims, equal to ^q of a grain,
Ih-tparattuns of the ^^nr^j.— Ex tract urn cocculi fiuidum; fluid
extract of cocculus. Dose, i to 3 minims. Unguentum cocculi — ointment
Fofcocculus (80 grains to 1 ounce). DecocLura cocculi — decoction of
cculus (1 to 20). Dose, j to 2 fluid drachms, Tinctura cocculi, —
tioct >cculus(i to 8). Dose^ 2 to 15 minims.
laical actitn. — Insecticide, nervine sedative, cerebro-spinal
and intoxicant. Used in Europe to adulterate beer, and
to increase intoxicating effects of country liquors, also to
(? or poison fish and to stupefy wild cattle for capture. As
a vv . . . . u*sptnat excitant its action simulates those of belladonna
and nux vomica, and gives rise to the symptoms resembling those of
t^ "lepiiform convulsions. It is a powerful stimulant of the
is of the skin, saliva^ intestines, of all the motor and inhibitory
lUCS in the medulla, especially of the respiratory centres and also of
tie Vlgtis* At first it stimulates the heart and respiration; after a time
tie heart becomes slower, and there is stoppage of the action of the
iJAphrRgm. In large doses it causes muscular twitchings, in co-ordina*
lion of the flexors, of a tonic alternating with clonic, or of
a tr character, stupor, epileptiform convulsions, trembling,
c3(tJtc<l reflexes followed by insensibility, coma and death,
TA^rafittttiCS. — As an insecticide, the tincture is used as a vvabh to
icitrov Dcdiculi which may infest the body. The ointment is used in
Bft;* 1 flections of the skin, such as prurigo, itch and ring*
rofi p, care being taken to avoid the application over an
tbraccd iiLiu. I he natives use the juice of the leaves with that of the
[^oot of jjflorioHa sunerba to kill guinea-worm. In India the seeds are
Ki illyi like belladonna and nux vomica, to stimulate the
the skin, saliva, intestines,
Picrotoxin is a nervine tonic; and it Is used in chronic paralysis
*- mralysis of the sphinctor ani and of the sphincter vesicas ; in
when the attacks are nocturnal, in other spasmodic diseases,
iij r iM. It is a valuable remedy in j},7 of a grain in nightsweats
ph:i : .Also given in flatulent colic, and in dysmenorrhcea (given
I days before tJie term), in leucorrhoea with mucopurulent discharge
accompanied with lumbar pain) ; in vomiting, with headache
It is an antidtJte to morphine, chloral, and
; iiiing, A dose of one jo grain is equivalent 1030
gratm oi diloraU
36
C» lONrmODENDRO H TOM BNTOSU M ^
ChoQdrodendFon TomentoBam, B« P« Pareira Brava*
Chondrodendron — chondros, a carliJagc or grain, and dcndroiii
tree, in allusion to the grain-like or cartilaginous warty protuberances
on the bark.
Toraentosum, meaning woolly. — The under side of the leaves
being grey and hairy.
l/aMaL—BrsLzil, Peru, West Indies,
Paris C'sci^,— 'The root. Pareirae radiJC, Pareira Root, B.P,
Characters, — Climbing woody plant ; leaves very large ; fruits
grape-like, root cylindrical, twisted, from J of an inch to 4 inches in
diameter and from 4 inches to 4 feet in length, covered with a thin
blackish-brown bark, with longitudinal furrows and transver.se ridges
and fissures ; internally 3^ellowish-brovvn or grey, with wclUmarkrd
concentric or eccentric zones and radiating rays, without odour and of a
bitter taste. Dose of the powdered root, 30 to 60 grs.
Constituents, — Pelosiiie or cissampeline, an alkaloid, said to be
identical with berberine ; Tannin, some resin, bitter vflinw itrirf^T,
starch and ash 4 p.c-
Pelosine or cissarnpeline. — Boil the root in water, add
acid, precipitate with potassium carbonate, purify by il
in solution of sulphuric acid ; finally treat with chnrcoaL Ch*ir.i
lers* — Amorphous^ insoluble in water, sparingly si^lublc in ether and
carbon sulphide, freely soluble in chloroform,acct'one, benzol and alcohol
/^e/xiratton.^Exirzctum pareineliquidum, B* P. — liquid f
Pareira. Dose, J to 2 fluid drs* Decoction pareira; — Dc\ i
Pareira (i in 20). Dose, 1 to 2 ozs.
Physiohgical aciions — Laxative, diuretic and bitter tonic, similar
to uva ursi and chimaphila. Its chief action is, however, on the
mucous merabrane of the urinary organs^ which it stimulates.
Therapeutics, -^li is given in painful micturition due to catarrh of
the bladder, ureters or the kidneys or to the presence of gravel. In dropsy,
and in chronic cystitis it increases the flow of urine* In suppurative
kidneys* in gonorrhcea, gleet and leucorrha:a, it diminishes the
unhealthy discharges. As a tonic it is used like any vegetable bitter,
and like caluraba given during convalescence from fevers,, In poisonous
biles the leaves are applied externally,
Cissampdos Pareira.
Parts used. — The root.
Habitati — West Indies, common in hedges. Singapore^ Ceylon.
f Vr«ryrw/f^r.— Bcng.— ' ' * *; r •• ' v " ,
Eng*— Wlvel leaf, Guz.— K
Mar.— Paharvel. Punj. — iikn, K.iti>ru Sani>.- !
Patha, Vcnivcl, Pahadamul.t, V^anaiiktika — :.
Tam.*-Ponaiootootai« Tel. — Pata.
cotevtm viLLosus.
27
Venivel means a braided creeper, so called in allusion to the
]argc% foundish bracts of the female flowers, resembling plaited hairs
of children and women
Characicrs. — It is a tall» woody creeper^ root-bark of a dark-brown
colour^ rough, crooked, with prominences, stem tortuous, knotty and
■ ' bark soft, light and slightly furrowed. On section the
V and presents a radiating menispermal ring of a
;oU>ur; the ring is similar to that found m calumba. The
t i.h, aromatic at first, then becomes intensely bitter; smell
aromatic. Dusc 30 to 60 grs.
Comtiluents — Cifisampeline or Pelosine, ^ p*c. in the root* It is
identical with bebeerine,
i^epajatimt — Decoction (l in 20)* Dose, I to 2 ozs,
Actioiu and usis*—^\\X^r tonici diuretic and antilithic* Given
in chronic cystitis, fever, and in diarrhoea. The powdered root
is dusted over ulcers with benefit.
Coooulnt Leaba.
HahitaL — Punjab, Sindh and Carnatic, Arabia, Persia, Afghani-
Uan.
Part used* — The jihrub.
Vernacular. — Punjab — Ullar-bellar, Parvati,
C^iffik-/^j*— Scandant shrub.
AtHant and uses. — Bitter toinc ; similar to those of Tioospora
cordifoUa*
CoccnluB VUloaofl*
liabitaL — ^Tropical India-
Ihris used, — The roots and leaves.
f'>nKici#/tfn— Bcng. — Huyer, Haer. Can, — Dagadi. Guz, — Patala
ri. Hind* — Farid-butii Dier, Jamte-ki-beh Mar.^ — Vasanvel»
ratuu Satu. — Jil-Jamni» Vasa-dani, Patalagarudi, Vasana-valli*
iTam,— KaUuk-kodi» Tel.^ — Chipura-tige, Katle-tige. Duk.— Jamti'
fk.i-L*r4tta.
inv^illi, from vas, fragrance, giving a fragrant perfume*
J,., Jamni, — Jala, water and Jam, Jamvoun, to coagulate, in
illusion to the property of the juice of the leaves of forming a
^coiKuJum or jelly,
Farid butii in allusion to the legend of Shaik Farid having
jstainod his life upon the water rendered thick and mucilaginous by
. baking the leaver of this plant. According to some^ Pedalum murcx
(Gokharu) is the plant which they name Farid-butit
CharacUm. — A widely distributed climbing plant, root \^ry
twining round on itself and giving oflf few fibrous rootlets ;
Mv^ -^moolh, colour light-brown, odour peculiar and taste bitter and
Ibagrecable ; leaver on old branthes» thick, succulent, oblong or ovate,
28 COSCINIUM FENESTRATUM.
cordate, orbicular or sagitate, obtuse, and more or less downy. Dose,
I to 1^ drm.
Constituents^ — Resin, alkaloid and an acid. Resin is yellowish«^reen
and soft ; odour fragrant, of that of tolu balsam. Soluble in benzine.
Preparation, — The mucilage of leaves and decoction of root (i in
lo). Dose, I to 2 ounces.
Action and uses* — Alterative and demulcent. The juice of the
leaves coagulates in water into a green jelly, which is applied exter-
nally as a cooling application in prurigo eczema, impetigo, &c. Sweeten-
ed with sugar it is given in gonorrhoea to soothe the smarting and
scalding. The root is an alterative, and mixed with pepper and milk is
used by the natives for the same purposes as sarsaparilla. With bon«
due nut (sagorgota) it is a favourite remedy in dyspepsia and colic in
children. Experience has shown that the use of the root as an alterative,
laxative and sudorific is beneficial in chronic rheumatism and syphili-
tic cachexia.
CoBoiniam Fenestratiim.
Hibitat. — Ceylon. Western Peninsula.
Part used. — ^The stem.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Tree turmeric, False calumba. Bomb. — ^Jhar-
ki-haldi. Can. — Doda mara-darasina. Cing. — ^VeniveL Duk. — Huldi-
ka-jhar. Hind. — Jhar-ki Haldi. Malyal. — Mara Manjjal. Mar.—
Jhade-halede. Sans. — Daru-haridrakam. Tarn. — Mara-munjil. Tel. —
Mani-pasupu.
Characters. — Stem cylindrical and woody, bark pale and corky,
wood of a greenish-yellow colour ; on section porous, with medullary
rays and no concentric rings. Taste bitter. Dose, ^ to i drachm.
Constituents. — Berberine.
Preparation. — ^Infusion (i in 20). Dose, 4 to 12 drs. Tincture (i in 10).
Dose, ^ to I dr.
Actions and usesr^X bitter stomachic and tonic, used in fevers
during convalescence; like calumba, it is found very usefuL The natives
apply a paste of it to the head as a codling application.
Jateorhiza Colomba, B. P.— Cooonliia Pmlmata.
Jateorhiza, meaning healing root ; palmata, the palm of the hand
The leaves are palmately lobed. Calumba, from Colombo in
Ceylon, the oriffinsu habitat of the plant.
Habitat. — Mozambique Forests, East India Islands, Ohio.
Arty aM#«f.— The dried root Calumbae Radix, Calumba Root, B. P.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Sakel hamam . Bomb. — Kalamb>kachri
Cing.— Kalumbu. Duk.— Kalamb-ki-jer. Eng.— Calumba rooti
Columbo. Guz.— Kalumbo, Hind Kalamb-ki jer. Pers.— Bikle.
Kalambah. Tarn.— Kalamba-ver. Tel. — Kalamba veru.
Sak-el-hamam, means dove*s foot, from the resemblance of the
hairy ovaries and three parted stigmas to the leg and foot of a dove.
JATZOUHVtA CALUMBA
19
CiafOCUn, — The fresh roots are fleshy and fusiform, cut in
verse slices or circular discs* The dry root is raet with in
Hat, circular or ovali transverse slices, about i to 2 inches in diameter^
^antl from 3 to 6 lines in thickness. Each slice is Very light-brown
externally and yellow internally. It is corky looking and shrunken
I lk« centre. The most central portion is formed of tubular corky
eternal to it is another layer, which is also corky and made up
rial or tape-like fibres cut transversely. This portion is surrounded by
nother outermost layer, which is nearly flat, of a yellow colour, and
hard, and to which the bark is firmly adherent. Each slice breaks very
eadily and with a short mealy fracture. The taste is very bitter,
Iromatic and mucilaginous. The odour resembles that of azadarach;
Ihc root is often more or less worm-eaten. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
CnmHluents, — A non-nitrogenous, crystalline, neutral, bitter
I principle, calumbin; an alkaloid, berberine; calumbic acid, starch 35 p,c„
fiucilagcand ash 6 px.
Calumbin. — Exhaust the root with alcohol or ether; evaporate
*and crystallize. In white crystals, slightly soluble in water, of a
bitter taste.
Calumbic acid is found in combination with berberine. It is
obtained by adding hydrochloric acid to the extract of calumba,
and treated with hme water.
CharacUrs* — White crystalline flakes ; sparingly soluble in cold
watcr^ akohoi and ether*
Ptefaratiom of the root.^ — Infusum calumbao, B- P, (i in 20).
e, I to 1 OJE, Liquor calumba: concent rat us, B.P, (i in 2), Dose^ J to
X dr. Tinrtura calumbae, B. P. Tincture of calumba (i in 10),
^ Dose, I to 1 dr.
Extractum calumbae fluidum. Fluid attract of calumba* Dose
5 to 30 ms.
Physmlngicai action, — ^A non-irritant bitter, without astrin^
Igency, a good stomachic tonic like quassia, and gentian. It is a
Itlimulant of the mucous membranes of the mouth, salivary glands,
lir>opliagus, stomach and intestines, and increases their secretion. It
[increases appetite and digestion, and thus promotes the constructive
Ifissue changes. If in large doses and long continued, it produces
^catarrh of the stomach and intestines and interferes with digestion.
ThffaM'dcs.^h^ a tonic it is generally given in hectic fever and
Irom acute and chronic fevers and other diseases.
i ... ^ with loss ot appetite and deficient secretions of
the stomach ;ind intestines. In diarrhoea, cholera, in vomiting, and in
latuk-nce, the infusion is given with benefit* A nice vehicle for
ering acids, alkalies, aromatics and cathartics. Externally the
I: ; iise the powder of the root as an antiseptic on ulcers and
wounds.
Remarh.^li is one of the few bitter tonics which do not contain
tannic or gallic awid, hence can be combined with iron salts.
30 STEPHANIA HERNANDIFOLIA
Meniflpermnm Canadenve and M. Fenestratam.
Syn, — Canadian moon-seed, Texas or yellow parilla, vine maple.
Habitat — Eastern United States.
Parts used. — ^The rhizome and rootlets.
Characters.-— A woody climbing pUnt, stems round and striated,
rhizome thick, yellowish -brown, knotty and wrinkled externally. —
Roots brittle, break with a tough fracture, yellow within. Bark thick
and porous, without any odour, and of a bitter taste. Dose lo to 30
grains.
Constituents. — Berberine, Menispine— s tarch, resin and tannin.
Menispine is a white powder, soluble in alcohol and ether.
Preparation. — Extractum menispermi fiuidum — fluid extract of
menispermum. Dose, 30 to 60 ms. Menispermino — a dry extractive.
Dose, I to 5 grs.
Actions and uses, — Stomachic, bitter tonic, alterative and
diuretic ; used for the same purposes as calumba. A good substitute
for sarsaparilla in scrofulous conditions, gout and rheumatism and
in gravel affections. It stimulates the intestinal glands, but not
the liver ; and is given in dyspepsia, general debility, &c.
Stephania Hernandifolia.
Habitat, — Nepal, Singapore, Ceylon.
Part used. — Stems.
Vernacular. — Beng — Agnad-akanadi. Sans. — Vanatiktika.
Characters. — Striated stems.
Actions and uses, — Similar to those of Cissampelos pareira.
Tinospora CopdifoIla« T. Crispa. Coooalns Copdifolins.
Habitat, — Konkan, forests of Tropical India ; Konkan, Western
Coast of India.
Parts used, — The stem and fecula (starchy extract Gulancha).
Vernacular, — ^Arab. — Gilo. Beng, — Gadancha. Bomb.— Gulavela
Gilo, Giroli. Burm. Singo-mone. Can. — Amrita-balli. Cing. — Rasa-
kinda. Duk. — Gulbel, Gulwail. Goa. — Amritvel. Guz.— Gado, gulvel.
Hind. — Guluncha, Gulbel, Giloe. Maleal. — Amrita, chitramruta.
Malay. — Citamerdu. Mar.— Gulwail Gharol. Pers. — Gulbel. Panj. — ak-
Gillo, Gularich. Sans. — Somavalli, Amurta, Guduchi, Pittaghni, Bhish
ak-pryia, Nirjara,Chinnaruha. Tam.— Shendilkodi. Tel. — ^Tippa-tinge,
Starchy extract (^Fecula). — Beng.— Palo, Sat-i-giloe. Bomb. —
Galo satta. Duk. — Gulancha, satva. Sikkim. — Gurjo. Hind. — Giloe-ka-
sat. Pers.— Sake gilo. Tel. — Tuppa sattu.
Pittaghni — pit means bile, and agne, fire or destroying ; bile
destroying.
Bishak pryia, dear to physicians ; Nirjara, not perishing.
TINOSPORA CORnrFOUA
.^t
Chin irnrhua means growing when cut. The stem, when placed
upon a bush in the open air, will retain its vitality thioughout the
hot season and pot forth leaves and roots duruig the rains.
Ckaracitrs. — Climbing shrub. Those spreading, on trees of
Mangtfcra Indtca and Azadirachta Indica are used for medicinal pur-
poses. Fresh bark is papery ; dry bark is externally of a dull -brown
colour, inner portion green and succulent and easily separable from
the wood ; woodt of a light white colour and presents wedges separated
sFicd radiating menispermal medullary rays ; taste very bitter
laginous*
CoHstiiu^tits, — ^The root and Stem contains starchy extract, bitter
jdlKiple and a trace of berherine.
— Infusion of Guiancha ( I tn lo;. Dose i to 2 oajs.
Tim : ha (l in 8). Dose, J to 2 th"s. Starchy extract or fecula
io lu ZQ grs. The extract is prepared by powdering the
lem and washing out the starch with water and drying the sediment.
"^ioces of various shapes and sizes, of a pure white colour ; taste
bitter and mucilaginous^ and it adheres to the tongue like Vansa
Lochana.
Actions and uu%. — Fresh stem is more efficacious than the dry and
iiagood substitute for calumba. It is a stomachic bitter tonic, alterative,
aphrudiiijic, antiperiodic and demulcent, given in dy±»pepsia and in
drhilitv cauMsd by repeated attacks of fever. Like Peruvian barks
"d febrifuge ; used in enlarged spleen. As an alterative given in
- , i.y *yphilis, rheumatism, leprosy, skin diseases, such as impetigo,
nd m jaundice. As a diuretic and demulcent it is given in
^suria, in scanty high-coloured urine due to catarrh of the bladder,
lie juice of the stcni» combined with pAkhanbhed and honey, is
[ivra in gooorrhaca. The fecula is nutritious, largely used in native
pfacticG in cold, feircrs, and seminal weakness, also in urittary
tions,
A*#w<i^i*jr.— Herbalists sell the stems of cocculus malabaricus for
^ilavcla.but the stem of cocculus malabaricus is hard, thick, less fleshy
ad not so cfHcactous as gulavela.
A wreath, known as kamla-in-m^la or jaundice wreath, and
of the fresh stem, each piece about an inch long and tied in
t middle in loose knots with a piece of thrciid, and being
an inch apart from one another, is put round the neck of
lldiccd patients, under a common belief among the credulous
itivcs that the wreath has the property of lessening the force of
H that its good effects are manifested by the wreath in
length in proportion as the force of jaundice dimin-
^nc^, iin^isa mere delusion. The increase in the length of the
^ rreath i^ due to the drying up of the stems by lapse of time and to
"llie narrowing of the knots of the thread over the stems.
3i BEKBERIS AQUIFOLIUM
Tiliaoora raoemosa.
HahtiaU — Tropical India, Ceylon.
Pari used. — The shrub.
Characters, ^^ A. climbing shrub»
F^m<tcw/ar.--^TeL— Mushadi. Beng. — Tiliakora. Hind. — Bagor
Mushadi.
Actions and usis. — Bitter and stonlaChic, used like other bitters.
Among the natives it passes for a remedy for snake-bite.
Berberidao6».
The daruhalada or barberry family.
Shrubs or herbs, leaves alternate, compound| usually ^xstipulate,
stem generally free from hairs, but otten spiny ; stamens hypogynous ;
equal to petals in number; anthers two-celled, each opening by a valve
from the bottom to the top. Fruit baccate or dry and capsular.
Seeds with minute embryo, albumen, fleshy and horny.
^a^tito/.— 'Temperate parts of Europe, America and Asia and
mountains of North India.
Propertiis. — ^Acid, bitter and astringent ; acid properties are due to
the presence of oxalic acid.
Berbeiis Aqoifidiiim.
NMiat—Vziddc Sk>pe of the United Sutes, Western United
States.
fhtrt used. — The root.
Vernacular. — ^American barberry. HoUy-leaved barberry, moun-
tain grape, Oregon grape*
Ckmrmcttrs^ — ^Root, i to 2 feet or more in length and about one*
fourth in breadth, extremely hard and tough ; colour, bright golden
yellow, cortical portion thin and pap^Taceous, dull-greenish or
brownish-yellow. Intense, but pleasant bitter taste. Dose, lo to 30 grs.
ComstiiMients^ — It contains an alkaloid berberina or berberine, also
a peculiar lesiuous matter.
Pref>4mit»ou of the root. — Liquid extract. Dose^ 10 to 30 ms.
Tincturx (^1 to xo>* Dose, 10 to 40 ms.
Pfystoio^aJ mctHm. — In small doses, bitter took, stomachic
astringent aiMi antiperiodic ; in Urge doses catnartk and diuretic,
producing watary motions accompanied with pain.
71rr«^^miics.— Used in malarial intermittent, remittent and
typhoid feven, diarrhosft, and dyspepsia ; as an alterative and tonic
it is given in scrolukHis and cancerous afiectioiis and
in secondary or tertiary syphilitic .d i sease s , in syphiatk cachexia
and in chronic scaly or squamous erupiioov more paiticiilarly
in psoriasis and pit\Ttasb : also useful alter a kMog merciurial course
to ehminate mercury trom the system. As a citnarttc and diuretic
it inareaaes the secretions and this relie\xs heputK vx^ngestioQ and
afiRDF.RlS AJIISTATA
33
free* imestinal secretions ; hence, in habitual constipation, it i$
combined with cascara sagrada. In pain, soreness and burning
sensation along the urinary or biliary tracts, with a tendency
to gall-stone or urinary' calculi, it is a very useful remedy. As a
glinduUr stimulant it is given in chronic tonsilitis and in enlargements
of the prosute.
Berberia Aristata.
Berberis Lyciunit raisin barberry, Indian Lycium (ophthalmic
barberry), B, Asiatica and B. Canadensis or B. vulgaris (European
variety;,
HabitaL — Mountainous parts in North India, Nepaul, Nilgiri,
Piountains of Ceylon, Various species of barberry occur on the Nilgiri
mountains.
Batts used, — The stem, wood and root-bark (Berberis cortex),
fruit or dry berries, and extract.
Vernacular. — The root bark. Arab. — ^Dar-hald. Bomb. — Dar-
haJad. Hind^ — Dar-halad, Dar-chob. Daru-haridra (the wood). Pers,
^^Dar-hald, Dar-chob. Eng, — Indian Barberry, Nepaul barberry,
vdlow wood, turmeric wood. Sans. — Daru haridra. Tam. — MuUa-
bubU. Puttar.
The extract. Arab. — Huzari-Hindi, Bomb. — Rusot, R^wanti.
H'tnd. — Rusot, Raswat. Sind, — Raswal. Pers.— Fil-rahrah,
The fruit or berries. Arab. — Ambar-baris. Bomb. — Zarishk^
Duk. — Zarish. Hind*^ — Zarishk chitra, Hydrabad — Vilayati aniali,
Pers, — Zarishk,
Rtsot^Rasuth — Ras^juice^ and uthna to boil; Raswanti^Rasa*
a juice, and v^anti, a pulp; Daruhalad — Daru, wood, and halad,
turmeric. The wood is yellow. This term is also applied to the
yellow root or wood of curcuma aromatica, curcuma longa and
cocciaiufii fenestratum.
Characters, — ^The stem is met with in circular pieces, each from i
to 2 or 4 inches long, and about r to 2 inches in diameter ; very
bitter and of an astringent taste. The root-bark is smooth and brittle
and of a dull crey or yellow colour ; on section the stem presents
a ccniml ring with numerous radiating wedge^like projections, made
up of fibrous cells ; between these projections is a spongy substance
perforated by small holes* The fruits are larger than English
DaibcnieSw shrivelled, much compressed, often oval and of a bright-red
colour ; most of them abortive, but a few contain oblong seeds ;
they resemble raisins ; they are met with in black, moist, sticky masses.
Taste very acid and astringent, owing to the presence of tartaric,
oxalic and malic acids ; most of them are abort ive» The extract rusota
b a dark brown, lumpy mass of a bitter, astringent taste, and of the
cooslsteoce of opium* Dose of the root-bark, 20 to 30 grs.
Constihuntx. — The root and wood contain in great abundance 1
yellow alkaloid berbcrine or berberina, oxyacanthine, fat, resin, tannin,
also b' and another alkaloid. The fruit contains malic and
citric
i tanmn.
34 CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES
Berberine, Berberina. — A bitter, orange-yellow, acicular cryst3s,
soluble in hot water and alchol, insoluble in ether. With acids forms
salts ; with chloroform, ether and alcohol forms crystalline compounds.
Dose, I to 5 grs. Berberine is also contained in the root of
calumba, coptis teeta, #hydrastis, podophyllum, menispermum,
xanthoxylum, &c.
/Vtf/^r^/ib;/.— Decoction of the root (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Infusion of the stem (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Tincture of the
cortex (i in 4). Dose as a tonic, ^ to 2 drs ; as an antiperiodic, 4 to 6
drs. Syrup or preserves of fruit ; liquid extract not miscible with
water. Dose, J to 2 drs.
Rusot, an impure watery extract prepared from powdered stem or
wood, by exhaustion with water, filtration and admixture with cow^s
milk and final evaporation. It is readily soluble in water, partly so in
rectified spirit, forming a yellow solution.
Actions and uses. — The bark and stem — Tonic, diaphoretic,
stomachic, antiperiodic, and a gentle but certain aperient, used in
malarial fevers, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, dysentery, ague, during con-
valescence from fevers and acute diseases. As an alterative, it is used in
bilious complaints, torpid liver, dropsy and jaundice. With gypsum,
it is given in metrorrhagia. The berries are cooling and acid, and
used as refrigerant in febrile diseases, diarrhoea, &c. The extract
(Rusot) is an anodyne, tonic and febrifuge, internally used like the
bark. Externally, rusot, mixed with alum, rock salt, chebulic
myrabolams and opium, is applied round the orbit in painful affections
of the eye, as in black eye, &c. Mixed with honey, it is applied to
ulcers in the mouth. It is also applied to relieve pain of cancer
and of neuralgia. Berberine.— The alkaloid is given internally in
malaria, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, sickness of pregnancy, &c. Berberine
carbonate, berberine hydrochlorate, berberine phosphate and
berberine sulphate, are used . in malarial affections, amenorrhoea,
enlargement of spleen, anorexia, vomiting of pregnancy and intestinal
catarrh.
Caulophyllam Thaliotroides.
Verftacular. — Blue cohosh, papoose or squaw root, blueberry, blue
or yellow ginsing.
Habitat, — Rich woodlands, Canada, Northern United States.
Patts used. — ^The rhizome and rootlets,
Charactets, — Rhizomes are horizontal, 4 inches long, ^ of an inch
thick, knotty on the_ upper surface with stem-scars and branches;
externally greyish-brown, inside whitish and tough. Rootlets many and
matted, without any odour, and of a sweetish and acrid taste« Dose i S
to 20 grs.
Constituents* — A resin-caulophyllin, I2p,c. saponin or leontin, a
glucoside, tannin, wax and an alkaloid-caulophylline. The alkaloid is
colourless, tasteless and without any odour. Caulophyllin. — To obtain
PODOPMVLLUAI KMODI
.^c
11^ 6xh^«*t the root with alcohol, jiour theakohoHc exiract into water.
It vn resinoid powder. Dose, i to 4 grs., in pill with glycerine
oJ . ^ iih.
Prcf^arnhon, — ^Tinclura caulophyHin^i Tincture of caulophyllum
(1 in 4), Dose, J to 4 drs, Extractum caulopliyUin:t! hquidum^ —
liquid extract of cauJophyllum. Dose, ^ to i dr. Liquor caulo-
phyUin ct Pulsatillas co. Dose, ^ to dr. Infusion and decoction (1 in
10) Dose 2 to 4 drs.
/' ;, — CaulophyUin is stimulant, tonic, demulcent,
diurc: ;. ;, e and antispasmodic; also tKirturient ; it causes
intermittent contraction of the gravid utem
Thetapeutks. — Used in deficient labour pam^, m menstrual derange-
ments, a* spasmodic dystnenorrlicEa. It checks muscular contrac-
Itoii m cases of threatened abc»rlion» and also relieves spasmodic after*
paim. It is given in atony of the uterus^ in prolapsus uteri, and in
$ij lion. Combined with pubatilla it is found u.'^eful 111 acute
rii NiJcucorrha:M> vaginitis, urethritis and in hysteria. Saponin
b a itcroutatory.
Podophyllum Emodl.
Hahiiat. — Interior range of Himalaya, Ca^hmcrei Shikim
llazara, &c.
I\iris tivrd. — The rhizome, roots, fruits, and the resin*
fVr«/icju/</r.— Hind.^Papra or papri, Bhavan-bakra nr Bakra,
Chimyaka. San&. — Parpata, vakra.
CharacUrsi. — Khi/omes similar to those of podophyllum pcuatuni
except that tl»e rhizfime of P. Eniodi is cylindrical, more crowded
above with tuf and .stem scars, the under surface covered
with many dc] val or circular roots. Dose, 5 to 15 grs.
Cofsstituenis: — Resin, 10 to 12 p. c, sugar, fat, gum, &c., the resin
is in much greater quantity than in podophyllum peltatum*
Pftfktrtition, — Tincture (i in 30), Dose, 5 to 20 ms ; resin-podo-
phyllin, i to i gr.
Actions and us^s. — Cholagogue, alterative, bitter tonic, given as a
sure purge, with s-light griping in torpid liver. Uses similar tu those of
podophyllum peltatum.
Podophyllum Pdltattimp B. P.
/Wo/Ay//iii». — Podos foot^and phyllon, *Meaf.-' The leaf is 5 to 7
.partite^ which resembles the fout of aquatic ducks or domestic fowls*
/^/iaium* — Pcita, a light shield. The leaf petioles are attached
to the middle of lamina like a shield.
HabiUiL — United States. Rich woods of Canada -
I^tl uud, — The rhizome and rootlets, Podophylli Rhizoma,
Podoplnllum Root, B. P., the resin; Podophylli Rcsina,' Podophyllum
Roin, B* P.
Xb
POnOFHVLt17M PFtTATtm
5 px. ; an alkaloid berber Jnci
and sugar. PodophyJIum
Vepnacular^ — Eng. — The American May-apple, wild tnandrake or
vegetable mercury, so called » as it is a powerful biliary purgative*
Characters. — A perennial herb, stem pale green, with a white flower
at its summit. The root is dark reddish-brown, smooth or sligluly
wrinkled, in nearly cylindrical pieces, which are knotty, each knot tt
marked on its upper surface by a circular depressed scar ; on tbe
under surface are numerous brittle, brownish rootlets. It breaks with
a short starchy fracture; on section it is white or pale^yellow or
brown. It has a characteristic odour and a bitter acrid taste« Dosms^
powdered root, 5 to 20 grs.
Constituents. — Resin podophyllin 4 to
Podophyllo quercetin, starch, gum, fat,
Resine, podophylii Resina, B,P., is obtained from the root when a con-
centrated tincture is precipitated by acidulated water* It is an amor-
phous powder of a herby odour, acrid bitter taste; colour varies from pale-
yellow to deep orangC'-brown* soluble in alcohol, alkaline liquids, and
partly so in ether. Dose, \ to \ gr. It is an ingredient of various
cathartic pills. The active portion of the resin consists of podophyllo-
loxin, which contains 70 to 80 p,c. of the cathartic principle, and
is made up of picropodophyllin held in solution by picropodophyllic
acid. There is also another inactive acid — podophyUic acid. Picro-
podophyllin is obtained by treating podophyllotoxin with an alkali. It
is a neutral, crystalline, bitter mas.s of a white colour* soluble in chloro-
form, acetone, sparingly soluble in ether, benzin, hot water and weak
alcohol. PodophyUic acid — an inactive resin acid, soluble in alcnh^yl,
Podopliyllo quercetin is the colouring matter— occurs in yellow ne
soluble in alcohol, sparingly so in chloroform and insoluble in w
The Indian plant yields 10 to 12 p»c. of podophyltin rtfsin and 56 p.c, i/f
podophyllotoxin, whereas the American species yield's s p.c. of resin
and 40 p.c. of podophyllotoxin.
Preparation, — Tinctura podophylii, B.P. (1 ol ihe re*>in in 30 ms.)
Dosei 5 to I 5 ms. Pikila podophyllin composita. Podophyllin J i!r., aloes
1 gn, capsicum J gr,, belladonna extract { gr,, glycerin tr !i
q.s. tomakc one pill. Pilula podophyllin et quinin;e-^Quininc ^. 1 l-
^ &^*i podophyllin ^j gn, milk sugar ^^ g^% extract of belladonna
aloes ^ gr. Make one pilL Extractum podophylii fluidum^^u *.-
extract of podophyllin. Dose» 5 to 20 ms, Tinctura podophyllin
ammoniata made with aromatic spirit of ammonia (i in 50), Dose,
2 to 6 ms. Pjlula podophyllin, J of a grain of resin triturated
with milk sugar, acacia, in pne pill. Pilula podophylii cum
belladonnse et strychntnae, otherwise known as Tonic liver pills —
contains: Podophyllin J grain, extract belladonna J grain, slry/ 'y
grain in one pill Pilula podophylii et pepsinia — Digestive gr . \
of a grain in each; Liquor podophylii cum belladonna et strychuiaa*
Dose, I dr. Liquor podophylii et pepsins. Dose, i dr.
Actions and uses-^ — Podophyllin is an active chobgnguc and
c " In small dosea it is given in sick h* '1
V ucntbilcin the stools^ in habilualcon d
WMFH.^CACE.'P
fBfHl in bilious vomiting. It is generally combined with henbane,
[ionnri or cannabis to counteract its griping effects. In dropsy,
|r -yphilis, it is generally given along with other purgatives
kl.^ ynth^ &c,, or combined with cream of tartar and calomel-
Is'ki derivative it is given in catarrhal or malarial jaundice. In large
doses it acts as a gastric irritant. The root may be given as an
alterative.
NymphsaaoeflB*
The water lily family ] aquatic herbs ; leaves cordate and
fi(xating ; flowers solitary ; Thalamus » large, fleshy, forming a disc-like
expansion^ more or less sur'rounding the ovary ; carpels numerous^
united, forming one compound ovary ; frUit indeniscentf many-celled ;
seeds numerous ; embryo ntinute-
Habitat, — Northern temperate regions and tropics*
Properties, — Bitter tad astringent ; rhizomes and seeds of many
species contain starch.
Nymphaaa Alba.
N. Versicolor, Poini. N. Odorata, sweei-scented water lily (Eng.)
/://<?/•— Bengal, Ajmir, Pastkur Lak^.
-' \^fts used, — 7*hc flowers and seeds*
f VyiwrM^^tr.— Beng,— Buro Sundli. Bomb, — Poini, The ii^^d%
kumabija.
Characters. — ^The flowers are smaller than those of kamala, and of
variegated colours. The seeds are very small ^nd tuberclcd. Dose,
to to 30 grs.
P^eparaiiatt,'^SyTnp of flowers. Dose, I to 3 drachms^
Achoft.% aw</ f/jtf j.~ Demulcentj astringent and refrigerant, and
u*ed in dysentery in combination with sugar ; other properties are
simiUr IQ those of N; speciosum, for which it is often substituted.
Eoryale Ferox*
• phaea stellata.
....J;/^/,-^Calcutta, North India.
Partj used, — The seeds*
(Vrnaru/aK — Beng. — Makana, Bomb.— Makhana. Hind.-—
lakana. Kash.^ — Jawur rinn — Kien-shih, k»*tu- Teh— Nallani
admam.
Charactfts, — The iniit, large orange or pear-shaped, inde-
hUcrntt interior white, hard, starchy, contains 8 to 1 5 round black
he size of pea* and full of flour. The seeds are farinaceous^
.i I Iried, roasted or rather baked, they aje known as Dhani*
Actions and uses. — Dhani is invigorating and used as an article of
food ; also as an astringent, nutritive, and tonic, used in seminal dis-
charges* In Bombay makaoa is imported ffom Mathura and Benares.
3^ NELUMBIACFiC
NelumbiaoesB.
The water bean family.
Aquatic plants, creeping in the horizontal direction, attached to the
earth by numerous fibres ; leaves, peltate, floating on the surface of water
and are mucilaginous ; flowers large and showy, thalamus very large*
flattened at the top, excavated, presenting numerous cavities, each
containing a single carpel ; fruit nut-like, half buried in the cavity ;
Seeds solitary, without albumen, embryo large ; plumule well developed.
Habitat. — Northern temperate and tropical regions, stagnant waters.
Properties. — Fruit of all species are edible; rhizomes, starchy,
astringent and bitter.
Nymphasa Edulis. N. Escalanta.
Castalia Edulis.
Hahitat,^\\\d\'di,
Parts used, — The roots and flowers.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Nilu-far. Beng.— Choto Sundhi, Kanval-
Bur. — Kiyan-nu, Can,— Nyadale-huvu. Cing. — Nalun. Duk. — AUi-
phul, Chhota-kanval. Eng. — Edible lotus, pond lily. Guz. — Kanval.
Hind.—Chhota-kanval. Malyal. — Allit-tamara, Anpala. Mar. — Kamula.
Pers. — Nilufar. Sans.— Kamala. Tarn, — Ambal, Allitamarai. Tel. —
Kotika, Kalharomu.
Characters. — Aquatic plant, leaves oval, entire, downy underneatht
margin slightly waved, petioles attached to the margin, flowers white,
seeds numerous. The root, very bitter and astringent. Dose lo
to 30 grs.
Constituents, — The root contains gallic and tannic acids, starch,
gum, &c.
Syrup. Dose, i to 2 drs. Decoction (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses, — Demulcent, diuretic and nutrient. Other
characters same as those of Nelumbium speciosum. The roots are
used as an article of diet.
Nelambium Speoiosum.
Nymphaea Lotus. N. Pubescens.
Habitat, — India, Persia, China, Thibet, Japan, Ceylon.
Parts used, — The flowers, filaments and anthers.
Vernacular, — Eng. — Egyptian lotus, Egyptian or Pythagorian
bean. Arab. — Nilufar. Assam. — Kyrob. Beng. — Burrshaluk, Komol,
Padma. Bur. — Kyah-phyn. Cing. — Juda-tebolu. Duk. — Kung evelka.
Hind — Kamala, Koi-podoma, Kanbal-kukri. Malyal. — Tamara.
Pers. — Nilofer (the seeds). Sind. — Pabban, Kooni. Guz. — Nilofara,
the seeds, kamar kakali. Goa. — Seveka. Can. — Nyadale-huvu. Tam. —
Tamaray-Ambal. Tel. — Telia kaluva, Alli-kolung. Mar. — Kanial.
Sans. — Padma, Kamala, Pundarik, Kakonada, Indwara.
^AVkVFRACF,M
3P
CItariiiUrrs. — An aquatic heiD, leaves floatiiii^, pdtaic and
foundbh, upper surface green, under surface btutsh ; fl(>weii>, when
fresh, are large, while and showy. The dry flowers have a brown
coJoiir, sepals 4 or 5, the petals numerous, and in several whorls,
fiiamenti petaloid, seeds (Kamala kakari) solitary, without albumen.
The structure of the seed receptacle has been compared to a wasp's
nest, or a pomegranate, cut in half; in shape oval Externally smooth
ind brownish or greyish-black ; surface covered with numerous minute
whitish dots, testa homy^ cotyledons white and starchy and covered
with a thin almond-coloured membrane, embryo green. Dose,
powdered seeds, 10 to 30 grs,
Omxttiuents. — The rhi/ome and seeds contain resins, glucose^
metaribin, tannin, fat and an alkaloid, similar to nupharine, identical
with that obtained from nuphar luteum.
PiefiarattoH, — Syrup of flowers. Dried flow^ers 2 ounces, sugar i
ouace, and water 5 fluid ounces. Dose, 1 to 3 drs. Compound de-
coction of flowers and filaments with liquorice (l in 10). Dose, 4 to 12
dr$.
Achons and uses, — The seeds are demulcent and nutritive ; the
ilmmcnts and flowers are cooling, astringent, bitter and expectorant.
Syrun of flowers is used in coughs, to check haemorrhage from
biecaing piles, in sanguineous fluxes from the bowels, and in
menorrhagta. TheJoius flowers and fresh leaves with sandalwood or
embli^ -"'^ ^ulan* are used as a cooling application to the forehead
in ic ui, to the skin in erysipelas and to other external
inflamnianans. A cooling bed sheet made of kamala is used for fever
patienis with high fever. The seeds, with those of Euryale ferox
rr ' i^), are used as an article of diet. The starch contained in the
r when collected, constitutes a sort of arrowroot known to
Chinese as Ghaanfeen, The powder of the seeds, Kamarkakri, is known
by the name of Bhesabola, These two products come from Shanghai,
and arc largely used by native women as a demulcent in leucorrht^a.
'ihcsabola should not be mistaken for Rhosabula, which is a variety
HIrabol.
PapaveraoeaB*
7he Alitna or Poppy family,
Papaver is derived from papa, pap, or thick milk, in aflttsion to its
use for children, to nourish and cause sleep.
Gfnnai Chanicters. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with a milky
white, yellow or blood coloured, acrid and narcotic juice ; leaves alter*
iiatc» more or less divided, peduncles long, one-flowered; flowers white,
pink, yellow, rose or red coloured, also showy, regular and sym-
metrical ; sepals 2 or 3. Fruit one-celled, either pod-shaped with two
parietal placentas or capsular, with several placentas, dehiscing by
valves or pores, seeds numerous, albuminous, with minute embryo
near the bate of fleshy albumen ; seeds contain a bl;tnd, nutnnve fixed
oiL Taste bland and wholesome.
40
ARGBMOKE MSXICANA
Pfvpt'ilii'b* — Many plants are narcotiL, some arc aK^rul ^ni
poisoDous, a few emetic, and others cathartic^
Argemone Mexioana.
Habitat, — West Indies, all over India.
Parts used> — ^The milky juice of the fresh plant and a fixed oil
of the fresh seeds.
Vernaculan — Beng. — BuroShyala-kanta. Burm.-*Matr; i(x*
Can. — Bolurakkisa, Datturi. Duk. — Bharamdandi, Pi« . ra*
Eng. — Mexican poppy» yelJow thistle, gamboge thistle. Guz. — Pilit
Dhatura. Hind. — Bharbhand, Shiyal-kanda, Satyanasa, Faringi^Dho-
tra, Pivola-Dhotra, MalyaK— Brahma-danti. Mar, — Daruri- Spa-
nish. — Figo del inferno. Sans. — Himavatel Bramha danda* Tam,—
Birama-dandUf Kurukkam-chedi. Tel. — Bramha-dandl-chettu,
Remarks. — Daruri. The word Daru means gunpowder, the
seeds resemble the grains of gunpowder,
Pivala Dhotra— Pivala, yellow, and Dhotra, corruption of
dhatura. The flowers and leaves of dhotra are yellowi and resemble
flowers and leaves of Dhatura.
Kante Dhotra— the herb is prickly or full of kantas or prickles.
Figo del inferno, ** The fig of hell/' on account of its strong
prickles.
Faring! Dhotra — The plant having been first introduced into
India by Firingis (Portuguese)*
Characters. — The yellow milky juice resembles gamboge; leaves
thick, glaucous^ of a greenish colour and marked with whitish veins on
the posterior surface ; the mid rib and the veins are here and there
studded with prickly thistles, which are also found on the borders of the
leaves; flowers bright yellow, capsules oblong, oval, about i lo ij inch
long and five partite ; convex portions covered with prickles ; the
depressions are free ; seeds many, round and of a dark-brown colour^
corrugated and tubcrcfed with a thick while band and resemble Kuma
hija. On section they are resinous and oily; oil» nale-yellow, clear, and
of a nauseous odour, but without any disagreeanle taste. Dose of the
oil, 20 to 60 ms.
Constituents. — The leaves and capsules contain morphia, the seeds
contain an oil 3^ pc. carbohydrates and albumen 49 p.c, moisture 9 p.c»|
and ash 6 p.c, The ash contains alkaline phosphates and sulphates*
Actions and uses, — The juice is alterative and used in syphilid,
leprosy and gonorrhcea along with the juice of aristolochia bracteatt.
The seeds are narcotico-acrid. The oil and extract from the seeds arc
laxative and sedative* combining the action of m1 and
cannabis Indica. The oil is used in cholera* dropsy, p lie. As
substitute for ipecacuanha, the seeds are given in ' her
intestinal afl"ections. Locally the juice or theoil i jng
anpHcation to indolent ulcers, herpetic eruptions, leucodemia^ syphilitic
ulcers and warts. It relieves strangury caubL-d bv bIl^lLMH. Frcrab
root is apph'ed to scorpion bitefi*
CHELIDONIUM MAJUS
41
Chelidonium Majus.
Great or garden celandine, Tetter wort.
Habitat — Europe, North America, waste lands and rocky places.
Chelrdonium. It is derived from chelidon» a swallow, as it flowers at
the coming of, and dries up at the departure of, the swallows.
Pari usid. — The whole plant
Characters. — Perennial herb; leaves pinnate; flowers yield safTron-
vdlow milky juice ; root reddish-brown, branching, several headed ;
fruit a capiiule, iwo-valved ; seeds numerous ;. odour unpleasant; taste
acrid. Dose, lo to 40 grs,; fresh juice, 5 to 20 ms,
OmsHtiunts, — Chelerylhrine, sanguinarine ; chelidonine, pro-
topinci chelidoxanthin (a yellow crystalline substance), chelidonic
(jervic or malic) acid, chelidoninic add, gum, and chlorophyll.
Chelcr\*thrfne.^ — ^To obtain it, shake the extract with ether. The
solution contains chekrythrinei leaving behind chelidonine.
Chelidontne — Digest the extract in hydrochloric acid and preci-
pitate with ammonia.
Chelidoxanthin, a bitter neutral principle, occurs in yellow
needles.
Preparatim* — Fluid extract. Dose, 10 lo 30 ms. ; Extract — Dosei
IOgr%. ; Infusion (i in 40). Dose, r to 2 02s.; Expressed juice, 5 to
20 m»*
Aciiont and tises* — Drastic cathartic, expectorant, diuretic and dia-
phoretic. In over doses poisonous ; given in jaundice, liver diseascs»
whoopintf cough, dropsy, scrofula, intermittent fever and phthisis.
E as an irritant it is used for warts, opacity of cornea, cornsi
ur..^.. ..,, .cching, kc,
Glftucium luteoni (Horn poppy) and Qlaaciam ooFnioulatum. ^
Both contain alkaloids similar lo those in chelidonium majus.
EBohaoholtzia Californlca.— Chamiaao*
^«,— California poppy.
HtfAf%t/.^Caltfornia.
Ihri emf^loyed — The whole plant.
CharacUrs. — An herbaceous, glabrous^ glaucoscent plant ; leaves
lte» petiotated and multiBcd^ with linear lobes and no stipules ;
s supported on long peduncles, terminal, regular and hermaphro-
dite* The receptacle is a hollow cone, upper border bears a calyx, coralla.
pcrigynous golden -yellow, sepals two valvate united throughout
llicir entire length, but detached at the base in the form of a funnel.
Fruit dtihiscent, linear, oblong, dry and capsular, traversed longi-
tudinally by ten projecting ribs extending as far as the base into two
th :; the seed at the edges ; seeds contain an albumi-
Oi enveloping the embryo,
Crjmtit2i€nii*'^ll contains morphine and a glucosidc*
42 MECONOPSIS WALLICHII.
/V^/tfn?/ibii.— Fluid extract of the plant 15 to 30 ms.
Actions and uses. — Soporific, the same as that of morphine. It does
oot cause any bad taste nor does it cause any dr3mess in the mouth,
nausea, vomitmg, difficulty during urination, &c. ; given in headache.
Meoonoptis Walliohii, M. Aoolaata, M. Hepalenais.
Habitat, — ^Temperate Himalaya.
Part used. — The plant.
Vernacular — Hind. Guddikum, Gudia. Eng. — Prickly poppy.
Panj. — Kanta.
Characters. — A large herbaceous plant, flowers blue, purple, and
showy root tapering, 6 inches long and bifurcated i^ inch in breadth.
Smooth below and scaly at the upper part from the scar remains of
leaves ; between the scales are stiff yellow bristles. It is brown
externally, and white, soft and spongy within, containing a large central
pith ; odour somewhat musky.
Constituents, — Manganese and ash 12.7 p;c.; a yellow viscid
extract containing crystalhne matter.
Actions and uses, — Narcotic. Possess very poisonous properties.
PapaTer Rhcsas, B. P.
Habitat, — Europe.
Parts used, — The fresh petals. Rhceados'Petala, Redpoppy petals,
B. P.
Vernacular, — Eng. — Common red poray or com poppy. Bom. —
Janglidrika. Arab. — Nabatul-khash, khashul-ahmar. Beng. — Lai-
poshta. Bur. — Hin4>in-ami. Can. — Kempu khasa-khasi-gida. Duk. —
Lal-khaskhas. Guz. — ^Lal-khas-khas, Lala. Hind — GuUala, jangli
mudrika, Malyal.—Chovanna. Mar. — Tambada-khasa-khasa. Pers. —
Kohnare surk-khas-khas-i-mansur. Sans. — ^Rakla-postu Mudrika.
Tam. — Shivappugacha. Tel. — Erra-posta-kaya-chetta.
Kaskhas>i-mansur, — because it sheds its petals very quickly.
Mudrika, Mudra (a seal or mark) stamped with the mudra or seal,
which resembles the capsule in shape. This is in allusion to the
stigma of the capsules of lala used by the Hindus, after bathing, as a
mark or Tilaka impressed upon the middle of their forehead. The
stigma resembles in shape mudra, a seal or a chaknu
Characters. — ^Flowers large, of a reddish colour, and resemble those
of opium, fresh petals of a bright scarlet colour mainly used for their
colouring matter, odour characteristic and \*ery impleasant; taste bitter;
capsules smaller than those of poppy, globular, 2 inches broad, smooth
and baring a lustrous surface and entire margin; odour heavy, like that
of poppy.
Comstitmemts. — Milky juice, containing a red crystallixable colouring
matter, and an alkaloid called rhceadine.
Rhoeadine is tasteless, noo-poisonous, insduble in water, alcohol,
eiher, chloroform, benjrol or liquor ammonia : soluble in weak acids.
PAPAVFR SOMNIPHHUM,
43
Pirfiuration. — Syrupus rhaeados, B. P* (i in4»5). Dose, 4 ^^ ^ dr.
Actiofix and uses, — ^The petals arc sHghty expectorant, other
properties are similar to those of poppy capsules, but much milder
&ynjp i$ used as a coloiif ing agent.
The Opium or Garden Poppy.
China, Africa, Italy, Greece,
Papavar Sonmirerajn, B. P*
HabiiaL — Asia Minor, Persia,
England, United States and India,
P^rU used, — The nearly ripe and dried capsules — ^Papaveris capsuUe,
Poppy capsules BP,, petals, seeds and the inspissated juice, Opium B*P«
Sommferum. — To bring sleep. This drug causes sleep*
Vernncuhr* — Arab. — Bazrul-khas-khas. Beng.^ — Poshto* Burm. —
Bhin*si. Eng. — Ntaw seeds (black), white poppy ^ Malay, — Banga-pion,
Pcrs, — Tukhme-koonar, Khas-khas. bans. — Chosa, Postu bijani,
Tiim.-^Gasa-gasalu. Tel. — Kasa kasa. Mar. Guz. Duk, Hind. —
Koknar, post, Khas-khas, MalayaL — Khas-khas-karu, Can. — Khas*
khasi.
The vernacular names for the tree, capsules and seeds of poppy
arc nude up by affixing the vernacular for tne tree» capsules and seeds
to the vcrnacuhr for the poppy*
Sfe^j.— Two varieties, P. Somniferum,or poppy with black seeds ;
tA P* Album, or poppy with white seeds.
CAaracters, — P. Somniferum is an annual plant, with thick branch-
ing yellow root, stem a to 4 inches high, leaves thick, smooth and
^Uucous^ 6 to 10 inches long; sessile, oval, tapering at the base, toothed
»iutd ^reen, with pronnnent veins, and white midrib. Flowers
grey; sepals 2 green, petals 4, yellow or violet;
liar, I lo 3 inches wide, flat at the top, the bottom
* 1 he puricarp is pale brown externally and marked with dark
!: has :\ bitter taste. Unripe capsule is marked in 3 or 4 places
^»th ji or 4 !inal incisions, from which the juice or opium i»
obtained, tli* 1^ being limited to the middle third of the capsufes^
^avoiding the mner capsular diaphragm, as, otherwise, the juice would
escape into the centra) cavitic> of the capsules. Kach capsule has a
very stnall, thick stalk at the bottom, with a large radiating sessile stellate
ittgma at the top, which distinguishes them from colocynth^or bael fruits.
Seeds numerous, reniform, very small, reticulated, whitish<grey or
T — ^ h black, taste sweet and oily. Black seed poppy (maw seed)
I'ic or red flowers, capsules smaller and rounder, seeds black.
\vniu- *ecd poppy has white flowers and white seeds.
Contihients. — Capsules and seeds contain a large percentage of a
fabuid fixed oil, used as food and for burning in lamps. The
oil is of a pale golden colour, dries easily, and of an agreeable odour ;
partially soluble in cold alcohol (i in 25) and in boiling alcohol (i in 6),
and u^khI hke olive oil. Dose, ^ to i dr.
44 OPIUM.
Preparation. — Of the capsules (deprived of the seeds). Syrupus
papaveris (i in 3). £)ose,| to i fluid dr. Of the capsules, including
seeds^Decoction papaveris (i in 10). Extractum papaveris. Dose,
2 to 5 grs.
Actions and uses. — The unripe capsules are active medicinal agents,
but their narcotic e£fects are less powerful and less certain than those ojf
opium. They are given for the relief of cough and to check diarrhoea
in infants. Locally the capsules are used as anodjrne fomentations^
and also as emollients. Their poultice is applied to bruised, inflamed,
excoriated and swollen parts, to tender and irritable ulcers, and to the
eyes in ophthalmia. Seeds are demulcent and nutritive, also mild
astringent ; mixed with sugarcandy and cardamoms they are given
in diarrhcea and dysentery. Decoction is used externally to sprains,
contusions, bruises, &c.
Opium, B. P.
Opium, the juice, obtained by incision from the capsules, inspis-
sated by spontaneous evaporation.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Afim, Afyun, Labnul, Ahi-phen. Beng.—
Aphim, Aphin. Bom. — ^Aphim« appoa Burm. — Bein, Bhain. Can. —
Aphimu. Chin — Ofii^yung, Opien. Cing. — ^Abim. Eng. — Opium.
Duk. — ^Afim. Greek. — Opion. Guz.— Chasa, Aphion. Himi. — Afyun.
Malyal.— Kasha-kasha, Kanippa. Mar. — Afmin. Pers. — Mahanul
Tiryake. Shir i-khuskhus. Sans. — Aphina, Apay^num, Chasa, Aphim.
Tam. — CasluHpal, Apini. TeL — Gasha-gashala-palu.
The Arabs converted opion, from Greek opos, into Afiun, opos
meaning sap or juice of plants.
Ahi-phena — ^Ahi, a snake, and Phena, the foam, from the belief
that afima was not a vegetable product, but a produce obtained from
the foam of snakes. Tirivake, the juice which Rustam obtained from
Kaikaos to give to Sohrab. It is »id to have contained opium in its
composition.
Ckaraciers. — Fresh opium is homogeneous, milky and of the
ciMSsistence of gum. On keeping it for some time it becomes dry, of
a brown colour, and hard, oUy and dark. Opium is found in irr^;iilar
lumj^ or gli^ular cakes covered with agglutinated mass ofpoppy leaves,
or with the capsules of a species of rumex ; each cake wdgtu 00 the
average about 2 lbs. and upwards. A fresh cake is plastic, somewhat
moist, coarsely granular externally, internally smooth and of a
reddish-brown colour. The taste is bitter, and it has a strong diarac-
teristic narcotic odour. Dry cake contains from 13 to 15 p.c. of
morphine. Fresh cake yidds about 9 p.c Dose, | to 2 grs.
AAilierutfcms. — Sand, stones, litharge, diarcoal, camel's dung,
tragacanth, molasses, acacia leaves and stems, poppy capsules, also
the juice of opuntia dellenta, and calatropis gigantea, the extract of
tobacco plant, dhatura« honp : gum and resinous matter from figs
called Ussa : resin from sliorea robusia, pulp of tamariiid and bael
fruit, gum aiid the »eeds of hygrophiU^ spincsa: starchy substances as
linseed, poppy-^eed, &c.
MORPHIN'A.
4S
rarifHft^^-TiXTkey^ Asia Minor, and Smyrna opium yields from
la to 13 p.c of morphine; Constantinople from 10 to 13 px. ;
I Egyptian from 6 to 7 p.c, ; East Indian (Malwa and Garden Paina)
from 5 to 7 px. ; Persian 8 to 10 px., and European varieties, such as
English, French, 14 to 23 px.
In the British Phai macopccia any variety of opium^ containing not
Ics* than 7*5 px. of anhydrous morphine when dry is directed to be
ujed in the preparations of tincture of opium and extract of opium ;
for other preparations it has been directed that opium when dried and
powdered should contain not less than 9I px. and not more than lo^
px. of anhydrous morphine. In the case of opium of a higher strength
It is directed to bring it to the required strength by diluting it
with another specimen of opium containing between 75 px. and 10
px. of morphine or with milk-sugar.
(hmtiitttfiis, ^Opium contains a large number of alkaloids,
" ; acids, and neutral substances.
most prominent alkaloids are morphine ; narcotine 2 to 8
px, ; codeine 0*2 to 07 p.c. ; thebaine or paramorphine 015 to i px, ;
pj»fcuJ(Jtnoiphine 0*2 px. ; papaverine 1 p. c. ; narceine 02 to 7 px.
i h> acids are mecouic acid 4 px. ; lactic acid 125 p c*, which
e%i^; .. ii^aibittation with the alkaloids. Bitter neutral principles, as
meconin 03 px., meconosin and porphyroxine. Opium also contains
Tcsin^t a trace of volatile oil, glucose, sugar, gum, pectin, caoutchouc,
wax, fat, colouring matter, odorous principles, and ash 6 p. c,
Morphlna, B.P. -Morphine— Morphia.
Occurs as a white amorphous powder, or shining, transparent
adcular prism*, without any odour, and of a bitter taste, insoluble
in water and ether, soluble in hot alcohol (i in 36), soluble in oleic
acid and fixed oils. Dose, ^\, to ^ gr. ; J of a grain of morphine is
equal ID I grain of opium used in chemical testing*
/Vr^m/fc/M.— Oleatum Morphinae,a local sedatives in 60 to l in 10,
M" hydrochloridurn, B, P., morphine hydrochloride. — In
icicitb. "I'-d silky lustre or a white crystalline amorphous powder
t>f 4&ie and neutral reaction, soluble in cold water (1 in 24),
in .1 (1 in 50) boiling water (1 in 1). Dose, i^ to ^ gr. ; one
grain is equ»I to f^{ grains of crude opium, 8 grains of powdered
opium, -if train of 'extract of opium, and 117 minims of tincture of
ii grains,
;■). nuid
Of morphine hydrochloride. B, P. — Liquor raor-
s, B. P. (1 gr. in 1 10 ms.) Dose» 10 to 60 ms. ; Sup-
B. P. J grain of morphine hydrochloride in each ;
fiina! cum sapone (J grain each) ; Tinctura
liina? composita, B, P. (i gr. of morphine hydro-
Chloroform 1 1 fluid ounces, morphine hydro-
diluted hydrocyanic acid i fluid ounce, tincture
ounce tliici uie of InJJaii hemp 2 fluid ounces, oil
4^
MORPHINE
of peppermint 14 minims, glycerine 5 fluid ounces, alcohol 90 p.c* to
make one pint. Dose, 5 to 15 ms, Trochisciis morphinje, B. P*
in 3^ grain in each ; Trochiscus morphinae el ipecacusmh^e, B. P^
^j grain in each, with y'^ ofa grain of ipecacuanha,
Morphinic Acetas, 6* P., Morphine Acetate,^ — To obtain it, neu-
trali^ce morphine with acetic acid-
Chamcters, — A white crystalline or amorphous powder of a bitter
taste, acetous odour, and of a neutral reaction; loses acetic acid on
exposure to the air, soluble in water (i in 2|), in alcohol (l in loo).
It spoils by keeping. Dose, | to \ gr.
Preparatiofis. — Liquor morphintC acetalis, B. P< (1 gr. in no ms.)
Dose, 10 to 60 ms. Injectio morphina? acetatis hypodermica (1 gr. in h
ms.) Dose, i to 2 ms, Injectio morphince et atropine? hypodermica
— Injectio morphinae acetas 3 drachms, atropine sulphate i griin.
Dose I to 3 minims. ( 3 ms, contain \ grain morphine acetate and
^V grain of atropine.) Atropine, although antagonistic to morphtik;,
increases the sedative action and counteracts di5^agreeable effects of
morphine as headache and constipation.
Morphine Hydrobromidum, a white amorphous powder, soluble
in water. Dose, J to A gr. ; Morphinx Lactas, a white crystalline salt*
soluble in water (i m.%). Dose, ^ to ^ gr,
Morphinx Meconas. — White needles, soluble in water (i in 34).
Less disagreeable in its effects than other opium salts. Dose, | to \ gr.
Used as hypodermic tablets. Liquor morpninx bimeconatis (t.35 p.c*)
about the same strength as tincture of opium. Dose, 5 to 4a mu
Nepenthe*— An alcoholic solution of morphine mcconate iq sherry*
wine= strength of tinctute of opium.
Morphina* Sulphas, Morphine sulphate.^ In tvhite acicular crystals,
wttlumt any odour, taste bitter and of a neutral reaction, soluble in
water (1 in 21), contains 80 p.c. of morphine. Dose, ^ to | gr«
Liquor morphime sulphatis (i p.c.) Dose, 10 to 60 ms,
Morphinae tartras» B* P., Morphine tartrate^ — prepared by the
combination of morphine and tartaric acid in molecular proportiom.
White crystalline powder or tufts of acicular crystals, soluble in cold
water (1 in 11), almost insoluble in alcohol. Dose, ^ to \ gr., T ■
morphinae hypodermica, B. P. i gr* in 22 ms. Dose, 2 to 5 ms.
morphinac tartratis, B. P. (i in no). Dose, 10 to 60 ms. Wmaiuv? *
soothing syrup. — Morphine, essence of anise, and syrup of tolu. Each
ounce contains morphmc ^ grain.
Morphin^e Phthalas,— In glassy scales, soluble in water (l in j>
for hypcxJermic injection. Dose, i ^^ i gf •
Apomorphinas Hydrochlofidum, B,
chloride, Apomorphine hydrochlorate.
Manufacture. — Heat morphine or cx:)dtiin€ nyiiriK.iuunuc niin
hydrochloric acid without access of air, dissolve in water ; to the
solution add sodium c,v he precipitate thus fof met!
with ether and add little J l.
P, -Apomorphine hvdfo*
CODEINA
47
CharacUn, — SmaH greyish, white shining crystals of a bitter
la^' vithout any odour. It has a neutral or faintly acid reaction.
It L' in water (i in 50), more readily so in alcohol, is insoluble
in riht?T and chloroform. The solution becomes green by exposure
lo the air. Dose, ^^ to -j^ of a grain hypodermically ; by the mouth,
^ to i of grain* Mistura aproniorphin*e et terebeni, y^ grain in i
Oafice« Do&e, J oz. Syrupus apomorphinae hydrochloridi^ \ grain in
I ounce. Dose, \ to i dr. Inject io apomorphinae hypodermica, B. P.
I grmtx in tio minims. Dose, 5 to 10 ms.
Pipinc, an active principle of opium; an anodyne without any
narcotic or convulsive elements, A safe opiate for children, free
from its bad after effects, as nausea, vomiting, constipation, Ac. Dose,
adults I dr.; children, i year or under, 2 ms.
Codeina, B. P. Codeine, Codea, Hethylmorphine.
Treat morphine with caustic soda and chloride or iodide of
methyl (•3 or '5 px\ in opiunj).
Characttrs. — Frequently contaminated with other alkaloids;
colourless, or yellowish white^ octohedral crystals or rhombic prisms,
translucent, witliout odour ; taste bitter, alkaline reaction, soluble in
water (1 in 80), boiling water (i in 17); readily soluble in alcohol,
clikiioform, dilute acids and in excess of ammonia water, soluble in
ether (1 in 30). Dose, J to 2 grs.
Codcinar phosphas, B.P., Codeine phosphate.— The phosphate of
the alkaloid obtained from opium or morphine.
Characters* — White crystals of a slight bitter taste, soluble in
water (1 in 4)* much less soluble in alcohol ; suitable for hypodermic
injection (1 grain in 6 minims). Does not cause any local irritation ;
ctiotains 70 (».c. of the alkaloid. Dose, } to 2 grs. Syrupus codein<e,
B. Pm one fluid drachm contains ^ grain of codeine phosphate. Dose,
\ \o 2 drs.
Hypodermic tablets contain \ gr. of codeine in each j Codeine and
glyccnne jelly. Dose, 1 dr, ; Lozenzes { gr, each ; Pastils \ gr. each
for cough ; Ptlula codeinx composita. Codeine ^ gr,; Extract of nux
ftimica I gr. : Extract of lettuce \ gr. ; make a pill — for diabetes.
Apocodeinc, prepared from codeine. — An amorphous powder, soluble
in water ; hydrochloride of codeine acts as an emetic ; used hypodermt*
cally. Dose» |V to i gi'*
Narceina.
Narcane difficult to obtain in a pure state*
CA*jr<»c/jrri.— Occurs as white silky acicular crystals, neutral, taste
sltghlly hitler : readily soluble in boiling water, in water (1 in 400),
veiy soluble tn alcohol, and insoluble in ether. Dose, i to ^ gr.
/V^/^rif/ioM.^Sodium narceine salicylate, otherwise known as
antispasmtn. A white powder, soluble in water ; contains 50 px. of
narceine* Dose, ^ to 1 gr.
4»
A1KC0NICUM*
Aoidum Meconieom.
Meconic acid 4 p. c* 10 opium. To obtain it, add chlutuii: or
calcititn to iofusion of opium, the precipitate of calcium mcconate h
washed with hot water and treated with hydrochloric acid ; n
acid is deposited. Pearly scales, sparingly soluble in water, re..
in alcohol.
Narootina. Narootiiie.
Characters. — Brilliant white* inodorous, neutral crystalline prisnie j
contained in opium (2 to 8 p, c), insoluble in water or potash solutioo,
soluble in chloroform (i in 3), alcohol (i in 100), and ether (1 in
125), freely soluble in benzol. Dose i to 3 grains. As an antiperiodic
it has been used in India for ague, Narcotin^ hydrochloride, Narcotioe
hydrochloride. Dose, 2 to 10 grs.
Cotarnine Hydrochloride (stypticin*) — A salt of Cotimine, a base
obtained from narcotine* Occurs as yellow crystals soluble in water
and alcohol. Dose, J to ^ gr.
Papaverina, Papaverine.
Characters. — Delicate, colourless crystals or prisms, does not form
salts with acids. Insoluble in water, slightly so in alcohol and ether*
Dose, Vff ^^ A fi'*^*"-
Preparations of Opitim.
Acetum opii. — Black drop — vinegar of opium; opium 10 p. c.
macerate with nutmeg 3, sugar 20, dilute acetic acid, to make 100*
Dose, 5 to 20 ms.
Denarcotized opium, Deodorized opium, Opium deodoratum; tt
contains morphine t4 p. c. To obtain it, add ether to opium to remore
the constituents, which are soluble in ether, as narcotine and odoroui
principles which leave bad after effects. Mix the dry residue ^'ith
milk-sugar. Dose, \ to % grs.
Extractum opii, B. P<, extract of opium; standardized to contain
20 p. c. of morphine. Dose, J to 1 gr.
Extractum opii liquidum, B. P^., contains } grain of morphine
in 110 minims. Dose, 5 to 30 ms.
Emplastrum opii, B. P., opium plaster (i in lo), contains opium and
resin plaster.
Emplastnim cephalicumi contains extract of opium 6, Burgundy
pitch 18, lead plaster 76.
Linimentum opii, B. P,, contains equal parts of tinctum opii and
liniment um saponis.
Pilula saponis composita, B« P. (20 p, c. of opium), contains
opium !♦ hard soap 3 and sytup of glucose i. Dose, 2 to 4 grs,
Pilula plumbi cum opio, B. P*, contains 12^ p« c. of optuin — opium
1> acetate of lead 6, and syrup of glucose 0.7, Dose, 2 to 4 grs-
Pilula ipecacuanha cum scilla, B. P. ; pill of ipecacuanha with squill«
contains 5 p. c. of opium and 5 p. c of ipecacuanha — Dover's powder 3.
squill I, an<^ ni i. Duse, 4 to S grs,
Pulvis I us, B. P., contains io p, c. of opium— opium 3,
black pepper 4, gingei to, carrnway fruit la, tragicanth powder 1.
Dose, 2 to 10 gr*.
OI'lUM.
40
urn opio, B, 1\ {2\ p*c. of opium), coiKaius
aromatic powder vi chalk 39 and opium I. Dose 10 to 40 grs.
Pv icuanhae compositus, B. P., Pulvis ipecacuanha et*npii,,
Dover : (1 in jo) contains ipecacuanha 1, opium powder 1,
and potas?>Jum sulphate 8. Dose 5 to 15 grs-
Pulvis kino composilus, B. P. (5 p- c. ofopliim)» contains kino
7Si opium S» and cinnaniou bark 20, Dose 5 to 20 grs.
Suppositoria plum hi composita, B. P., contains 1 grain of opium,
3 graim of acetate of lead in each, made in oil of Theobroma.
Tinctura opii, B. P,, Tincture of opium (laudanum)i i grain of
opium in 15 minims. Dose 5 to 15 nvs.
Tinctura camphora: composita, B. P» — Camphorated tincture of
opium — compound tincture of camphor. — Paregoric elixir — i grain of
upiuni in 60 minims; contains tincture of opium 60-9, benzoic acid
4*6| caniphur 3*4, oil of anise 3*1, diluted alcohol to make 1,000. Dose ^
to I dr. ; for children, 5 to 20 ins.
Tinctura opii ammoniata, B, P., ammoniated tincture of opiura
(5 ' opium in one fluid ounce) — contains tincture of opium 3
oi- , iL acid 3 drs., oil of anise i dr., solution of ammonia 4 ozs.,
and aknhol to make 20 ozs. Dose 30 to 60 m$.
Vinum opii— Wine of opium {22 grs. of ext. op- in i oz,) Dose
10 to 40 ms.
Ungucntum gallae cum opio^^ — B. P„ Gall and opium ointment
contains 7J p, c, of opium*
Baii* goli — A native prcparauon, extensively used^ contains opium
and other n.ircotics, aromatics and bitters.
Tfochisci glyccrrhizas ct opii» Troches of glycyrrhiza and opium —
contain* ext. glycyrrhiza?, opium powder^ oil of anise and sugar,
(oj '::r, in each)-
Vs diarrhcea mixture contains : Tinct, opii 1^ spt. camphonc
j^iapMCii, chloroform ^^ alcohol to make 5. Dose for children, 1
to 10 ms. ; for adults, J to 1 dr.
Liquor opii sedutivus — sedative solution of opium (Battley's
sedative) resembles Kxt. opii. liq. B. P.
Pkysiohgical aciion. — It depends upon the combined efTects of
the various alkaloiiis 3iiu\ other principles obtained from it*
Opium in medicinal doses at first stimulates the braini heart and
respiration; this efTect is soon followed by general depression. Generally
opium is analgesic, hypnotic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, narcotic and
eerebml depressant. Its chief action is on the cerebro-spinal system
and through the nerves it acts upon all the organs of the
body. It affects the ganglia at the base of the brain, giving rise
to contiBCted pTipiU. vomiting, and slow respir^ition. Under its use
the grey m ^rd is first jr -re are increased
refiexcs ' llosvcdbydci ced by the lower-
ing of : iisation. 'Ihe cutaneous vessels are dilated at
6rit,a'r J of heat felt on the external ear, itching and
rotecoloured skin eruptions. This is followed by pallor and coldness
of the limbs and fingers. The genet ative organs are stimulated. In
raedieiual do^es, taken for some lime, it affects all the secretions except
50 OPIUM.
milk and sweat, which are increased. It causes dryness of the mouth
and throat, lessens the secretion of the stomach and thus impairs
appetite. The secretion of bile is also diminished and constipation
results. The action of the heart is increased, and there is increased
arterial tension. The cerebral functions are at first exhilarated,
the ideas flow rapidly, and there is a sort of mild intoxication.
This is soon followed by drowsiness and sound sleep, often dis-
turbed by dreams, and often followed, on waking, by headache,
constipation, indigestion and depression of spirits. If any pain
be present it is relieved, but a larger dose will be necessary on
subsequent occasions. In full doses the cerebral symptoms are
accentuated, but the stimulation is of short duration. The after-
effects become more marked. The mouth becomes very dry, digestion is
impaired, there is nausea, vomiting and profuse sweat. The heart is
depressed, the circulation lowered, the oxidation is interfered with, and
there is loss of body heat. The pupils are contracted, there is intense
itching of the nose with retention of urine. The cerebral depression
is soon followed by headache, vertigo, slow and laborious respiration.
In poisonous doses, sterterous breathing and coma supervene, followed
by feeble pulse, cold clammy perspiration, contracted pupils followed
by dilation as the end approaches, cyanosis of the face and fingers,
followed by abolished reflexes, deep coma, paralysis of respiratory
centres, and death.
Therapeutic uses. — Opium is given to relieve severe pain from
any cause, except in cerebritis and to allay any irritation. As an
antispasmodic it is extensively used. It allays irritation and produces
sleep in insomnia, sciatica, neuralgia, lumbago, cancer, intestinal,
renal, or hepatic colic, calculi, &c. ; also in tetanus, in morbid states of
the abdominal viscera, as gastritis, gastrodynia, in hernia and in diseases
of the urino-genital system. To check excessive secretion it is largely
used in diarrhoea, dysentery, nervous and sympathetic vomiting,
and in excessive expectoration ; also in diabetes, ptyalism and
lecorrhoea, &c. In diabetes and polyuria, codeine is invariably pre-
ferred. As a support to the general system it is given in low fevers, in
low states of the system accompanied by tremors, in low muttering
delirium, and in surgical cases to promote the healing of wounds and
ulcers. In high fevers it is combined with mercury, aconite, camphor,
antimony, &c. As a narcotic it is used in all inflammatory conditions,
acute and chronic, except in those of the respiratory tract and in
albuminuria, where its administration has led to deaths by coma or by
apncea. In peritonitis it is highly beneficial. As a sudorific, combined
with ipecacuanha and camphor, it is given to promote diaphoresis in
fevers, harassing cough and in coryza. In India it is largely used by
chundoolees for its aphrodisiac effects. As a haemostatic it is useful to
check haemorrhages, chiefly from the uterine fibroids and cancer,
combined with other haemostatics. As a soporific, in spite of all
its defects, it is the drug most extensively used as being certain in its
effects. Opium is given to quiet the nervous system ; hence it checks
or controls the reactionary fevers. In threatened abortion its use is
extremely beneficial. Externally it has a sedative action upon the
CODEINK. ^I
cutaneous nerves, and as anodyne poultices it is largely used to relieve
pain. It forms an important ingredient in all anodyne applications
used in gout, rheumatism, and ophthalmia. It is also used as plaster,
suppository, and as a paint in painful piles, ulcers, &c. For hypo-
dermic purposes its alkaloids alone are used.
Bala goli is given to children in wakefulness, diarrhoea, colic and
general irritability, but its use as a rule should be deprecated, as disastrous
consequences sometimes result from its use. Young children arc more
susceptible to opium than adults, and women more so than men. Some
have idiosyncrasy for it, and cannot tolerate even the smallest dose.
In persons taking opium medicinally or for the first time, the exhilarat-
ing effects are of short duration, and they often pass into a state of
drowsiness ; but with habitual opium-eaters the exhilarating symptoms
are of longer duration. Thecoma of opium narcosis can be diagnosed
from that due to alcohol, and apoplexy. In opium poisoning pupils
are contracted. In alcohol they are dilated. In apoplexy thry are
contracted unequally.
Morphine hydrochloride is an anodyne, hypnotic and narcotic.
The soporific effect of opium as a whole is mostly due to this
alkaloid ; it is four times as strong as the crude opium. It produces less
vascular and arterial excitement, less headache, less vertigo, less
subsequent depression and less constipation. It allays nervous irrita-
bility, diminishes pain, induces sleep, arrests secretions, except that of
the skin, which it promotes. Full effects are speedily induced b}^ its
hypodermic injection. Jt is given in cardiac dyspnoea, in rheumatism,
gout and in puerperal convulsions; also in aortic stenosis and in
paroxysms of angina pectoris. In large doses it is a narcotic poison.
Morphine Acetas is given in diabetes like codeine, and like it
controls the formation of sugar.
Apomofphine Hydrochloride, — In small doses it is a valuable expect-
orant ; in large doses a safe, certain and quick emetic when given
hypodermically and also when taken by the mouth ; vomiting
is generally followed by sleep. It is useful in cases of irritant and
narcotic poisoning, alcoholic intoxication, impaction of foreign bodies
in the air passages, &c. Although a derivative of morphine, it can be
used in cases of poisoning by morphine salts. As an expectorant,
combined with morphine, it is used in hacking cough, bronchial
asthma and in phthisis. It relieves hiccough, spasms of chorea,
epilepsy, &c. In catarrh of the larynx and of bronchi and in
capillary bronchitis it is given with salicylate of ammonia with good
result.
Codeine is a respiratory sedative and hypnotic, It is not a very
active alkaloid, its soporific effects being feeble, while tetanic effects
being altogether absent. Its chief value depends upon its power of
lessening the quantity of sugar in the urine in diabetes. It is given in
various affections of the heart, as a palliative for cough in phthisis and
for the relief of abdominal pains, in nervous insomnia, and in cases
where sleep is prevented by the pain of rheumatism or canr( r or by
distressing cough. In ovarian neuralgia, codeine in \ grain doses
52 SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
three times a day is given with good results. As a gastro-intestinal
sedative, it lessens irritability of the stomach and intestines, hence
useful in nausea, vomiting (from any cause), diarrhoea, gastrodynia, &c.
Par amor phine or thebaine is a powerful spinal excitant and
tetanizer, resembling strychnine in action.
Narcottne, — Hypnotic, tonic, and an ti periodic, only next to
quinine. Used in ague, in general debility due to prolonged lactation,
and during convalescence from acute diseases. Also given in headache,
constipation, &c.
Papaverine is narcotic and convulsant. It is free from the ill effects
of opium, as headache, giddiness, &c. It contracts the pupils.
Narceine is hypnotic, but is without the bad after-effects of
morphine.
Treak Farook. — A native preparation containing opium. It occurs
as an oily, unctuous semifluid, of a darkish blue or brownish dark
colour. The taste is sweet. The odour is sweet and resembles that of
liquorice. Used as a tonic, stimulant and antispasmodic, in myxcedema
beriberi, anasarca, rheumatism, vomiting, diarrhoea, tetanus, seminal
debility, &c. It is also given in the collapse stage of cholera and in
poisoning by venomous animals.
Sangainaria Canadensis.
Indian (red) paint, Blood-root, Red Puccoon.
Sanguinaria, from sanguis, blood. The plant, when incised, emits
blood -like juice.
Habitat — United States, North America, Canada.
Part used, — The rhizome.
Characters, — A perennial plant ; flower white, single on an erect
stalk ; petals tinged with rose or purple ; rhizome 2 inches long, I of an
inch thick, cylindrical, somewhat branched and wrinkled, colour reddish
brown ; on section whitish internally, with numerous small reddish
resin cells ; bark thin ; odour faint ; taste bitter and acrid. Dose, i to 3
grs. ; as an emetic, 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents, — Sanguinarine, chelerythrine. protopine, homo-
chclidonine, citric and malic acids, resin, starch, gum, albumen, sugar,
and ash, 8 p. c*
Sanguinarine, an alkaloid is the active principle of the prfant.
To obtain it, infuse the root in hot water and add acetic or dilute
hydrochloricacid to the hot solution and precipitate the solution with
ammonia. Boil the residue with charcoal and evaporate. It is a white
powder, of a coffee-brown colour ; taste acrid ; soluble in alcohol, ether,
benzene. Dose, -jV ^^ ^ gr. ; as an emetic ^ gr.
Chelerythrine. — To obtain it, pass hydrochloric acid gas through
the ethereal tincture, dry the precipitated hydrochlorate, and dissolve
it into hot water, filter and add liquor ammoniae.
A lemon- coloured salt. Also found in chelidonium majus.
VI«1.ACI?^
T * gives, with sulphuric acid, iJccp purple cciluur. It
.also t ! papaver somniJermn and chelidonium inajus.
Pfv^tntiions, — Extractum sanguinariae fluidum ; fluid extracL of
*^angtiin.inn. Dose^2 to 5 ms, ; as expectorant and stimubnL
Tinctuni s;inguinari3e, tincture of sanguinaria, ( i in 8 )• Dtisc^
32 an expectorant, 5 to 60 ms. ; as an emetic, 1 to 2 drs,
Acrtum sanguhiarinae. Dose — 10 to 30 ms.
ifinac nitras. Dose^ — ^^ gr,
«rin*T sulphas. Dose — ^^ gr.
Phystolopctil action — Locally it is a feeble escharotic. Internal-
ly cmciic, stimulant tonic^ alterative, narcotic» stern uatatory, emnicna*
gogue and expectorant- In small doses it stimulates the stomach and
increases the circulation. In large doses it depresses the pulse and causes
n^ittSiea. In full doses it depresses the heart and respiration and produces
ition, anceiuig, vomiting, purging and great prostration. In cxcc^-
ir toxic dtjscs it is a violent irriiani ; at first it stimulates the
ift and iticitasies the arterial tt;iiSton, then it depresses the heart,
bwrr^ the arterial tension and fmally paralyses the heart; it also lowers
c-s ; pupils are dilated, there are active vomiting, diarrhcra,
^ 10 the stomach, faintness, vertigo, dim vision, cold sweats, great
1 1 rsi and paralysis of the heart and respiration, followed by collapse
[id death «
TherapfufHS. — It is used in pneumonia, rheumatism, chronic
na^al catarrh, croup, bronchitis, whooping cough and in throat affections;
also in atony of the stomach and in torpid liver, jaundice and duodenal
catarrh. Given as an aphrodisiac in sperniatorrha-a, as an em-
mt-nnp;(^nuc in anienorrhcua due to anaemia, and in syphilis. When
f c-iuiies violent sneezing- Externally it is applied to intlolent
J *^al polypi » wartJ^, chancres, and also over fungous qranuhitiiins
and scaiy eruptions
Vlol&ceis. The Banaphasha or Violet Family.
Herbs %n shrubs, leaves simple, .siipuJate, with involute vernation,
alternate or opposite ; flowers blue, pink or white, handsome, irregu-
[ilar ; Iniit one-celled, c*apsular, threc-valved, dehiscent, loculidd<il ;
k?cds numerous ; embryo straight ; albumen fleshy.
//rf^Vrr/,— Europe. Siberia, America, Africa and Malacca.
/Vi^rr/iV-j:.— Some species have a delicate fragrance, some contain
an emetic principle known as emetine or violinc ', a few are
mucibginou5, others are reputed to he anodyne; some arc purgative.
Viola Trioolor.
l'.-ni;>y,
/ J /-/ /^//tf/ii.— Blue violet.
iii^^iisL — Noiih /\njeiica, Europe.
Parts fij/-//,— The flowering herb and rhizome.
Ckarffcfewx,-^Th^ flowering herb is from 4 to 12 inches high and
! and cordate; flowers yellow, while, blue or
I. Dose, 10 to 60 grs.
54 VIOLA onORATA
Consiiittents. — An active principle, Violin allied to emetine
Salicylic acid^ resin, &c.
Preparation. — Decoction (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Mucilaginous, expectorant, emollient and laxa-
tive. Violine is emeto-cathartic. Poultice of the herb in milk is used
in impetigo, also in eczema of the face and head. Given internally
in constitutional syphilis, scrofula and bronchitis.
Viola Odorata.
HahHai, — Temperate climates, Europe, North America.
Parts used. — The flowering herb.
Vernacular.-- Kr 7^. — Banaphasa, Behusscj. Bcng. — Bonosa. Duk.
— Banaphashaka. Eng. — March violet, sweet violet. Guz. — Banapha-
sha. Hind.— Bagabanoshsa. Mar. — Baga-banosa. Pers. — Bag-i-
Banaphasha. Tam. — Vayilettu.
Bagh-i-Banaphasha — Big, garden, and Banafsha, violet.
Kashamiri Banaphasha is the name given to the whole plant, and the
Pul-i- Banaphasha, to the flowers only.
Characters — A dry herb, colour brownish, without any stem, con-
sists of leaves and sometimes flowers, variegated, yellow, white, blue or
purplish, with long filiform stalks. Roots dry, thready, fibrous, pale yellow,
knotty, slender, some as thick as a quill, and slightly furrowed. Leaves
cordate at the base, reniform or heart-shaped and dentate at the upper
part. Flowers purple, violet, blue or pink and irregular. Carpels three
nervtd and brown. Corolla, with a long, narrow tapering spur, which
extends beyond the calyx. Smell sweet, nauseous, and resembling that
of ipecacuanha. Taste nauseous, bitter and mucilaginous. Dose — 1 5
to 6ogrs.
Constituents. — The flowers contain a colouring matter, a volatile
oil, three acids, viz , violenic and salicylic acids and another
red acid, and an emetic principle called violin, identical with
emetine ; viola quercitrin allied to rutin (mandelin), sugar, &c.
Preparations. — Infusion of the root ( i in 10). Dose, i to 2
ozs. Decoc'ion (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Syrup of flowers (i in 6).
Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Actiuis and uses. — The root is nauseating and diaphoretic, some-
what similar 10 ipecacuanha, given in fevers. The petals, especially of
the purple flowers, are diuretic, refrigerant and expectorant, also
laxative, given along with other aperients as tamarind, myrobalans, &c.,
in coughs, nephritis, with ^calding and scanty urine, fevers, syphilis
scrofula, skin diseases, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.
lonidium Saffruticosum, Viola Sufbraticosa.
Habitat. — Tropical parts of Asia and Australia.
Parts used.o^Root and leaves.
rV;-;/^r///<7r — Beng.— Nunbora. Buim — Ke( ki-bin. Duk. —
Ruttonpuruss Rutianpuras. Hind.— Ratanpurs. Mar. — Ratanpurs.
BIXCACE/E. 55
Mai. — Oorela tamara. Sans. — Padma charini, charati. Tam. — Urela
tamara. Tel. — Purusha ratnam Nela Kobbari,
Characters. — Roots yellowish white, tapering downwards, 3 to 4
inches in length and covered with a corky bark ; leaves small, lanceo-
late, subsessile and alternate ; taste of the plant mucilaginous. Dose —
20 to 60 grs.
Constituents — The root contains an alkaloid, soluble in ether and
alcohol, forming salts with mineral and vegetable acids ; Quercitrine,
another colouring matter, soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol,
mucilage ; acid resin, and oxalates.
Preparation. — Infusion or decoction (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 6
drs. Liniment and electuary.
Actions and uses, — Tonic, demulcent and diuretic, used in gonor-
rhoea, general debility aiid in affections of the urinary organs; externally,
with some mild oil, it is used as a cooling application for the head.
lonidium Parviflorum. — In South Americ i it is used as a specific
in elephantiasis. It is there known as ** Cuchunchulli de Cuen^a."
BixaoeeB.
Bixineae or Flacourtiaceae. The Kesar or chaulmogara family,
shrubs or small trees, leaves alternate, exstipulate, leathery and often
dotted ; fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, with a thin pulp in the centre ;
pulp differently coloured ; seeds numerous, and often covered with
withered pulp ; albumen fleshy and oily,
//aditat.'-Hoittst parts of E. and W. Indies and Africa.
Properties. — Many species, are feebly bitter, stomachic and astrin-
gent. The fruits of some are edible and wholesome. The bark of
one variety is emetic.
HydnocarpuB Anthelmintica, False Chaulmugra.
Habitat, — China.
Part used. — Seeds.
Vernacular,~Qh\nQSQ Lukrabo or Ta-Fung-Tsze, Dai-Phong-tu.
Characters. — The seed is about half the length of chaulmugra seed,
but of equal diameter. The shell thicker and harder and marked with
raised ridges. The seeds, after extraction of the oil, are used as vermifuge.
Actions and uses. — Used in leprosy, lepra, itch, pityriasis, psoriasis,
syphilis, cracks on hands, &c.
Hydnooarpus Wrightiana. H. Inebrians.
Habitat, — Western Peninsula, Concan.
Paris used. — The seeds and oil.
Vernacular. — Cing, — Rata kekuna, makulu. Duk. — Jangli-
Badam. Eng. — Jungle almond. Hind. — Jangli-Badam. Mar. — Kowtee.
Maleal. — Moratti, Tanina. Mar. — Kadu-kavatha, Kowtee. Tam. — Mara-
vattay. Tel. — Niradi-Vittulu.
56 GYNOCARDIA ODOR ATA.
Characters. — Fruit globose and of the size of an apple ; rind rough,
occasionally tubercled and of a brown colour ; seeds numerous, obtusely
angular, of a dark-brown colour and embedded in a scanty white pulp,
which is firmly adherent to the testa ; albumen oily, white when fresh,
and dark-brown in the dry seeds. On expression the seeds yield an
oil of a pale sherry colour ; odour resembles that of chaulmogra.
Constituents, — The seeds contain about 44 p. c. of the fixed oil,
which also, contains some gynocardic acid. Does not give any crystalline
or fatty deposit on long keeping.
Preparations, — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Oil. Dose —
10 to 30 ms. Paste containing Hydnocarpus Wrightiana 2, Jatropha
Curcas-oil 2, Sulphur 4, Camphor I, Lime-juice 20 ; used for rubbing
on scaly eruptions.
Actions and uses. — The oil is used as a substitute for chaulmogra
oil. It is an alterative, stimulant and parasiticide. The seeds, like
chaulmogra, are used externally in obstinate skin diseases, such as
scabies, lichen and prurigo. An infusion of seeds is used as a wash or
injection in gonorrhoea, or into the vagina in foetid discharges after
delivery. The oil, with lime-water, is used as a liniment for scurf on
the head, and, like chaulmogra, in the treatment of leprosy
and for rheumatic joints. With alkaline ashes it is used in certain parts
of India as a stimulant dressing for phagedenic ulcers, foul sores, and
to remove maggots. By some authors this species is regarded as
belonging to the natural order Pangiaceae allied to Papayaceae.
Oynooardia Odorata. Syn Hydnooarpas Odoratas.
Habitat, — Rangoon Forests, Malayan Peninsula, Sikkim and
Khassia Hill.
Parts used, — The seeds and oil from the seeds.
Vernacular. — Burm. — Talien-noe. Chin. — Tafung-tsze. Hind. —
Chaulmogra, Petarkura. Pers. — Chaulmogra. Lepcha. — Tuk-Hung.
Characters, — The fruits grow upon the stem and main branches,
and are globular, each contains 3 or 4 seeds ; seeds rough-skinned, hard,
about I inch in diameter, many, ovoid, irregular, more or less angular
and round or flattened ; testa thin, smooth and brittle ; albumen
plenty. When expressed yield 30 to 50 p. c. of the oil.
Constituents, — Oleum Gynocardiae, Chaulmogra oil. — It is a fixed
oil, very bulky, of a sherry wine or brownish colour. The odour is
nauseous and peculiar. Dose, 2 to 15 nis. The oil deposits on keeping
crystalline fat, and contains palmitic acid 60 p. c, and
therefore solid in cold climates. It contains Gynocardic acid 1 1 p. c,
the active ingredient; cocinic acid 2*5 p. c, and hypogoeic acid 4 p. c.
Both of the latter acids are found either combined with glycerides as
fats or in a free state. Gynocardic acid is a fatty acid, crystallizes
in yellowish flakes, and has an an acrid burning taste. Dose, \ to
2 grs.
Preparations. — Of the oil, pearls or pills, and unguentum
gynocardias (i in 4).
•'WCOVftTIA.
Actifms and uses. — The seeds and oil are alterative and tonic,
u*cd lo improve the state of the blood as in leprosy, phthisis, skin
diite3j(e», &c. By some the oil is regarded as a specific in leprosy,
and, no doubt, in some cases it has very beneficial effects. It is also
used hi scrofula, secondary syphilis, phthisis and rheumatism with
slilf joints, both exiernally as an inunction or ointment, and internal-
ly with mucilage, or as capsules or pearls. Gyiiocardic acid ointment, 15
to 55 gT;iins lo an ounce of vaseline is used in herpes, tinea, leprosy
anil other skin ufFections. It should be given alter meals in milk or
with cod-livcT oil.
Flacoartia Cataphracta.
f/ahitiiL — India, Assam» Nepaul, Behar.
Paris used. — ^The fruit, leaves and bark.
/* '.-—-Arab. — Zarnab. Bomb. — Juggam. Can. — ^Talisap.itri.
Cing*- :iuru. Duk. — 7*jijpat. Barmi. Eng. — Many spined
FUucortta. Bcn^, and Hind. — Talispatri, Barahmi, Paniala,
lanijala, Man — lambat. Sans, — Talisha, Prachinamalaka. Tani. —
PaniiaUf Talishapairi. Tel. — Talisapatri. Port, — Joggam.
Characters. — Leaves oblong or lanceolate, long, annulate, glabrous,
crcfiaiO'SerraLe; petiole short. Leaves and shoots resemble rhubarb in
flavour ; fruit of the size of a pUim, indehiscent, purple, containing 5 to
6 seeds ; seeds obovoid; endocarp hard ; testa coriaceous, taste acid*
All oil \^ i^xtmcted from the seeds. Dose of the leaves — 30 to 60
grains.
/yefiamtioN. — Infusion of the bark (i in 10), Dose, 4 to 12 drs.
Acthrts and uses, — The hark is refrigerant and astringent, used in
fevets to allay thirst, correct foul taste and prevent nausea and
bittcmsness. Leaves and young shoots are stomachic, and given in
diairhceat dysentery and even in consumption. Infusion of the bark
b used in hoarseness of the voice. The fruit is edible,
Cochlasperintiin Gossyplam, Bombax Qosayplum*
Habitat. — Belinr, Orissa, Dcccan, Garwal and Bundclkhand.
l\trts ustd, — The gum (Indian Tragacanth).
I'r ' .'. — Arab — Kaserae-hindi Kather, Samaghul*qatade-
hindi. ^Elhutmhul. Eng,— Golden silk-cotton tree, yellow*
lUiwercJ LiiUuii tree, Duk. and Hind.— Pili Kapas, Katcra-gond (the
gum)* Mar. — Kalhaho gunda* Maleal. — Sluma-punji, Tachema-
mingec. Pers, — Katerae-hindi, Kathera. Tam,^ — Tanaku marara.
Tei- — Konda-gogu chettu.
Ciarncters. — Large trees, bearing large golden-yellow flowers
apr " when the tree is destitute of leaves; Fruit capsular,
o* , containing within them cotton ; seeds kidney-
shafit-U, iciLi Hard* The gum, known as kateera, is obtained from the
trunk of thrtree. It is greyish white in colour, translucent, in large
wn . ish, irregular or twisted veimicular pieces or tears,
Wii , to s[ilii up readily into Hat scales ; when moistened it
58 CAPPARlDACEiE
swells into transparent jelly ; taste mucilaginous ; a good substitute
for tragacanth.
Preparation. — Lozenges and mucilage.
Actions and uses. — The gum is demulcent and astringent, used in
cough, hoarse throat and scalding in the. urine ; mixed with curd or
whey it is largely used in diarrhoea and dysentery. Experience has
verified its good results in the cases of the last-named diseases.
Remarks, — In Bombay the gum of sterculia urens, known as
karii gunda, is sold for katira gunda.
Bixa Orellana, B. Indica. Annatto Bash.
Habitat. — America ; cultivated in India.
Parts used, — The pulp and seeds.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Annatto bush, arnotto. Brazilian — Uracuara.
Beng. — Nutkaner, Latkan, Burm. — Thidew. Can.— Kuppa Manhala.
Cini^. — Kaha-gaha. Duk, — Kisti. Hind.— iCapurji, Latkan. Malay,
— Kasumba-kling. Maleal. — Kurungu-munga. Mar. — Sendri, Kisree,
Tam. — Kuragu-manjal. Tel. — Jafra chettu.
Characters. — The plant does not thrive without plenty of sun. The
pulp covering the seeds is of a deep red colour, from this the colouring
matter, known as arnotta or annatto, is made The annatto exists in
cakes of a black colour, becoming red-brown on exposure to air. It has a
peculiar odour and a disagreeable bitter taste. The seeds are triangular,
compressed on two sides and chanelled lengthwise. On one side
the top is obtusely mucronate ; the kernel is white and oily. Dose of
the seeds, 5 to 20 grs.
Constituents,y—A colouring matter, called bixin, obtained from
minute red leaflets, soluble in alcohol, concentrated sulphuric acid and
ether. Insoluble in water.
Fhrcparation, — Powder of seeds and pulp. Dose, 5 to 10 grs.
Actions and uses. — The root and seeds are febrifuge, astringent
and slightly purgative, used in dysentery and in. diseases of the kid-
neys ; as a stomachic tonic they are given in convalescence from
fevers and in general debility. Its principal use is as a dyeing agent
and used to colour butter, cheese, chocolate, &c.
CapparidaceeB.
The Hurahura, or caper family.
Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees ; leaves simple or lobed, alternate,
generally exstipulate, rarely spiny with stipulate appendages ; flowers
yellow, white or purple ; fruit dehiscent and pod-shaped or indehiscent
and baccate; seeds one or many, usually reniform and without albumen,
cotyledons leafy.
Habitat. — Chiefly tropical, may be found in temperate climates.
Properties, — Similar to those of cruciferae, i.e.^ pungent, stomachic,
stimulant and antiscorbutic. Some are aperient, diuretic arid anthel-
mintic, and some are poisonous, owing to the acrid principle being large
in quantity.
GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA 59
Gynandropsis Pentaphylla, Cleome Pentaphylla.
Hahiiai, — India and all tropical countries.
Patis used. — The plant and seeds.
Vernacular, — Eng. — The five leaved cleome. Bong. — Kama!,
Katkoduku, Shada-hurburija. Bomb. — Kanphuti. Cing — WaiJa.
Duk. — Hulhul. Hind.— Karaila, Hulhul. Maleal. — Kara-vella, Tai-
vala. Mar. — Tilavana, Mabli. Sans.— Surjavarta, Arkapushpika.
Sind. — Beghara. Tam. — Nai-kaduga, Nai-vella. Tel. — Vaminta.
Characters. — A five-leaved cleome, a weed ; flowers whitish or
purple ; seeds black, small, numerous and kiSney-shaped, resembling
those of cleome viscosa, and having a faint flavour of mustard ; leaves
5 foliolate, and leaflets obovale. The whole plant is viscid and covered
with glandular hairs ; odour peculiar, like that of asafetida. Dose of
the powdered seeds, 15 to 25 grs.
Constituents. — The plant contains a fixed oil ; seeds, when crushed,
develop an acrid volatile oil, similar in properties to mustard oil, also
a resin.
Preparation, — Decoction (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs. ; medicated
oil.
Actions and uses, — Seeds are antispasmodic, sudorific, and carmi-
native, used in fevers, bilious affections and infantile convulsions.
Bruised leaves rubefacient and even vesicant, applied to the boils and
buboes to promote suppuration. The juice of the leaves, beaten with
salt, is used as drops in earache. The whole plant, boiled in sweet
oil, is used in leprosy. As an antispasmodic it is given in hysteria.
The seeds are used as a substitute for mustard seeds.
CrateBva Religiosa, Capparis Trifoliata, C. Roxsbarghii.
Keligiosa — The leaves being used for religious purposes.
Habitat. — Malabar, Canara, Tropical Africa.
Parts used, — The leaves and bark.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Holy garlic pear, three-leaved caper.
Burm — Ka-dat. Duk.— Burmi-ki-jhar. Beng.— Bai un, Tiktoshak.
Can. — Nirvala,Bilapatri. Cing. — Bilapatra. Guj. — Vaivaruna. Hind. —
Bilasi, Varvunna. Malyal. — Vilva-patrani, Mar. — Koomla, Haravarana,
Kurwan Vayavarana. Sans. — Koom Varuna Ashamarighana (the
leaves), Belpatra, Tapia. Tam. — Mavilinga-maram. Tel. — Vivapatri,
Usik manu. Panj. — Barna.
Ashamarighana — Ashamari, means gravel or stone, and Ghdn,
to kill or to remove. This is in allusion to the use of the drug as
lilhontriptic in urinary diseases, renal calculi, &c.
Bela-patra, which means like the leaves of Bela. The leaves in
both are three-foliolate.
Characters, — The tree is planted around tombs and temples in
India ; root -bark soft, when fresh of a dirty white colour, outer surface
wrinkled and here and there marked with fissures of a dirty brown
colour, internally white, soft and fragile ; odour heating, nauseous and
6o CLEOME YISCOSA.
disagreeable ; taste bitter and pungent. Leaves three-foliolated, leaflets
lanceolate, fine-pointed and smooth, upper surface dark green, under
surface of a light colour. When bruised the leaves have a disagreeable
smell like that of hellebore ; taste bitter and pungent. Dose, s to 20
grs.
Constituents, — The bark contains a principle similar to saponin.
Preparations, — Varuna ashes ; Decoction'of the root-bark (i in 10).
Dose, I to 2 ozs. Infusion of the leaves (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Compound decoction. — C. Religiosa, tribulus terrestris, ginger, car-
bonate of potash, honey and water. Dose, i oz. A conipound powder,
known as Varunadya-churna, contains ashes, bark powder of C
Religiosa and potassium carbonate. Varunadyaguda, a confection con-
tains bark, treacle and a number of aromatics and diuretic substances.
Actions and uses. — Stomachic tonic, laxative and lithontriptic
Given to promote appetite and to increase the secretion of bile. As a
diuretic the root-bark is used in dropsy and urinary disorders, in
calculous affections, combined with tribulus terrestris. As an altera-
tive the compound powder is given in ascites, calculus, in chronic en-
largements of glands, as liver, spleen, and in affections of the bladder
and uterus. Fresh leaves and roots, mixed with cocoanut juice and ghee,
is given in rheumatism, also as food to reduce corpulence. A paste
of the leaves is applied to soles of the feet to relieve swelling and
burning sensation. The leaf is smoked in caries of the bones of the
nose.
Cleome Yisoosa. G. loosandra, Polanisia Yisoosa. P. loosandra,
Sticky Cleome (Eng.)
^/j3j/^/.— Tropical India and other warm countries.
Parts used. — The seeds and plant.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Hurhurya. Can. — Hucha-sasavi. Duk. —
Chowri-ajawana. Eng. — Dog mustard, sticky cleome. Hind. — Hurhura,
Halhul. Malyal. — Kat Kuddaghoo. Mar.— Hulahul, Kanphuti, Pivala
Tilavana. Port. — Bredo mamma. Sans. — Adity-a-bhakta, Arka Kanta.
Tarn. — Naaveli. Tamool. — Nahi Kuddaghoo. Tel. — Kukka-vaminta.
Nahi-kuddaghoo. — Dog mustard.
Kan-phuti, from kan, ear, and phuti to tear or burst ; the juice is
a popular remedy for purulent discharges from the ear.
Characters, — An annual viscous weed, from one to two feet high?
stem furrowed and studded with glandular capitate hairs ; leaves digitate
on long petioles, channelled and of a reddish colour ; leaflets three to
five, obovate, finely serrated at the margin. The leaves have a pungent
flavour. Flowers yellow and axillary, capsules long, striated and hairy;
seeds of the size of mustard seeds, 'small, many, reticulated, black and
reniform, compressed and netted with a white scar near the hilum ;
taste, on chewing the seeds, hot, and mucilaginous like Mullabija. The
fresh plant, when crushed, gives out a volatile oil like that of garlic or
mustard. Dose, 10 to 30 grs.
Preparation, — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, i to i oz.
CAtTARIS SPiNOSA,
61
I^A^mr awf wjif^*—Carnif native, pungent, anthelmintic and
intiseptic ; seciJs are used in round worms^ to expel flatus in
1 children, also in fever and diarrhoea- The juice of leaves is rubefacient
^likc muUard ; mixed with salt it is dropped into the ear in otorrhcea.
An infustoo of the ^ecds is used for unhealthy ulcers and to kill
maggots.
Capparis Splnosa.
HaMtai, — Atgiuinjsiuiii West Asia, Deccan, Gujerat,
Parts usf4t — The bark of the root.
Fferw/fcwAii',— Eng. — Caper plant* Syrian — Kabur. Turkish —
Kabarlet. Arab.— Kiabara. Pcrs.— Kabar-Karak (fruit). Sans.—
KakJiilini'karira (fruil). Hind, — Karu, Karer (the oil). Duk. — Karya
(the oil).
Chili actcrs* — The bark is like half quills, outer surface smooth»
ired and greyish brown, within hrown and resinous ;
f,- •*> bitter and pungent. DosCi lo to 30 grs.
C^nsittutnts . — The bark contains a neutral bitter principle of a
ir e, resembling senegin. The flower bud'* contain
iioside which yield, on boiling with sul[)hunc acid,
.1 volouring matter similar to quercetin ; also ,vome
. mcc. The fresh plant contains a volatile uil, having
prcipt:rticd ul garlic oil.
P^eparatifmn— Infusion (\ in to). Dose, f to I oz.
Actions and uses* — Similar to that of senega ; alterative,
antiscorbutic, stimuLmt, expectorant and diuretic. The root- bark i&
uaed in palsy, gout, rheumatism, cough and dropsy. Locally the
powder is applied to malignant sores, also to boils and swellrngs.
The juice of fresh plant, like clcorae juice, is dropptil into the ear !d
kiU vrorms \ t fair sustitutc for senega*
Capparis Zeylanlca 0. Acuminata.
RTiidae«i/<ir.— Ben-^.— Kalukcra. Tel. — Paliki. Mar, — ^Waghauli-
Hiud.— Go%*indphal. Tarn. — Authinidi-kai. Used as refrigerant and
cooling,
C- Aphylta* Eng. — ^Thorny caper bush. Hind. — Ardanda. San».
— n * u Tam.—Katallikai, Tel,^ — Adonda, arudoiida. Thc^e are
use intcr-irritanls. The fruits are used as a pickle,
Cadaba Indica. C. Farinosa^
HabitaL — Western India,
r' rr. r. f. , j .-. — Eng. — Indian Cadaba.
ni' onadi» Chimurudu. The
aOu AiJLiic«iiiiJiUC*
C, Trifollata.
yZ^Aiikr/.— Camatic, Ceylon.
Paris used. — Leaves and flower-buds,
Kmro^j/iAif.— Tarn.— V^iluthcc, Maumhak-kooroonthu.
Tarn, — Velivi. Tcl. — Ada
root is reputed as aperient
62 CRUCIFKRiC OR BRASSICACKiE.
Characters. — Cadaba Trifoliata — leaves palmate, three-foliate, leaf-
lets oblong, lanceolate and 2 inches long.
C. Indica — leaves simple, ovate, oblong, acute and mucroiiate,
from I to i^ inches long. C. Farinosa — leaves hoar}', ovate or oblong,
obtuse and about i inch long. Dose of the leaves, 2 to 4 drs
Constituents. — Leaves contain a bitter alkaloid, soluble in ether
and alcohol and two organic acids — one resembling cathartic acid. Also
nitrates and carbonates of lime. The ash contains alkaline chlorides,
sulphates and carbonates.
Preparation. — Decoction of leaves (1 in 10) Dose, 2 to 4 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, antiscorbutic and aperient.
Decoction of leaves of C. Indica is used as anthelmintic in round
worms. The juice of C. Trifoliata is given in dyspepsia in
children. Leaves are used as purgative, emmenagogue and antiph-
logistic, combined with myrobalans and ginger, or with senna and
Epsom salt. In amenorrhaea and dysmenorrhoea a decoction of
the leaves, combined with castor- oil and turmeric, is found useful.
It is also given in syphilis, scrofula and rheumatism. Externally the
leaves are used as varalians with the leaves of odina wodier to
relieve rheumatic pains, and as a poultice to boils to promote suppu-
ration. The leaves are used by the natives in preparing medicated oils.
Cruoiferffi or BrasBioaceffi.
Mustard (Rai) turnip and cabbage family.
Cruciferae, from crux, a cross in allusion to the Maltese cross
like arrangement of the four petals.
General Characters, — Herbs or, rarely shrubs, leaves alternate and
exstipXilate. Flowers cruciform, yellow, white or pink, rarely purple;
and generally a mixture of these colours. Stamens tetradynamous,
Inflorescence in racemes or corymbose. Racemes opposite the leaves or
terminal and ebracteated. Fruit a siliqua or silicula. Seeds many,
each seed superior, generally stalked and pendulous. All plants have
a pungent bitter and acrid juice. The seeds are acrid and contain a
fixed and volatile oil. The plants contain starch, sugar, iodine and
sulphur.
Habitat. — They are met with in temperate, frigid and tropical
climates.
Properties. — Many are nutritive, some pungent acrid, others anti-
scorbutic ; some used as ordinary vegetables.
Sisymbrium Irio.
//aditat. — Korih India, Persia and Europe.
Part used. — The seeds.
Fer7iacu^ar.—Eng.— Hedge mustard, London rocket. Bom.—
Khakshi. Arab.— Khubab. Fars.— Shafterak. Hind.— Khub-kalan,
Khaksi. Mar.— Rantikhi. Mezenderan. — Shalumbi. Pcrs.— Khakshi.
Tabriz — Surdan. Turkistan- Shiwaran,
RAPHANUS SATIVUS. * 63
Khuba-kalan — Khuba means good and Kalan Kallo or Maror
(Guz.) means beauty. This drug is used by women to increase their
beauty and promote fat.
Characters. — The seeds resemble those of asalio, but are smaller and
of a yellowish red colour. They are small, oblong or oval, and mark-
ed with a groove. When placed in water the}' become coaled with a
transparent mucilage ; taste is mucilaginous and oily, not so pungent as
asalio and has a hot flavour like that of mustaid. Dose of the powdered
seed — 15 to 45 grs.
Actions and uses. — Expectorant, stimulant and antiscorbutic. An
ingredient in many tonic confections used by the natives; given in
coughs, asthma, hoarsenesis, and to prcmc te expectoration. Native
women use it under the belief that they thereby fatten the body. Ex-
ternally they are used as poultice over boils and inflammatory
swellings.
Baphanus Sativus.
Garden radish. R. Caudatus. Raphanus Raphanistrum — wild
radish.
Ilahiiat, — G ujerat , Punjab.
Parts used. — The plant, root.
Vcrnacniar. — Eng.— Long-podded radish. Garden radish. Bom.
— Mulo, Muro. Arab. — Bazr-el-Fujl. Beng, — Mula, Mull. Burni.—
Moula or Moula. Can. — Mullangi. Duk. — Mulli. Hind. — Mula, Muro.
Pcrs. — Turb. Sans. — Mulaka. Tarn., Tel. — Mullangi.
Characters. — Root tapering, seldom branched, of a white colour
and a pungent taste; leaves long and generally lyrate, petiole broadly
channelled ; taste somewhat pungent ; seeds resemble those of sarasun,
but are larger and of a reddish brown colour ; testa very minutely
reticulated. On trituration the roots and seeds yield, with water, a
fixed oil.
Constituents. — Seeds and root contain a fixed oil, a sulphuretted
volatile oil, lesembling mustard-seed oil. The oil is colourless and has
the taste of radishes. It contains sulphur and phosphoric acid.
Preparation — Juice of leaves. Dose, J to i dr. ; infusion of seeds
(1 in 10). Dose, 1 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — The seeds and leaves are diuretic, laxative and
lithontriplic. The root is used as an edible vegetable. All parts of the
p'ant are used in urinary diseases and in cases of gravel,
Lepidiam Sativum.
Habitat. — North of Asia, Persia, cultivated in all countries.
Part used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Hab-el-rashad, Half. Beng — Alivcri,
Bom. — Ahaliva, Asalia. Burm. — Samah-ni, Samung-ni. Duk. — Halim.
Guz. — Assalia. Hind. — Tara-lezak, Halim, Chansar, Chandrika. Eng.—
64 LEPIDIUM IBERIS.
Common garden cress. Mar. — Ahaliva. Pers. — Turrah-tezak. Sans. —
Chandrasura, Tam.— Alivirai. Tel,— Adiyali» Adala Vitala.
Characters^ — The seeds resemble in size those of Khubakalan,
but are larger. They are of a reddish colour, oblong, somewhat angular
and curved slightly on one side, surface rugous. Near the point of
attachment there is a white scar, from which a small channel extends
to ^ the length of the seeds. They are without odour, but of a pungent
and mucilaginous taste. Doses — as alterative, 5 to 15 grs. ; as
aperient, 20 to 40 grs.
Constituents,-^ A volatile, aromatic oil and a fatty oil.
Preparation. — Infusion cold (i in 10). Dose, 4 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses, — Aperient, alterative, tonic, aphrodisiac and car-
minative* A cold infusion is used to relieve hiccough. As an alterative
the seeds are used in chronic enlargements of the liver and spleen.
As a restorative tonic they form an mgredient in aphrodisiac confec-
tion or rabree, and are given in seminal debility and leucorrhcea. As
a carminative they are given as an adjunct to purgatives. The bruised
seeds, mixed with lime-juice, are used as application for the relief of
local inflammatory and rheumatic pains. Taken alone jthey act as
aperient.
Lepidiom Iberis.
Habitat. — Persia.
Part used.-^The seeds.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Bazr-el-khum-khum, Bazr-el-hawah, Kasisas.
Eng, — Pepper grass. Pepper wort. Hind. — Towdri, Todari. Ispahan —
Kaduma . Kirman — Mardarakht. Pers. — Tondripha-Towdri. Tabriz. —
Darina.
Characters. — The drug consists of white, yellow or black seeds, with
some portion of rhomboid-shaped pods. In shape the seeds resemble
lentils, but are smaller. They are yellowish red, ovate, flat or roundish,
convex on both surfaces, and have a membranous white ring springing
from the hilum. The ring spreads on both sides and separates the
surfaces. A small groove extends from the hilum and disappears about
the middle of both the surfaces. The taste is mucilaginous, slightly
pungent, and resembles that of asalio ; that of the cotyledons, burning.
When soaked in water the seeds become thickly coated with
mucilage. Dose, 20 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — An amorphous bitter principle. — Lepidin, a sul-
phuretted volatile oil and gum.
Preparations. — Confection and tea.
Actions and uses. — The seeds are diuretic, carminative* sudorific
and stimulant. The confection is given in dropsy, bronchitis, fevers
and with pepper in atonic dyspepsia, accompanied with flatus
Externally tne seeds are used as a rubefacient in rheumatism.
COCBLCARU ARMOR AHA. 64
Belianthenitiin Canadense.— Frost wort.
I^adi/aL—SoTiU America.
Part used, — The herb.
CkaracUrs.—The herb, perennial^ 6 to 15 inches high^ hairy;
leavesi ioag and woolly beneath ; flowers broaU, yeliow : calyx
pubescent ; taste bitter and astringent. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Cottstiiuents, — A bitter glucostde and tannin 1 1 p. c. I ^ed as
Infusion, decoction, extract.
AfiiotiS and usrs. — Tonic, astringent and alterative : in large doses
letic ; given in scrofula, syphilis^ diarrhoea ; as a gnrgle in sore ihroaL
CapMlla Bursa Pastom. — Shepherd's purse*
Habitat* — Europe and widely naturalized.
P»ft <mphytd.--Tht herb. Dose. 20 to 60 grs.
Frr/<irfl/;<;wx.*- Fluid extract* Dose, \ to i fl, dn ; Tincture
(s in a)« 1 to 4 d. drs.
Aciiom and uses. — ^Diuretic, haemostatic, stimulant and tonic,
recommended in iilt forms of kidney affectiotis, in chronic diarrhcea^
dropsy of the abdomen, &c.
Coohlearia Jlrmoraoia, B. P., Armoracia RoBttoana, NastuHiam
Armoraoia*
J^a:'t:aL — Europe, cultivated in Britain.
Parti ustiL — The fresh root, Arraoraciie Radix — Horseradish
foot, B. i\
r A/r, — Fng. — Common horseradish. Hind* — Muli.
/ fS. — Koot nearly cylindrical and marked with leaf-scars at
ibc crow»» about half an inch to an mch in breadth and one foot long^
ydlowtsh externally and whitish internally ; has a characteristic pun-
gent odour and pungent taste when scraped, cut or bruised. Dose,
10 to 30 grs.
CottsiituaUs, — A volatile oil, identical with oil of tnustard| and
resiin. The oil is dissipated by drying,
Pre^atatimi, — Spiritus armoraciae compositus, B. P. — Horseradish
5 ounces, dried bitter orange peel 5 ounces, bruised nutmeg 55
gT;&ias, alcohol 25 ounces, and distilled water 25 ounces ; distilled to a
pints. Dose, i to 2 drs,
Actimu and uses. — ^Stimulant, masticatory and diuretic ; externally
rubefacient, irritant and vesicant ; used in atonic dyspepsia, rheu-
matism, dropsy and hoarseness of voice. Locally used tor the same
purposes as mustard in the form of liniment or catapJasm. Us
action is due to the volatile oil, and hence should be used fresh.
Remarks. — Sometimes aconite or monkshood is sold for fiorse-
tadisJi, which it resembles; accidents have occurred,
a
66 CHIERANTHUS CHEIRI.
Gheiranthas Cheiri.
/^^i3/Va/.— Northern India.
Part used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Eng. — The wallflower. Hind. — Tcdri surkh. Panj.—
Lahori subu,
Characteis, — Seeds small, linear, acute and reddish. They con-
tain myrosine and an oil like that found in Raphanussativus. Dose,
10 to 30 grs.
Actions and uses. — Emmenagogue and deobstruent ; used in
paralysis, uterine disorders and disordered liver, also for enlarged
glands.
Brassica (Sinapis).
Varieties.— B, Alba, B. P., B. Nigra, B. P. Syn. — Sinapb Alba
and Sinapis Nigra.
Habitat — Asia, South of Europe, United States.
Parts used. — The seeds, sinapis albae Seinina B. P., Sinapis Nigrae
Semina B. P., powder of the mixed seeds. Sinapis. Mustard B. P. and
a volatile oil, oleum Sinapis volatile B. P.
Brassica — cabbage ; the fruit resembles cabbage.
Mustard — mustum ardens, burning must, in allusion to the seeds,
which were once pounded with must or vinegar ; also in allusion to its
burning and pungent taste.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Khardal. Beng. — Rai. Burm. — Moung-ngyin
kung ziyen. Can. — Sasave. Cing. — Rata aba, Ganaba. Duk. — Rayan.
Eng — Mustard. Guz. — Rayi. Hind. — Rayi. Malay. — Savi Sasavi.
Mar, — Mohari. Pers. — Sipandan, Sarshaf Sans. — Rajika, Tuverica.
Sarshapaha, Asuri. Tam. — Kadagu. Tel. — Avalu.
Characters. — White mustard — flowers yellow and in racemes,
pods ribbed with a long ensiform beak; fruit a siliqua ij^ inch long,
sword-shaped and four to six seeded ; seeds A of an inch thick
and globular, with circular hilum ; testa yellowisn, finely pitted and
hard; embryo oily; two cotyledons, one folded over the otner.. It is
without odour when entire or powdered, almost inodorous when triturat-
ed with water. Taste pungent, but less acrid than that of the black
variety. Black mustard — flowers small, yellow, on peduncles
at the end of the branches ; pods smooth, erect, and with a short beak.
The fruit \ of an inch long, oblong, globular and tapering, 3 to 7
seeded ; seeds smaller than those of the white variety (y^ inch in
diameter) ; testa hard, minutely pitted and reddish brown or dark.
It is without any odour when entire or powdered, but, when triturat-
ed with water, the odour becomes pungent and penetrating. The
taste is smarting, pungent and acrid. Dose, 15 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — Sinapis Alba contains a bland fixed oil, 20 to 25 p.c,
a crystalline substance Sinalbin ; Sinapine sulpho-cyanide. Lecithin,
mucilage (only in testa) ; Myrosin, a ferment ; proteids, ash
4 p. c. The ash consists of potassium phosphate, magnesium
BRASaiCA JHNrRA,
fihoffhate ;ind cilcium phosphate. Sinalbin and myrosin, icting on
trach other in the presence oi water, produce sugar, sinapine sulphate
arttl sulpbo-c}-anide of acrinyUa rubefacient principle, similar to that
Ibutiii in the volatile oil of black mustard* Black mustard contains
myro&jf] and stnigrin (potassium myronate), 0*5 p.Cr Myrosin and
»tnigrm. when acted upon by water, form sulphocyanide of allyl*
which is the volatile oil of mustard. It also contains lixed oil 25 p. lv
ninapine solphocyaxtide, lecithin mucilage, proteids and ash 4 px.
The fixed oil, obtained by expression is a yellowish green,
uan*drytng Ouid of a slight odour and bland mild taste. It solidifies on
cooHng. It cc'nlainsglyceiides of oleic, steaiic and erucic or brassic
sack. It is used as a diet in certain parts of India*
Sirnlbin, only found in the while variety, in pearly cr>*stals, or
colotJT nis, .soluble in water, sparingly so in alcohol,
^^ il of mustard B, P.— A yellowish limpid liquid, highly
fL of a pungent and acrid odour and taste. It contains chiefly
Mj.j -. - . nidc oi allyl, with traces of carbon sulphide.
i^tfiWatirms, — Charta sinapis B.P. or mubtard paper. Linimentum
^fiapis, B, P,— volatile oil of mustard, li fluid drachm ; camphor, 2
drdchms \ castor-oil 5 fluid drachms, and alcohol, 4 fluid ounces.
I al aciions. — Flour of mustard is nervine, stimulaiit,
cmcti' otic ; externally rubefacient, counter irritant and vesicant.
In sni t promotes digestion and removes flatus ; in large dose& it
i»a b! I g and sure emetic in over-feeding, indigestion and in
narcotic poisoning, when given with hot %vater. It is an irritaijt to
the^kin* Itichief use, however, is as an external remedy to relieve
local pain, to stimulate the viscera and to act as a counter-irritant,
Tl" 1 'tie oil, in tlte fortti of charta or planter, acts as a stimulant
»' nt lu whatever part it is applied* Its application causes
fru3<i^-; heal and severe burning pain. If applied lor a long time
tl cau>«a \T^cation by setting up local inflammation. It is extensively
ii»ed as .1 ' Inild remedy to rouse patients from syncope, low
states oiti 11 and from unconsciousness. Asa counter-irritant
tl tt Largely u^cU in all internal inflammations.
Tktra^tk mes. — It is applied to remove muscular^ neu-
ralj?jc, ana rheumaiic pains, in colic» gastralgia, in inflammation of
tf. - -'*sages of the lung, pleura, pericardium, &c. The volatile oil
t rritant* Taken internally it produces gastro-enteritis. The
liMin-cni i3 applied as a rubefacient and also as a vesicant to swollen
|4nnt»4 Asa defivative, mustard foot-baths or hip-baths are largely used
tu fevers, uterine derangements, especially amenorrhoea and dysmenor-
rh'fA ; in headache, cerebral congestion, in cardiac and in chci>t pains,
' !• fixed oil is applied to promote the growth of hair* The
- often mixed with wheat flour to weaken its irritant eflTects
BrasBica Juncea.
kincea, Sinapis Kansosa, Brassica Ramosa,
/. — India, South Russia*
i\tris ttJ/t/.—Thc seeds.
6S BRASSICA COMPESTRIS.
Vernacular. — Burm. — Moung-ngyin. Can. — ^Lasane. Ging^-rrGan^
aba, Rataaba. Eng. — Indian mustard, Russian sarepta mustard. Hind. —
Sursun. Malyal. — Kadiya. Mar. — Mc^are. Pers. — Saurshuf. Saas«
— ^Rajika Tuvarica. Sind. — Suraibij.
Characters. — Seeds oblong, light, reddish brown, clean and bright,
closely resembling those of sinapis nigra, but larger.
Actions and uses. — similar to those of sinapb nigra, for which k
is a good substitute. If previously deprived of its fixed oil, its activity
» increased. If kept for a long time, it loses its pungency.
RrauBsiea CampestriB.
Habitat, — Europe and Russian Asia*
Parts used. — Root and seeds.
Vernacular.^ Eng. — Swedish turnip Can. — Sasave. Guz.—
Sarasava. Hind. — Surson» Mar. — Sherus. Pers. — Sarshuf.
Other varieties also produce edible roots and seeds and resemble
black mustard in property, and probably in constituents.
Brassica Napus — Cultivated rape-seed or cole seed. The seeds are
black, but larger than mustard seeds, finely pitted and lightly
acrid. A large quantity of bland fixed (^ is expressed from the seeds
known as turnip seed oil. The cake, left after expression of the ofl, fs
known as oil-cake.
Brassica Rutabaga — seeds small and contain a pungent oil.
Brassica Chmensis yields* Shanghai oil.
Brassica Rapa — ^Rape or colza. The turnip.
Vernacular. — Hind. — Sarsun, sursr, surras* Duk. — Rayan* Arab.
— Luft. Beng. — Shalgam, Gonghi, Sarsho. Burm. — MuBg>!a-do-waing«
Eog. — Rape or colza. Guz.— ^ursul. Pers. — Gouglu. Sans. — ^Asuri
shershape. Sind. — Gohheu.
Asuri. — Means Sorceress. Village witches were detected by
means of this oil. The oil was dropped intacups filled with water,
each cup bearing the name of the suspected woman. If the oil takes
the form of a woman in any of the cups, the person whose name is oo
the cup is declared to be a witch.
Characters. — The seeds are blue-black and pitted, larger than
mustard or turnip seeds. They are slightly acrid. The}' yield a bland oil
known as rapeseed oil. This oil — Sursun tel, b largely used in India
as an emollient and rubbed over the whole body in leucoderma,
paralysis and rheumatism. It keeps the skin soft and clean, and is
believed to promote the growth of hair and to remove lice and scurl
The natives use the oil as an article of diet.
Anastatioa Hieroohuntiiia.
Habitat. — Deserts of Syria, Palestine, Arabia.
Pkirt usedn — ^Thc dried herb.
SIA
!|3<IAUS
Vernacuiar. — Arab. — Kaphe-Miryana, Raphe- Aye^ha. Hintl.—
Garbhaphufa* Eng,^ — Mary*s flower, Rose of Jerichot Pcrs*^ — Panja-i-
Mariam. Gu2. — Garbhaphul.
Garbha phula — Garbha, a womb, and phiila a flower- The opening
ftbc plant when put in water, and its closina; in again when drVi is
Symbolical of the opening of the womb in childbirth and the closing
oC it after delivery. In Palestine, it is termed Kaf Maryan, Mary's
flower, in allusion to the tradition that the piant blossomed on
the Chriiitmas eve to salute the birth of the Redeemer and paid
hoi&a|[c to his resurrection by remaining expanded till Easter. Raphe
Ayesha, so called by the Mohamedans, in allusion to the tradition that
the plant expanded at the birth of Ayesba, who was the favourite
wiin of the Prophet and mother of the faithful,
CkaracUrs, — Dry herb of brownish white colour and of the shape
of a fig. The stem Is short and woody and branched in a corymbose
ntanucr. The branches when fresh spread out straight upon the
ground^ but after withering, the hyprometric stems curve inward sci
IS to form a round ball ; in this state they arc blown out by the winds
Irom place to place. Hence they are supposed to be the Gurgal,
rolling things or wheel of Isaiah. The root is thin and occupies
the ^me place as the stalk of a fig. Each branch is studded with
Qiimerous small capsules which are white and hairy. In shape the whole
herb f eseTubics a water goblet The top of it is formed of two margi-
nal concave wings, between which a curved prickle-like process projects.
Il pir»^v«e*i«»es a curious hygrometrical property, lis, when placed in
unti^r it )kprcads Hat by absorbing it. This property is preserved for
ytars
J^eparattQn. — Cold infusion (i in lo). Dose, t to 6 drs.
Aciif^fis and nse$^—'\\\Q cold infusion is given in difficult labour in
wbich the effects seem to be more mental than physiologicaK
Fam&rlaceae.
The Fumiton' order.
If' ' lootn, with brittle stems and a watery juice; leaves multi-
ple, 1 » , often with tendrils, alternate much divided ; tlowers
irt uiisymmetrical, in pink, red, yellow, or white inflorescence,
at . ise ; fruits small, pod4ike» dehiscent or intehiscent, one or
Iwy >cc^oJ and succulent ; seeds shining and crested ; albumen fleshy.
HahitaL — India, Japan, Persia, and in temperate climates.
ProptHi^, — All plants possess bitter, acrid, astringent^ emmena-
gngue and apct tent properties.
Fumaria Officinalis^
HahilaU — Persia, Nepaul, Bombay.
f^riu%cd, — The plant.
Ftimaria. — From fumus, fume or smoke. The plant irritates the
«yei like smoke,
Vernacular. — A rab. — Shahteraj, Baklat-ul-malik. Bomb. — Pita-
pipra. Chin.^Tsie-hwa-tiaing. Eng.^Common fumitory. Hind. —
70 CORYDALIS CAVA.
Pitapapra. Pers. — Shahturuz. Sans. — Ksheteraparapatiyyavanapaipata
Beng.— Shatera Pitpapra.
Characters. — The drug is of a greyish yellow colour and resembles
in appearance trayamana. It consists of broken leaves, stems, capsules,
flowers and seeds; leaves green ish,t hick and narrow; stems greyish yellow,
one to two inches long, furrowed and rather quadrangular ; capsules
very small, gryish green, tubercled, slightly compressed and with a
transverse ridge scar to the apex; flowers irregular, uns^-mmetrical and
either \nolet coloured or white; seeds very small and consist of fleshy
albumen ; taste bitter, acrid and astringent, odour acrid and disagreeable.
Constituents. — Fumaric acid, and fumarine, — a cr^'stalline organic
base.
Fumaric acid is isomeric with maleic acid. It may be obtained by
de -hydration of malic acid ; it exists readv formed in several plants,
namely, Corydalis bulbosa, Glaucium flavum, Lichen Islandicus,
It is also found among the products of the oxidation of protein
compounds by niiro-hydrochloric acid.
Fumarine exists in irregular 6-sided crystals or monoclinic
prisms. Insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, bisulphide of
carbon and amyl alcohol ; sparingly soluble in water and soluble in
ether.
Preparation, — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, i to 2 ozs
Actions and uses. — Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, alterative,
anthelmintic, and aperient ; useful in syphilis, scrofula, constipation
and dyspepsia, due to torpor of the liver or intestines. It is allied in
its properties to taraxacum. With black pepper it is given in ague and
jaundice ; also given to purify the blood in skin diseases.
Remarks. — What is sold under the name of Ghati-pita-papado is
an acanthaceous plant often substituted for Pita-papado. The true
Pita-papado is sold in the bazaar under the Persian name Shahtira.
Corydalis CaTa. C. Tnberoea.
Syn. — Hollow-rooted fumitory-.
Habitat. — United States.
FUrt used. — The root (tuber).
Constituents, — Cor\*daline, corAxravine and other bases.
/Vr/<i/a/wii.— Powdered root (tuber), lo to 40 grains. Fluid
extract. Dose — 10 f 40 ms. Dry extract Dose 1 to 5 grs.
Actions and uses. — Alterative, antisyphilitic, aDtiperiodic, tonic,
diuretic and resolvent. It seldom disagrees with the stomach, and
may be employed as a tonic in irritable condition of that organ.
It is especially given in scrofula, syphilis, cutaneous affections, urinar>'
diseases and debility.
Corydalis GoTaniana.
//ii^it.tt. — Wester n H imalav-a.
P,srt u^ca\ — Veilow i^ixc.
Acttom and uses, — Alterative ; given in scrofula, skin dbeases &c.
PolygalacecQ.
Milk wnrt family*
I' i;€ frtjni poly, much, and gal;;!, milk; it is believed to
ilicrc^^^ tnlk in female animals.
Shrubs, ur Kerbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple and ex^tipu-
late* Flnwei:i IT regular, unsym metrical and apparently papilionaceous
(wing» btnng fcirmed hv the calyx). Fruit indehiscent, loculicidal
and occasionally winped ; seeds pendulous, smoolli or hairy, with a
caruncuh next the hi I urn ; albumen copious and fleshy,
liiihiiat, — Fou n d every w h ere .
/^ A,.r/i*^5,— Bitter and acrid; roots milky, and used as tonic,
ff and siitnuhnt ; some are emetic, purgativ*;, diuretic,
iL-j.MkntUC and expectorant. Some have edible fruit^^ and others
contain a saponaceous principle.
Krameria Triandra B> P.— Peruvian Rhatany* Krarneria Argentea
B. P. Fara Rhatany.
HahiiaL — Peru^ South America, New * rranada, Bolivia and Para.
Part med, — The dried root. Kramcri.e Radix— Krameria root^
nthatany root B. P.
Cilrf?r^i<r/rri*— Shrubs. Root in cylindrical pieces. Para Rhatany —
hark smooth, thick, of a purplish brown colour, marked with deep
traitsvcfsc fissures or cracks. Internally rough and scaly. W<Jod pale
and of a reddish browu colc)ur and firmly adherent to the bark,
frjcture >hon and splintery. Taste astringent and tinges the saliva
ydlow. Drise^ lo to 60 grs. Peruvian Rhatany — bark dark, reddish
liroKirn, t lo from the yellowish wood, thinner, astringent*
in la$lt!, i saliva red. Dose, 10 to 60 grs,
Gifu%btHe$tis. — The bark contains krameric acid, Tannin 40 p.c,
Rhalattic nid, Uarch, sugar, gum, wax and calcium oxalate.
Rhatanic red or ratanhia red.
.* nirr. — Hoil kramero tannic acid with diluted sulphuric
acid . I splits up into glucose and the colouring principle, which
it similar to that found in horsechestnut and tomcntiila. With
potash it is converted into protocatcchuic acid and phloroglucin*
PteparaiioMt. — Liquor Krameria^ Concent rat us B. P. (l in 2.)
Do*c, f lo I dr. Extractum Krameri^e B, P. — Extract of Krameria.
Extract of Rhatany- Dose, 5 to 1 5 grs. Infusum Kramcriic (iniin).
D 1 ox, Trochiscus KrameriavB.P, — Rhatany ln?:cnges (1 grain
c in eiirH.) Trochiscus Krameti<c ct Cocain*^ B. P, (Extract I
I /„ grain in each.) Tinctura Krameride B. P. —
* ny \,i JIB'S)- Do!»e, ^ to I dr.
AcfiOHJ and uses, — A powerful astringent, alterative and tonic ;
tncd in chronic diarrhcra and dysentery ; also to check passive
iismuffhagC4 a> mcnoirhagia, Icucorrhcea and gleet. In incontinence
72 POLYGALA SENEGA
of urine it is also beneficial. Externally, as gargle or lozenges^ it is
given in sore throat ; as an injection or enema, for fissure of the anu»,
leucorrhoea, and as a wash in cracked nipples. It is also used a9
dentifrice. Locally it is applied to spongy gums. As an alterative it
IS given in rheumatism, syphilis and scrofula. It is also used as an
application for the bites of venomous reptiles.
Polygala Crotalarioides. — In India the root is used as an
expectorant.
P. Tenuifolia, a Chinese plant, the root of which in contorted
quilled pieces, is used in cough; the leaves are given in spermatorrhcea.
Polygala Chinensis, HahitaL — Pasture lands throughout India.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Lubanat. Hind. — Maradu. Man— Negli.
Pers. — Furfur.
Polygala Alba. — White or false senega. — The root contains
polygalic acid 3 p. c. Used as infusion and tincture.
P. Polygama. — ?• Rubella. — Bitter polygala^ the root and herb
contains a bitter principle similar to senegin, and is used as a diaphore-
tic» laxative and tonic in bronchial catarrh &c.
Polygala Senega B. P.
Habitat, — Woods, rocky soil, United States, Honan, Shensi.
Part used, — The dried root, Senegae Redix — Senega Root B. P.
Sengh. — Snake root, milk wort^ mountain flax.
Senega. — The term is derived from Seneca, an American Indian
tribe who used it for snake-bite.
Characters, — Indigenous perennial plant, FJowers small and
white and at the summit of the stem ; root 4 or 5 inches long, slender
and of a yellowish brown colour, enlarged at the top into a knotty
crown, contorted and often curved, longitudinally wrinkled^ breaking
with a short fracture ; cortex horny^ translucent, free from starch
grains, and enclosing a white or yellowish porous wood ; taste at first
somewhat sweety and afterwards acrid ; odour distinctive. Dose —
3 to 20 grs.
Adulterations. — Ginsing root, cypripedium root, Gentian root,
and Cynanchum Vincetoxicum root ; but they all di&r in odour and
taste.
Constituents, — A neutral glucoside called Senegin^ 2 to ^ p. c,
probably identical with saponin ; PoVygalic acid, a volatile oil, a fixed
oil, 8 to 9 p.c. ; tannin, gum^ resin, sugar 7 p.c. ; pectin, malates, and
yellow colouring matter.
Senegin. — To obtain it exhaust the root with alcohol, concentrate
and precipitate with ether. A white amorphous powder, without
any odour^ freely soluble in alcohol and cold water, forming a soapy
emulsion with boiling water ; with hydrochloric acid it is decomposed
into glucose and sapogenin.
SCHLFJCHERA TRIJUGA.
73
PoZygalic acid^ sparingly soluble inakoholj insoluble in ether and
chloroiorm.
Fixed oil, — Obtained from the root by ether — contains virginic
acid« to which the: aroma h due* Volatile oil contains valerianic ether
and mctliyl salicylate.
f^e/yarations.—lnfiisum Senega? B, P. (i in 20), Dose, } to i or.
Liquor Senegar Concentratus B» P. (l in 2). Dose, ( to 1 dn
Tinciura Senegae B,P. (1 in 5). Dose» \ to I dr. Extractum Senegse
fluidum — Fluid extract oF senega. Dose, lo to 20 ois*
Syrupus senegac contains iluid extract of senega 20, ammonia
water 5, and suga? 10. Dose, i to 2 drs. Syrupus scill«e compositus —
compound ^yrup of sc^uill — 8 p, c. Dose, 20 1030 ms.
Pkys$<iltigiiiil aciion. — Stimulating expectorant, emmenagogue,
diuretic and diaphurettc. Iti large doses gastro-intestinal and throat
irritant^ producing coughs increased salivation, 5nee2ing and nasal
catarrh. In small doses it removes the tightness and feeling of oppression
friMJi the chest. Scnegtn has a stimulating action on the mucous
membranei^i especially of the pulmonary tract. It is a powerful
depr^sant of the heart and of the muscular and nervous systems.
It t^ ctiminated by the kidneys, skin and bronchial mucous membrane^
i^hich it stimulates and irritates.
Tketaptuikst, — As a stimulatmg expectorant it is largely used alone
Of in combination with ammonium cart>onate in chronic bronchitis,
poeumouia, asthma, croup and whooping cough ; it relieves the cough
and prorn^ : ctoration. It is not of much use if the bronchial
raucii% L ion is tough and scanty; as a diaphoretic and
dhirclic. It ii sumetimes employed in anas^arca and dropsy dvie to
albuminuria * as an cmmenagogue it is used v^ith benefit in amenorrhura,
Bapind&cm.— The Aritha or Soap Wort Family.
Sapindacas from sapo, soap, and Ind, ** Indian," Indian soap. The
frtiil is saponaceous and contains a vegetable principle named sapontoc.
[jirge trees or twining shrubs, and rarely climbing herbs; leaves
generally compound, rarely simple, alternate cr opposite, often dotted
and with or without stipules. Flowers unsymmetrical, generally poly-
gamous ; ovary, getierally two to three-celled. Fruit capsular ur fleshy
and irjdehi!^cnt, some sweet are with an acid flavour ; seedii exalbu-
mioouis superior arillate. Most prominent property of this family is the
presence of a &apt»naceous principle.
Hnhit4it^ — ^'1 Vop i ls.
The plants are astringent^ aromatic, diuretic, diaphoretic and
aperient. Some species are poisonous.
Schleichera Trijuga.
//tf^'/ji/,— Burma, Ceylon, S. India, Himalayas,
l^arh used, — ^Tlie bark and oil.
74 SAPINDUS TRIFOLIATUS.
Vernacular, — Eng.— Ceylon oak. Hind. — Kosimb. Tarn. — Pu-
maram. Tel. — May Rahatangah. Mai. — Puvatn. Can. — Sagade,
Chakota.
Characters. — Fruit a drupe of the size of a nutmeg ; the husk is
grey, fragile, covered with soft, blunt prickles; seeds I to 3, oblong,
smooth, truncated at the base and surrounded with pulpy arilla \
taste acid ; bark thick, with a soft, outer corky layer ; inner bark
firm, hard and breaks with a short fracture ; colour pale red ; taste
astringent.
Constituents. — The bark contains tannin and ash.
Actions and uses, — The pulpy arilla is sub-acid. The bark is
astringent, and mixed with oil, it is applied to cure itch and other
skin eruptions ; the oil under the name of Macassar oil is used as a
stimulant application to the scalp to promote the growth of the hair.
SapindoB TrifoliatoB. S. Rnbiginosas.
Habitat. — South India, Ceylon, Bengal.
Part used. — The pulp of the fruit.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Finduk-i-hindi, Bandak-e-hindi. Beng. —
Buro-ritha. Bur. — Miavenen-suc-khe-si. Can. — Kukate-kayi, Thaly
marathu, artala. Cing. — Penela. Duk. — Rithah. Eng.— Indian filbert,
Soapnut tree, soap berry. Guz. — Aritha. Hind. — Ringin, Dodan,
Ritha. Malay. — Punnan-kotta. Mar. — Ritha, Areeta Ringin. Pers, —
Ratah. Sans. — Phenila, Arishta. Tam. — Pannan-kottai, Puvandi.
Tel. — Kunkudu-kayalu.
Characters. — Berries dry, generally three, united together, or
separate ; skin thin, shrivelled and of the colour of raisins; when ripe
soft and of a greenish colour. In shape somewhat resembling a
kidney. When united together, points of attachment are marked by
a heart-shaped scar ; pulp translucent ; berry one-seeded ; seed round,
smooth, black and shining ; testa hard and bony ; kernel yellowish
brown and oily ; smell of the berry like that of burnt sugar, and that
of the pulp resembling that of Khajura ; taste sweet at first, afterwards
becoming bitter. Dose of the pulp, 2 to 6 grs.
Constituents, — Saponin ii'S p.c. Glucose and pectin; The thick
cotyledons contain white fat 30 p.c. It saponifies readily.
Actions and uses. — Expectorant, emetic,anthelmintic and purgative.
Externally stimulant and irritant ; used in asthma, colic, worms,
and as a purge combined with scammony. Externally applied to the
mucous membrane of the nose to rouse patients from insensibility
in hysteria, epilepsy, hemicrania and melancholia ; also applied to
scrofulous and other glandular swellings and to bites of yenomous
reptiles ; used also to destroy pediculi and to wash and cleanse the
hairs of the head. Pessaries made of the kernel of the seeds are
used in amenorrhcea and after childbirth to stimulate the uterus to a
healthy contraction.
RAIJLttlfTA SORBttlS — GUARANA — IIRAZltlAN COCOA.
Rrm^rks, — It rcbenibles sikakai. The fruit pulp is said to he
fff^- f;t..,>i, more powerful in cleaning linen than soap. Berries of S.
■' . S. Rttrak, S. Emarginatus, S, Detergens arc all used Un
i\xx juirjusesof soap-making owing to the presence of Saponin. S.
Afukora^M is the soap-nut of Northern India, and is called Dodan in
the Punjab,
PauUiiiia Sorbilis—Guarana— Brazilian Cocoa*
HnhiiiU.—^. and W. BraziK
/\irt Hs^d. — Guarana, a dried paste ofcrn&hed seeds deprived uf
arif and iiioulded into cylinders and dried by sun or fire.
Charnctrrs* — A climbing plant ; fruit of the size of grape or
I' . nvoid, pyriform, 6*ribbed, seeds resembling hazel nut seeds, 2
' '^ the fruit. Aniluswiiitc; taste bitter ands astringent Guarana
n Hi*iiic by slightly roasting and powdering the dried seeds and then
itudc into a St i0^ paste or dough with water; with this paste broken
seeds arc also rtnngled and made into cylindrical rolls or elliptical
ciJces or sticks. The paste is dark -brown or of a fawn-yellow
colour ; odour slight, resembling chocolate ; taste bitter and astriiigentp
paiUy soluble in water and alcohol. Dose, lo to 60 grs.
0>mtit$ifnlji, — Contains a bitter crystalline principle ; guaranine
J - p. c, identical with cafTeinc or theine. Tannin — ^Paullini
t tf c6 p, c^, resin, greenish fixed oil, fat, albumen^ starch,
gum nin, ash 2*5. px*
ts ijc* — Powder the paste. Boil it with litharge and
inter. Killer the solution, pass sulphuretted hydrogen through the
sotuiion to precipttaCe lead ; evaporate and erystolli^e^ Dose,
I to 5 gr».
PauUini tannic acid precipitates ferric salts^ gelatin, gold and
Ulvcr salts*
/^rfiaratfons,^ — Extractum guaran^e fluidum — fluid extract of
guanna, not miscible with water. Dose, 10 lo 60 grs. Tinctura
suiriinse (i in 4). Dose, t to 1 dr. Syrup* Dose, 3 104 dis. Elixir
Guaran«T^ — a tincture of guarana treated with magnesia to liberate
t id, and flavoured. Dose, ^ to 2 drs. Elixir Eryihroxyli <--t
i:^^,^..^ contains coca and Guarana 7^ grains each in ooe fluid
dnchm. Dose, i to 2 drs*
/" ira/ at/ihfts. — Nervine stimulant, tonic and astringent*
ft iff .1 the sensory and motor nerves, but more so the sensory
'^. k causes hyper^eslhesia and also convulsions. Its action
*-• heart and respiration is to stimulate them at first and then
|t ns them. It produces restlessnses, and quick perceptiun,
§%. pulse^ impairs digestion and causes irritation of the bladder*
Tt is gtvcn chiefly in relieving neuralgic aft'cctions, such as hemicrania,
ikk lieadache occurring during menstruation or after a debauch. As
a tonic it is given in diarrhcea and phthisis ; also in convalescence
from acate diseases, &c. Guaranine may be employed in the same
way aa ctfleine.
Dadonaa Viscosa. D. Augostifolia.
Bahitai, — Throughout India, Neilgherries, and Punjab.
Pari used, — ^The leaves.
Vernacular. — Can. — Bandarika. H ind, — SanattAf Banmen Jm^
Eng. — ^Jamaica-switch sorrel. Mar. — Jakhmi^ Bandari.
Ckartickfs. — Leaves green» more or less viscid, cootaiiiing &hinm^
yellowish resin ; taste sour and astringent.
Consttttttut^, — Guhii acid resins 27'j. Albumen, Tannin. Of the
two resins one is insoluble in ether ; both are soluble in chlorolomi^
alcohol, liquid ammonia and in fixed alkalies;
Preparation. — Tincture (l in 10). Dose^ 15 to 30 ms.
Actions and uses, — Alterative, laxative, febrifuge and tonic, given
in rheumatism, gout and fevers. The leaves make excellent poultice
and varalians and retain heal for a long time when applied to painful
swellings and rheumatic joints.
/^sculus Indica. — Himalayan horse-chestnut^ made into a paste
and applied to rheumatic joints ; the seeds are used as food,
Acer pictum and accr aesium. — The knots in the stems arc, like
Quassia, made into cups and used for drinking water in rheumalibm*
CardiasimFmum Halioaoabum.
Ha hita /. — India.
Part used. — The herb.
leniacuiar, — Eng, Heart's pea. Arab, — Taftaf^ Habb-el-KulkuK
Beng. — Nayaphataki, Lotaphatakari, (seeds), Burni, — Mala mai. Can,—
Kanakaia, Cing- — Jyotish-muttee. Dak.— Shib-Jub. Gnz. — Karodio,
Hind. — Kanaphata. Mai— Ulinja. Mar. — Kanphuti, Shib-jal. Sans.^ —
Karnasphota, Paravata-padi, Jyantisha mati. Tarn. — ^Modda coatan*
Tel. — Budha-kakara, NelJa Gulisi-tenda, Vekkudutige*
Paravata-padi. Pigeon^s foot, Karansphota-karan, an car, and
sphota, or phota a crack. It is used for the cure of crack to the ear.
Characters. — A climbing plant, leaves glabrous, biternate : leaflets
oblong, coarsely cut and serrated; root white and fibrous, of a disagree-
able odour and of an acrid ^ nauseous and bitter taste.
Constituents. — Saponin,
P^eparation.^DecoQiion of the root (i in io).Dose, 4 toiodrs.
A compound powder containing leavei of C. Halicacabunt ' laie
of potash, root of acorus calamus^ root-bark of Terminalia i in
equal pans ; mix, make powder. Dose, 1 drachm in amcnorrha-a*
Actions and uses, — Diuretic, laxative, stomachic, alterative and
rubefacient, given in rheumatism, nervous diseases, piles, chronic
bronchitis and phthisis ; also in amenorrhie .1. The leaves fried are also
applied to the pubes to increase the menstrual flow in anicnorfhoea;the
HVPERICUM PERFORATUM.
77
eaves, besmeared with caslor-oil, are applied over rheumatic pains,
^wcUuigs and tumours of various kinds. The juice of the plant b
dropped into the ear in earache and discharge from the meatus,
Hyperioaceee.
The St. John's wort family. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves
opposite, rarely alternate, exstipulate. simple dotted and bordered
with bUck glands ; flowers regular ; sepals 4 or 5, unequal, united at
the }xi$e, unbricated ; petals hypogynous ; stamens numerous ; fruit
capsular ; seeds minute, numerous and exalbuminous,
HahitaL — Both temperate and hot regions.
/^<^rllrV*,— They contain resinous yellow juice, which is
pttrpittTe; M>me3re tonic, astringent and diuretic.
Hypericum Perforatum*
Habitat — Hilly parts of India.
Pnri tfj^//.— The juice.
Ffrtiacu/ar.^AT'db, — Hyufarikun. Pers.^ — Dadi, Jao-i-Jadu,
Jao-i-Jadu means magic barley.
Conshtucnts. — A volatile oil, hypericum-red — a blood-red resin,
having the odour of chamomile.
Acitomanii uses, — Nennne tonic, and astringent, given in hypo-
chondriasis ; also used as an anthelmintic emmenagogue and diuretic.
The juice was used as an application to wounds.
OuttlferaQ or Clusiacea.
The Kokama or Mangosteen family. Guttiferae — from gutta,
a drop, and ftrre to bear. Plants yield gum, or resinous juice in drops.
General characttrs. ^-Trets or shrubs, sometimes parasitical, %vith
refinous juice ; leaves entire, simple, coriaceous, opposite and exstipu-
lite. Flowers perfect, sometimes unisexual ; stamens monadelphous,
distinct, of a fragrant Oilour, Fruits globular, dehiscent or indehiscent,
edible, of delicious flavour and astringent taste ; seeds solitary or
numierous, frequently arillate, oily and without albumen.
Z/aMnL — Tropical parts, specially S. America and Africa.
/Voi8rr/y. — Many contain a yellow gum resin, of an acrid and pur-
»tivc character, and some cmitain edible fruits,
Ochrocarpus LongifoUus.
f/ahitai, — Western Peninsula.
/^iri tis^fit — The dried flower buds*
I VrwatwAii'.^Bomb. — Tarabra Nagakesara. Eng.^ — Cobra's saffron.
Guz. — Rati Naga-kesara, Gor iundi (the fruit). Hind. — Nagesura.
Mar, — r.imbra Naga kesara, Punnag, Suringi, Pets. — Nara*Mushka
Saas«— Naga kesaia, Punnaga.
7« MESUA PERREA.
Naga kesara — Naga, a cobra, and kesara, saffron. Cobras are
said to be fond of these blossoms on account of their fragrance. The
true Naga-kesara is Mesua Ferrea.
Characters, — Flower buds resemble kababchini in size and form ;
and are of a cinnamon colour ; some are hermaphrodite ; others male
only. On opening the male bud a group of anthers, adherent to one
another and forming a small ball, is seen. The colour of the anthers
is deeper than that of the calyx. In the hermaphrodite variety, on re-
moving the anthers, is seen" the ovary with a large stigma. The seed,
is large as an acorn, exudes a viscid, gummy fluid when cut. The
smell is aromatic and taste acrid. Dose, i to 2 grs.
Actions and uses, — The flower-buds are used as fragrant adjuncts to
decoctions and medicated oils. They are stimulant, aromatic, stomachic,
bitter and astringent ; used, like taja, elachi, tamalapatra, in great
thirst, irritability of the stomach and excessive perspiration, and also
given in dysentery with benefit. A pasfe of it is used to fill up
the cavities of caried teeth to relieve toothache.
Hesoa Ferrea: H. Boxbargha, H. Coromandalina.
Habitat, — Bengal, Himalaya and An damans.
Parts used. — The flower-buds, root, bark and oiL
Vernacular, — Beng. — Nag-kesar ; Burm. — Ken-gan Gungan.
Can. — Naga-ampagi .Eng. — Iron wood tree. Hind. — Nagesar, Nagkasar.
Malyal. — Beluta, Champagum-veila. Mar. — Nag-champa. Sans. —
Kesaramu, Nagasara, Naga-kesaram, Kangal, Kanna. Tam. — Irul-
maram, Nagashappu, Shirunagappu. Tel. — Chikati-manu Nag-kesa-
ram.
Characters. — Flower buds are large and white ; sepals thick, mem-
branous and orbicular ; petals spreading ; anthers large and golden-
yellow ; fruit ovoid, conical shaped and chestnut like in size, the base
surrounded by the persistent sepals; seeds i to 4, dark-brown; testa
smooth round the base of the young fruits. Dose, i to 2 grs.
Constituents — The fruit contains an oleo resin and an essential
oil. The seeds contain a fixed oil. The hard pericarp contains tannin.
The resin is in tears ; it sinks in water. It is partially dissolved in
rectified spirit, amyl alcohol and ether, but wholly in benzol. The
essential oil is very fragrant, of a pale yellow colour and of the
odour of flowers, and resembles chian turpentine.
Preparations. ^Syxuip (i in 10). Dose, \ to i dr. Ointment
and oil. Decoction of root (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Actions and uses.— The dried blossoms, root, and bark are
bitter, aromatic and sudorific. Unripe fruits are aromatic, acrid and
purgative. Flower-buds are used in dysentery. The oil is used as
2ln application for rheumatic joints; an ointment of the powder of
blossoms, with butter, is applied to bleeding piles and for burning
sensation of the feet.
OAKCINfA MANCOSTAKA,
}ar€iiiia XanthechymuB. Xanthochymus Pictorius.
//aitila/. — Hastei n liengal^ Eastern Hinialayasi Western Peninsula.
Parf used, — T h e f r u i t .
Vermanhif. — Beng — Outh orosht. Assam — Tcpor. Burni, —
. — Daiiipel. Tii\. — Iswara-nianiaiii. Tani.— Tamalamu,
HitK!
Matun.
diiUka.
Chamrtir:i*^>\ yujiow truii, very acrid, oi liie size of a small
apple.
/V^^r/m/4>>w»— Compound syrup, contains^ in addilion to osht, rock
salt| pepper, ginger, cumiu-secds and sugar.
ArhoHS auii uses, — Same ns those of G, Indica*
Garcina Mangostana.
//alntaL — Malacca, Malayan Peniiibtjla, Singapore, India, Arclii-
ilago.
Part4 used, — Tfje rind of the fruit and pulp.,
Vfru^tcuiiir, — Beng, — Mangusatan, Bomb. — Mungeestun. Burm*
— ■Mcn-pu-young, Zalai Mango-si. Chin. — Shan-chuhikwo* Eng. —
Manitosttne. Hind* — Mangustan. Malay. — Manggusta.
r^itri-T^frrs, — Fruit, a drupe as large as a small apple* When fresh
l^ i* soft, fibrous, and of a red colour; pulp is snow-white, en-
V' ^ ^ cds;flavour very grateful and delicate; dry fruit is globular
aiidol a dark-brown colour, with a radiating flat or compressed six-parted
'tivmia at I lie lop, with a four-parted hard and thick adherent calyx
e bottom. When cut the interior is hollow and occasion-
.Mi> contain* a small quantity of dark coloured dried pulp. The rind
11 corky-looking and sprinkled with a yellow colouring matter. The
odntir h somewhat aramaiic. The taste is acidulous and astringent.
Dosci lo to ,^o grs-
( its* — The rind contains mangostin^ resin and tanntn.
K To obtaiti it, boil the rind in water ; to remove tannin,
t ^ alcohol, and evaporate. The resulting product is
Tij... p, .^.... «,.^ .V in, To precipitate the lesiu re-dissolve in alcohol and
w**tcr.
U occurs m fmall yellow scales, without any taste, neutral reac-
don, iRSotuble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and ether; also in
hot dilmc acids. Concentrated nitric acid converts it into oxalic
acid. With alkalies il forms yellow solutions.
Preparaimts.—ExiTALt. Dose. 3 to jo grs. Tincture of the rind
^1 in 10)'. Dosc^ i to I dr. SyTup of the pulp (i in 5)* Dose, | to 1 dr.
AcHons and usts, — The rind is a powerful astringent and a good
iibitt: * 1ianbacl,and is used, in intestinal catarrh, advanced
cajifeA nd chronic diarrhoea ; also in leucorrho^a. gonorrhura
ol children. Locally the solution of pulp is
^Afgle in tunsilitis, and as a local application in
pf^L|#»u^ 4a^ i^\^ vaguia:.
Qarcina Indica and 0. t^orpurea^
Habitat, — Western Peninsula, Araboyna.
Parts u$rd, — ^The concrete oil, fruit, seeds and bark,
Vtmacular. — Eng.— The fruit, ^z6. mango. Bomb.— Ainsul^
kokuma, Goa.^Brindao. Man — Ratambi — Bhirand, The concrete
oiL Eng» — Kokuma butter, Guz. — Brindao is a corruption of Bbn-inJ*
Kokumbela, kokamanu-ghee. Mar. — Birandela, KokunichaleU.
Cliaraciers. — The concrete oil is extracted from the poundci r ;
by boiling, and then moulded into ovaUshaped balls, whenil is knowi. .iv
kokuma butter. It resembles in appearance country soap (kappai ivmji-
sabu)* It is hard, of a dirty white colour, dry, easily pulvtnsah! .ir>d
unctuoiis to the touch. The fruit is globular in size, and res* niltif
an orange. It is of a yellow colour and contains an acid pjip nn i
several seeds. The seeds are black, reniform, wrinkled and conr
laterally, and resemble amali seeds in size, and contain a hv
Each seed has a 4-parted wing-like calyx, with si short stalk at its b;ue«
Kokama or amsul is the pulp of the fruit cleared of ihe seeds and dried
in the sun and slightly salted. It is of a black colour and an oval shape*
The epidermis is wrinkled. At the base of kokama the calyx and thi:
remainder of the stalk are often seen* The smell and taste «re add*
Constttuents, — The concrete oil boiled with soda yields hard loap*
%vhich is decomposed by sulphuric acid, tearing fatly acids as stearic
acidj myristic acid and oleic acid. The seeds contain fat 50 p.c. The
fruit contains cellulose, an extractive and insoluble residue*
J^e/aration.~^Syr\xp of the juice (1 in 5), Dose» ^ to i teaspoonfut.
Decoction of the bark (i in 10). Dose, 4 to 6 drs.
Actions and tises. — Cooling* demulcent, emollient and antiscorbu*
tic. It is used in the form of syrup in irritation of bowels, leading to
diarrhoea and dysentery and as a refrigerant in fevers. In scurvy
it is used in place of lemon -juice. The oil — kokum butter — is an
excellent emollient application to cracks and fissures of the lips, handii
and feet, and over the nipples and to excoriations in other places. U&cd
by the natives as an ointment base combined with lard, and ^
suppositories and pessaries, and no doubt is a good substitute for oil oC
theobroma and for simple ointment. It keeps well in India ' i!c»*
The bark and leaves are astringent and used a& ad. tti
dysentery*
Qarciaia Hanburii, B.P.
G. Morell var. Pedicellata, Gt Pictoria, Hebradcndron Cam*
bogioides,
Habitxit. — Camboja, Bengal, Assam, S. India, Cochin Chinai Siam*
Part used,-— Gum resin Cambogta, B. P., Gutta Gamba« Gamboge^
Vffnacii/ar,^ Eng. — Gamboge. Arab. — Kubbe-Rc\%md, Gotagati-
ba. Beng. — Tamal* Bur* — Tanoto asi, Sanato-pin. Can*^*Jartgt^«
aARCIKU HAN6URII, B.P.
8f
ulfmara Tamal (juice). Ciiig.^ — Gokatu, Melliyani, Kana-Goraha,
Duk *— Ussarehe-Rcwand. Guz» — Revinchini Khatai* Hind.—*
Gota-ganba, Tamal. Mar.— Rewanchini, Tamal Pers. — Gotaganba,
XJ^^rehe-i-rewand. Sans.— Tapinja, Tapiccha» The, Tamala, the
jaicc* Tam. — Ireval» Karakapuli. Tel. — Revalchini-pal.
Tamala. — A pigment for making sectarial mark on the forehead*
Ussarh-i-rewand* — An extract of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum). Both*
arc similar in colour and properties. :
CAamr/^ri.— Si am gamboge is the true gamboge of commerce/
A yellow juice ^hich exudes in drops from leaves or ducts of the
middle bark or branchlets when broken or from wounds in the trunk*
The gum re^in when hardened is called Rawanchni Khatai« and the
juice when in a fluid state Ra%^anchinio-siro, The gum resin is brittle
ahd of a deep orange colour. It is met with In two diflPerent varieties.
The cake or lump or caarse gamboge. It is the gum resin collected
on the leaver of the tree or in cocoanut-shclls and then transferred
into 1.-iTPt flut earthen vessels, in which it is exposed to the air for*
V , and before it hardens completely, it is moulded into cakes»
'I ..^ v^.>^> or amorphous masses are of earthy fracture, their external*
surf.*icc is br«»wnish yellow and marked with blue spots, due to the
mixture of foreign bodies with the resin In this state it is known as
Revanchini khatai or Gamathi-rhubarb, so called on account of its
botng moulded into the shape and size ot true rhubarb^ and of being
simUar to it in taste and odour. The cylindrical, pipe or roll gamboge
h superior ; and hence officinal ; its surface is longitudinally striated
fironi the impressions of the bamboo reeds into which the liquid iuice
Im poured ; is met with in round, solid or hollow and striated pieces,'
which break with a smooth glistening conchoidal frai ture ; the fractured
iurface is dull smooth and of a uniform reddish yellow colour. When
pcmrdered it is bright and yellow ; rubbed with water it forms a yellow
emulsion. The lasre is acrid. It has no odour. Dose, ^ to 2 grs^
Comiitnents — Gum resin contains gum 25 pc, resin or gambogic
acid 70 p.c, on which its activity chiefly depends, wax and ash
li "^ne resin i^ soluble in alcohol and ether. In it resides the
^ matter and medicinal properties.
faration. — Pilula cambogiae composita, B.P., contains Gatii-
Irbados aloes, compound cinnamon powder, each j oz , hard
soap 2 ois.^ and syrup of glucose 1 oz. (1 in 6). Dose, 4 to 8 grS,
Compound powder contains gamboge 3 drs*» powdered rock-salt 3 drs.,
galangal and ginger each 2 drs. Dose, 10 to 40 grs Pil. Catharticae Co.
contains Ext. Colocynth Co. 3 grs., calomel 1 gr., Ext* jalap i gr.,:
G^^mboge ^ gr» for one pilL Dose, I to 2 pills.
^^yimhgicai actions. — The gum resin is an efficient and active
i^oguc and dr^^tic purgative, and anthelmintic In large doses
^ a% an acrid pfvi^on. causes gasiro-enteritis and even death. In
es it is a cathartic, accompanied with nausea
a pain, and watery stools* The powder ij^
&tmiiutau>fy. '
38 CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM.
Therapeutic t^^^.-^Seldom given alone ; generally in combinntion
with pirikajali, rock-salt and galangal, or with calomel, jalap, and
c^ream of tartar. Given to relieve torpor of the liver due to malaria, and
in dysentery in very small doses, (gr. -^ at short intervals. It should
never be given in irritable condition of the stomach and bowels, nor in
cases where there is a tendency to abortion or to uterine haemorrhage.
A paste of it, combined with zedoary, is used as an application to
sprains, bruises, and swollen parts. The natives use it locally with
cashew-nut as an application for the removal of piles.
Calophyllum Wight ianum.
Habitat — Canara, Travancore.
Part used, — The gum.
Vernacular. — ^Tam. — Sirra Punnai. Malay. — Sira Punnai. Can.
— Babbe.
Characters. — Large translucent, irregular lumps ; colour yellow,
of horny texture, and brittle ; without any odour ; the taste is soapy.
Mixed with water it softens, and disintegrates into granular matter and
oil globules. The water dissolves a portion of it and becomes viscid.
Calophyllum Tomentosum.
Habitat — Western Peninsula, Ceylon.
Parts used. — The gum.
Vernacular, — Mar. — Pannai.
Characters, — Black and opaque ; taste feebly astringent ; soluble
in cold water.
CalophyllaiD Inophyllam. Balsamavia iBophyUnm.
Alexandrian laurel, sweet scented calophyllum.
Calophyllum, Kalos beautiful and Phullon a leaf.
Habitat. — Tranvancore, Ceylon, Andamans.
Parts used. — The bitter oil from the seeds and resin.
Vernacular. — Bomb. — Undi, undel. Burm. — Phung-o)ret. Can. —
Wuma mara. Cinjf. — S. Domba-gass. Malyal. — Punna. Mar. —
Undi. Sans. — Punnaga, Kesova. Tam. — Punnaigam. Tel. — Panne-
gachettu. Ceylon — Domba oil. Duk, — Surfan. Beng.— Sultana-
champa. Eng. — Laurel nut oil.
Characters. — Fruit dry, ovoid or round and greenish yellow ; skin
brown or black and much wrinkled; nut hard, woody and white; seeds
oily consisting of two hemispherical cotyledons closely united ; the
kernel contains 60 p. c of oil. The oil is obtained from the seeds by
expression, and is known as bitter oil or oil of Weandee. It is yellow-
green, bitter and aromatic.
Constituents. — ^A resinous substance and oil. The resin is soft, of
a parsley odour, and resembles myrrh. It melts easily and dissolves
readily in alcohol. Does not 3deld umbelliferone by dry distillation.
CHIMA \V AI III MM.
85
/^ IS. — Liniment and paste. The paste is made by mixing
ttht , led seeds of undi, seeds of cashew-nut, borax andgamboge-
Aciions and wx^i*,— Only used externa] ly. The oil is rubefacient
* riiant ; mixed with hydnocarpus oil it is used forrheumaticjoints,
gbnds, &c. ; also in certain skin diseases as scabies and
exant1ieni;itou& eruptions, A paste of the seeds is iised to hasten
maturation of enlarged glands, abscesses, and boils. The pounded
hark it used as an application for swelled testicles.
Schfma Wallichii.
HahitM, — Eastern Himalaya, Nepaul^ Assam» Burmah*
Part w/i/,— The baric,
I'Vmrficw/cfr,— Hind, — Makriya Chilauni.
Chilatmt.^ — Mi^ns that which causes itch,
Ckattacters — Tbe bark* with its liber cells like glistening needles,
resanUeft ^ The bark is thick and smooth ; external surface
incfttbr, I J vith fissures and exfoliations ; colour brown,
Cottshtitfuts. — The parenchyma contains starch and a red colour-
ing matter. Dose of the powdered bark^ 1 to 3 grst
Actions and yses* — A mechanical irritant and vermicide ; given in
taprworms. To be followed by castor*oil.
Ttrnatrcamfaceffi or Camelliacea.
The Tea or Camellia family.
Trees or shrubs ; leavt'» four, leathery, alternate stjptjlale, some-
limes dotted* Flowers regular, showy, rarely polgyamous : sepals 5 to
7, coriaceous ; petals 5 tog, imbricated ; stamens, hypogynous. Fruit
capsular, dehiscent ; seeds few, aril late ; albumen scanty.
Hahitat. — South America, North America, Chinai East Indies,
Jhnptrtus* — Stimulant and astringent.
Camellia Thaifera. B.P.
Camelea Thea. The teaplant.
/Ai^f^A— England, India, China, Upper Assam, Japan, Ceylon.
Part5 tfs<*r/.— The leaves and the alkaloid, (Theineor caflTcina, B P.)
Virnacuiar. — Eng, — China rea plant, Ind. — Cha, Chai* Mai. —
Blach tea. Pers. — Chaba Chai Kosh.
There are three varieties ol this genus. — ^Thea Bohea and l*hea
viridis, native of China and Thea Assamica, which furnishes Assam
tea. ITiese are not distinct species but varieties of one termed Thea
aioetisis. At one time Thea Bohea was supposed to be the source
of bbck tea and that green tea was obtained from Thea Viridis,
Characters. — Leaves i to 3 inches long, petiolate, acute at
both ends, irregularly serrate, of a peculiar odour and bitter,
aitringent taaic. They are often scented with orange, rose, jismine
and sweet scented olive. Green tea consists of the leaves, quickly
8^. DIPTbRACEie — DIPTEROCARPEiE.
dried after gathering. Black tea—the leaves are dried some time
lAer they are gathered, or after they have undergone some kind
of fermentation by which thev change from green to black. Green
tea is often artificially coloured black by a mixture of prussian blue
and gypsum, or of gypsum and indigo and a little turmeric. The aroma
in tea is due to the volatile oil separated during the process of drying
by heat. Dose, a teaspoonful.
Constituents. — Manufactured tea contains a peculiar volatile oil,
tannic and gallic acids ; quercetin so called boheic acid ; theine
an alkaloid identical with caffeine ; also the alkaloids xanthine and
theophylline (dimethylxanthine). The volatile oil is most abundant in
green tea. Xanthine is also found in muscles along with creatine,
as products of muscular waste. Theophylline is similar in character
to theobromine It forms salts with hydrochloric or nitric
acid, wich platinum and gold chloride and a double salt with
mercuric chloride. It occurs in acicular crystals soluble in warm
water. Theine is obtained from coffee, cocoa seeds, guarana, paraguay
tea, kola nuts. &c. It occurs in the form of beautiful silky prisms.
Soluble in water. Dose, 3 to 5 grains ; hypodermically, \ to i g^in
for the relief of neuralgic pains.
Preparation. — Infusion. Dose, 2 to 6 oz.
Physiological actions. — Tea is a refreshing and stimulating beve-
rage, soothing, analgesic and sudorific. When indulged in to excess
it affects the heart, the vaso-motor centre and motor nerves and also
the stomach, giving rise to nausea, vomiting, flatulent dyspepsia,
tremulousness ot the limbs, pallor of the face, feeble pulse, supra-orbital
headache, hallucinations and nightmare. It diminishes the waste of
the body, and is therefore indirectly nutritive. It increases the
assimilation of nitrogenous and hydro-carbon food.
Therapeutics — Given as a household drink. Among the natives
an infusion of tea with trikatu is used as a carminative and diaphoretic
in fevers, dyspepsia, in mental overwork. &c. Its tannin combines
with the gelatine of the food, and hence its excess leads to dyspepsia and
also to constipation. Its use should be avoided in hysteria, insomnia,
in those suffering from cardiac valvular disease. Theine is a nervine
stimulant and is very beneficial in headache, neuralgia, nervous
depression. It is often combined with benzoate of sodium, which
increases its solubility. Like curare, it causes muscular contractility
when brought in contact with it. Compared with coffee its action
upon the excretions is to diminish the elimination of carbonic acid,
and also of urea, uric acid and waters.
Dipteraoea—Dipterooarpaa.
The Sumatra camphor or the Garajan family.
Large trees wuh resinous juice ; leaves feat her- veined, involute
and alternate ; calyx tubular, ultimately enlarged into wing-like ex-
pansion ; fruits dehiscent or indehiscent, one-seeded j seed solitary and
ex-albuminous.
DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS.
Hahiiat* — Tropical parts of the East Indies, Ja% a.
Proferttts. — These plants contain an oleo*resin, to which they
owe their properties.
Dipterooarpus TurbinatuB, D. Incanas, D. Alatoa.
Habitat, — Chittagong, Pegu, Burma, Tenasserim.
Part used. — The oleo resin (balsam).
Vernacular* — Eng. — Wood-oil tree. Beng, — Batisal Shweta-j
aryan. Bomb.— Garajana-tela. Burm. — Kanyin. Cing,— Hora-gaha*
Eng* — Wood-oil tree, Gurjun balsam. Hind. — Jayan-ka-tel. Garajana-
ka-teta . Mar. — Duhun-el-garjan. Tarn, — Yennar.
Characters, ^Th^ trunk exudes or yields on incision the oleo resin
or balsam, which when fresh, is an opaque grey fluid, which soon
separates into two layers ; the upper one viscid, transparent liquid
of a dark-brown colour, and lighter than water j the lower one thick
and of consistence of dirty white sediment; taste bitter aromatic,
and the odour resembles that of copaiba. It is soluble in pure benzoli
chloroform, bisulphide of carbon and essential oils. Partially soluble
in methy lie, et hylic and amylic alcohols, ether, acetic acid, carbolic
acid or caustic potash. Dose, \ to 2 drs,
Constituents. — The balsam contains an essential volatile oil of a
pale straw colour ; also dry semi-transparent resin : and a crystallizable
acid — Garjanic acid ; and volatile matters.
P$eparation. — Emulsion (i to 4 of extract of malt). Dose, \ to
2 drs. Liniment (i in i of lime water.)
Physiohgical action, — Alterative and stimulant. It has a stimulant
action upon the mucous membranes, especially that of the urinary
tract, and is excreted by the kidneys. Like copaiba, it forms glycu-
ronic acid in the system which appears in the urine ; with nitric acid
it forms a pecipitate of gurjanic acid, which is mistaken for albumen.
The precipitate, however, disappears when heated. The glycuronic
acid renders the urine antiseptic and prevents the development of
bacteria.
Therapeutics^ — ^Given in leprosy, both internally and externally;
so in gonorrhoea, menorrhagia, gleet and various other afifections of
the urinary organs and in skin diseases ; also used in cough with puru-
lent expectoration like copaiba, for which it forms a good substitute*
Yateria Indica. V. Malabarica. Chloroxyloii dtipada*
Habitat* — Western Peninsula.
Parts used, — ^The resin and fat.
Vernacular. — Eng*— White dammer Indian copal, Piney tallow
tree. Can,— Dupamara. Cing,^ — Halgass. Hind* — Safed Dammar,
Maleal — Payani Kunlurukaru» Tarn, — Vellay-Kungilium, Dupada.
Tel.^ — Dupadamaru, Telia. — Damaru.
8b SHOR£A ROBUSTA.
Characters, — The resin, which is light greenish or amber coloured ,
exudes from the tree. It burns with a steady light and gives off plea-
sant smell. The seeds yield an oil known as Piney tallow of Caoara.
Cotistituents. — The seeds contain solid fat 49*2 p. c, which
resembles the solid fatt of Garcinia and Bassia. It is a greenish yellow,
bleaches rapidly on exposure to light, and has a peculiar balsamic
odour. It contains oleic and other fatty acids.
Actions and uses. — The tallow is emollient and stimulant, used
locally for chronic rheumatic joints ; its chief use is, however, as a
general ointment base but more especially in the preparation of nitrate
of mercury and other ointments. The resin is used as an incense.
Shorea Bobnsta.
Habitat, — Central India, Western Bengal.
Part itsed.'^The resin.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Qanqahar. Beng. — Dhuna, Rala* Bomb.— -
Sala, Rala ( the resin ). Can. — Guggala. Cing. — Dummala. Hind. —
Dhuna, Dhona, Rala, Damar, Rosina. Eng.— ^he saul tree. Malyal. —
Kungiliyam. Duk. — Rala. Mar. — Rala, Guggilu, Dhuna. Pers.—
Loalemonatehari. Sans. — Asva-karana, Sal Guggilam, Konshi-kaha«
Tam. — Kungiliyam. Tel. — Guggilamu.
Asva-karana, Asva, a horse, and karana, an ear, in allusion to
the leaves resembling in shape the horse's ear.
Characters. — Resin obtained from the tree is a deposit between the
bark and the wood. It occurs in irregularly cylindrical pieces marked
with longitudinal striae on its surface. Sometimes the pieces are
colourless, the colour often varying from dark brown to pale ambej or
yellow, and red. It is very brittle, and consists of small granules, which
can easily be reduced to a fine powder. Generally tasteless, but some-
times the taste resembles nearly that of turpentine. Its powder is easily
fusible. When thrown into the flame of a candle it soon takes fire and
gives out thick volumes of fragrant smoke or a big blaze. Dose, 10 to
30grs.
Preparations. — Ointment (1 in 3), and plaster (i in 2).
Actions and uses. — Stimulant and demulcent. The natives use it for
fumigating sick rooms. Externally, as plaster or ointment, it acts as a
stimulant. A paste of it mixed with brandy and white of eggs is a very
useful and soothing application for the relief of lumbago and other
rheumatic pains. The natives use the powder of Rala as an astringent
application to the relaxed uvula ; it has also been tried in dysentery
with some good results.
Dryobalanops Camphora, D. Aromatioa. Shorea Camphorifenu
Habitat. — Sumatra, Borneo.
Part used.'^Q,zra]}\iox having a different odour from that of
ordinary camphor and being less volatile.
TtLIACe^.
»7
Vernacnlar.'-^¥.ng. — Borneo camphor, Borneol or camphyl
alcohol. BombM Hind. — Baras Kapurap Bhimsani Kapara, Kafur.
SftOS. — Pakva and Apukva Kapur.
Characters. — It occurs in small pieces, resembling those of ordinary
camphor, but is harder and heavier, and sinks in water. It is also less
-volatile and has a somewhat diflferent odour, the odour resembling that
If coromon c<imphor^ with the additional smell of patchouli or amber-
If. It is converted into ordinary camphor by the addition of nitric
acid. It may be prepared from ordinary camphor by heating it with
potash* Besides camphor, the tree yields a liquid known as camphor
oil or Borneene» which is isomeric with oil of turpentine* It must not
bi ' inded with the ordinary camphor oil, which drains out of crude
I,. iphor. The odour resembles that of "cajuput, camphor and
caidji nibined. The higji price of this camphor prohibits its
use a> V camphor.
Pr^paratimt. — A compound powder called by the Jains Vasak-
thepa (Sam.)t or Kabir (Abir)» which contains sandalwood^ Bornea
camphor, saffron and musk* Dose, ^ to 2 grs*
Acitons ami itsts, — Stimulant, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac. As t
ittmulant application it is used in conjunctivitis.
TiliaceeB*
The Itmc tree, Linden or the Bahuphali family.
Tree*, shrubs, or rarely herbs ; leaves stipulate. $imple> lobed and
ah^Tt^it.. . lowers generally yellow ; sepals distinct or coherent, valvate
ti on and deciduous; fruits samaroid and many-celled, dry
Of i'uiji^ ; seeds solitary or numerous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo erect-
Habitat — Chiefly found in the tropics, a few being found in the
northern parti* r*l the world.
f^*erti€s. — ^Allied to those of Malvaceae ; they are mucilaginous,
C" and demulcent ; some bear edible fruits ; many yield useful
fiuicd wn manufacturing purposes, and valuable timber.
Corchoras OUtorius.— C. TrilocolariB.
Hahiiat'—h^\^^ Africa, Peninsula, Bengal, Punjab,
I^ts used, — The seeds and leaves.
t^ertmcuJar, — Beng. — Banpat Kooshta, Bhaogipat. Bomb. —
fit{i}itm leeds, Isband. Burm.— Phetwun. Chin. — Dimoa. Eng,—
Jew*! smllovir, jute. Guz.— Rajajira. Hind— Pat, the plant Baphalli.
Malay. — Raroit<jaa. Mar. — Kurru Chuniz. Sans.^ — Nadika, Peta»
Putta. Tarn.— Perinta. Tel.^Parinu Kura.
Characters, — Seeds similar in shape to those of Bhauphali^ but
smaller, angular, darker, harder and extremely hitter ; leaves oblong ;
cip»uleft, triloculare Dose of the seeds, 30 to 90 grs.
Pteparation^ — Infusion of leaves (1 in 10)- Dose, t to 2 oz.
^8 GREWIA TILiiEFOLIA.
Actions and uses, — The leaves and seeds are bitter* mudlaginoiis
and demulcent. The infusion of the leaves is given in fevers and in
congested liver. The plant, reduced to ashes, is used as an alterative in
congestion of the liver and dyspepsia.
Orevia Tiliafolia, 0. ArborM, 0. Elasttea.
HahitaL — Western India, Ceylon, Burma.
Part used.— The bark.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Dhamani. Can. — Butaleas, Thadsal. Hind. —
Dhaman. Mar. — Dhaman. Sans.— Dharmanau Tanu — Thada. Tel. —
CharachL
Characters. — Leaves hoary beneath, cordate, dentate ; flowers
yellow ; berries of an acid flavour ; bark thick, white internally and
:grey externally ; tuber papery, peeling off", leaving a rough green
surfoce beneath ; very mucilaginous and sweetish to the taste.
Preparation. — Infusion (i in lo). Dose, i to a oz.
Actions and uses. — Demulcent, given in d3rsentery.
Ore via ftwliitlo.
Habitat —Ceylon, Burma.
Parts used. — Fruit and bark.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Shukri. Cing. — Dowanijra. Hind.— Phalsa.
Mar.— Phals. Sans.— Parusha-PhalaTraya. TeL— Putiki.
Characters. — Fruits acid, colour dark brown ; kernel hard.
Preparation. — Infusion (i in lo). Dose, ^ to i oz.
Actions ana uses. — Cooling and refrigerant ; the bark is demulcent,
and given in fever and dysentery.
Orevia Boabnq^ylla.
Balntat.— West Indies.
Parts used, — Leaves, stem and fruit.
Vernacular. — Mar. — Khat-khate.
Characters. — Leaves scabrous.
Actions and uses. — Mucilaginous ; used as a substitute for althaea.
CorohoraB Hnmilia, C. Faadeolarit, C ABtiehonia.
llaiita i.^TropicaA India, Bengal, Africa*
Arts used. — The whole plant*
Vernacular. — Poona. — Mogarmithi, Beng. — ^Jangli-pat, Bilnalita.
Bomb. — Bhaphali. Duk.— Magar Mithi. Hind. — ^Hirankhari.
Herankhari — Haran, deer, and khan\ a hoof, from its resemUance
to deer's hoof.
CAHVOPHYLLACEjE.
89
^^^CharacUri. — Small prostrate weed; root woody; branches
lettrtl, sinall, slender and spreading out from the root ; leaves oblong,
serrated, small, wrinkled, thick, mucilaginous and of a greenish dark
colour ; flowers small, yellow, in the axils of leaves and in bunches of
two or three ; capsules about \ to i inch in length and hairy
tr ; e^ich capsule composed of three carpels, containing many
:; >;al«r, dark-red coloured seeds ; seeds very bitter.
Preparation, — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, l to 2 0Z9.
Actions and uses, — The plant is mucilaginous, somewhat astringent
sd nervine tonic. It is a common ingredient in aphrodisiac confec-
tions. It h used in gonorrhoea, seminal debility and urinary diseases,
Remarks. — BhaphaM. This name should not be mistaken for
Bhiphali, the M<irathi name for Feucedanum grande, an umbiliferous
plant. In peucedanum grande, the whole plant, including leaves,
capsule)^, kc.y arc diminutive ; not so in corchorus fascicularis.
FrankeniaoeA. — The Frankenia or sea heath order.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; 6owcr5 sessile;
calyx tubular and persistent ; petals 4 or 5, hypogynous ; stamens
difttinct ; ovary superior, one- eel led ; fruit capsular, dehiscent ; seeds
numerous, minute ; embryo straight in the middle of albumen.
W^^iV^/.^South Europe, North Africa.
Properties, — Mucilaginous, aromatic.
Frankeiiia OrandifoUa, Yerba B6imia,^Flax Herb.
Habitat, — California, South of Europe.
Parts med.—Th^ herb,
Chafacfers, — The herb is mucilaginous and slightly aromatic-
Comniuenlv, — It contains a peculiar astringent principle and a
large amount of sodium chloridc-
/* v;«. — Fluid extract. Dose, 10 to 20 ros,, chieOy used aa
an 11' 7 as a gargle, much diluted.
Action and uses. — Generally used as an injection in catarrhal
affections of the nares and the genito-urinary tract. In vaginal leucor^
thc^ the injection is said to be peculiarly beneficial.
CaFyopbyllacaaD.
T' "V or clove wort, or the zaharasa family.
1 rct, low or prostrate ; stems smaller at the joints ; leaves
opposite, eniue, exstipulate and connate at the base; flowers heinia-
phrodite or rarely unisexual, white or pink coloured; fruits utic-
Galled, rarely more ; seeds numerous and small ; embryo curved round
albumen; albumen meaty.
fiahitai* — Temperate and cold climates,
Prfifiertiei. — ^Most of them have nn important medicinal properti^
fioroe arc galactagogue and others alterative.
90 DIANTHUS ANATOLICUS.
DianthilB Anatolioas.
HahiiaL — Thibet, Armenia.
Part used, — ^The plant.
Vernacular. — Hind. — Kanturiyun. Pers. — Kanturiyun.
Characters, — Plant densely tufted ; stalk short, woody and bran-
ched ; stems slender, with one or more flowers ; leaves rigid, slender,
with thick midrib and margin.
Constituents. — Contains a little saponin.
/Reparation. — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, i to a fluid ozs.
Actions and uses. — Similar in property to common centaury
(Erythrcea centaurium ). Also stomachic and tonic like gentian.
Polycarpaea Corymbosa. — A small plant.
Habitat. — India.
Part used, — The plant.
Vernacular. — Tam. — Nilaisedachi.
Actions and uses. — Used internally and externally for the bites
of venomous insects and reptiles.
Saponaria Yaooaria— Oypaoptaila Yaooaria.
Habitat. — ^India, Central Europe.
Part used. — The root.
Saponaria, soapy, that is, its mucilaginous juice forms a lather with
water.
Vernacular, — Arab. — El-sabuniyeh. Beng. — Sabusie. Eng. —
Perfoliate soap wort« Hind. — Sabuni. Romans. — Struthium, Radi-
cula.
Characters, — The entire plant is bitter and of a saline taste; roots
long, of the size of a qUill, cylindrical and branching ; bark thick, easily
separable, reddish externally and white within.
Comstituents. — Saponin — ^is obtained by exhausting the powdered
root with boiling alcohol : on cooling saponin is deposited as a white
amorphous friable substance, without any odour, having an acrid
taste ; soluble in weak -alcohol ; insoluble in water, forming au emulsion ;
heated with an acid and boiled, the solution is converted into Sapogenin,
which, on evaporation, gives needle-shaped crystals. Saponin is also
found in Gypsophila struthium, saponana officinale, illidum anisatum,
caulophyllum, senega, quillaja, &c.
PreparmOon. — Infusion ( i in 20 ). Dose, ^ to i oz.
Actions and uses, — Alteratix^ stimulant, purgative, diuretic and
sternutatory-. It stimulates the mucous membranes, and may be used
in ODugh, chronic bronchitis, pleurisy* asthma, &c It is also used in
liver d h ca ses , jaundice, syphUis, gout and dirociic skin diseases.
ABELMOCHUS KSCtrtKNTtTS.
QT
HalYaces.
XheBhinda or Mallow family. Malvaceae, — Derived from Malva,
nnHthfOr soltf the plants having soft and downy leaves and emollient
properties.
CharacUi-s^ — Herbs, shrubs or treesi often with hairs ; leaves
alternate, stipulate, downy, palmate ; flowers showy, regular and
uutlar)% surrounded by an mvolucre of variegated colours ; fruits
indehisccnt or dehiscent, capsular or baccate ; carpels one, two or many*
Mcided ; seeds rtnifurm or ovate and hairy, generally without albumen ;
imbryo curved, cotyledoni, twisted like chrysalis
JfaMat — ^Temperate climate, tropics.
Prt^p^rtiex — Demulcent and mucibginous ; from the liber of many
species, tough tibreii arc obtained. The hairs covering the seeds
constitute cotton.
AbtlmochQa Eftculentus,— Hebiscus Esoulentus.
HahtiaU — East Indies.
i\kfts used, — TTie immature capsules and ripe seeds or unripe
it.
Vernacular, — East Indies — Ochro, Gombo, Bandikai. Arab. —
lya. Beng. — Ramturai, Dhenrus, Bomb. — Bhinda, Burm, —
*ltt*iV3, yung-ma-da. Can*^Bendekayi. Ciug,^ — Bandaka. Duk. —
Btiendi. Eng — ^Edible Hibiscus, Okro, Gombo, Guz. — Bhindu,
Hind.^ — BhcnJi, Hamturai. MaleaK— Ventak Kaya, Venda. Mar. —
Bhcnda. Fers. — Banm-a. Sans. — Darwikai Teridisha, Bhinda. Tarn. —
Vcudaik-kay ; Tel. — Benda-kaya,
Hamaturai (the fruit) resembles in shape Turai, the fruit of
Lufia acutangula (Palwal), The fruit also resembles in shape the
Crtslt of Trichoiyanthes dioica.
Chamciers. — Fresh immature capsules are from a to mches
long, broad L*t the baie and tapering at the apex, furrowed and some-
^l Micularly at the ridges, abounding in copious bland and
VI -, each capsule consisting of from 6 to 9 valves or cells,
c» a single row of smooth^ white, round seedis, turning black
%i ^ . and dry.
I fmtituents^ — Fresh capsules contain pectin, starch, muc*ilage
and aihcs, rich in saiti* of potash, lime and magnesia. The ripe seeds
uiotaiu phosphoric acid.
Pr^j^tfTOAbi**— Decoction (1 in lo). Dose, i to a ozs.
AcHom and uses. — Emollient, demulcent, diuretic, cooling and
ipfarodisiaCt given in irritation uf the throat, catarrh of the bladder,
dysurift and gonorrhcea*
Abutilon Indioom.
A. Asiaticumy Sida Indica^ Sida Mauntiana, Sida populifolia,
JifaMat — Tnmtcal India, Ceylon, waste grounds.
Aris med. — The bark, leaves and seeds.
9t
ALTH.CA OI'KICISAUS.
Vernacular, — ^Arab. — Masht*el-ghoul. Beng. — Gungi-potari, Ealbij.
Bomb. — Chakra-bhenda, Madami-pitari (the &€cds). Burm. — Thanta
Khai-ok. Can. — ^Shri-mudrigida, Cing, — Anoda-gaha. Duk, —
Kangoij Dabbe Gunjij Eng. — Country mallow. Goa» — Tubocutv,
Guz. — Kangoyi Kapatai Daboli. Hind.^Kali Kanghi, Anter-vel**
Maleal. — Petaka-putti, Oram, Pers- — Darakhie-shanab. Mar. —
Petari, Madmi Chakra-bhenda. ^a^j- — ^Ali, Khiratipala, Pataka^
Limbal. Tam,— Payruntuthi. TeL— Tutti, Tutttiru-beoda^ Nagu*
benda.
Characters. — Bark thin, long, lough and fibrous, also stripedt
externally cinnamon-coloured, covered with a silky, hoary tometicum,
internally white ; taste bitter and astringent ; leaves roundish, cordat€| ,
acuminate^ serrated, velvety on both sides, of a pale green colour ana
mucilaginous; seeds reniforra; testa dull brown and hairy; in size resem-
bling Elachi dana. On section yellowish white within ; taste mucila-
ginous and pea-like; Two varieties of seeds are met with — (i) tomento*©
and hoary, jSulabija of the shops, and (2) with purple stems called Kalo
Kanghf.
Comitliients. — The leaves contain mucilage, tannin* organic acid
and traces of asparagin and ash containing alkaline sulphates^
chlorides, magnesium phosphate and calcium carbonate*
Preparation — Decoction of the seeds and bark ( I in lo). Do^» I
to 2 02t, and mucilage of bruised leaves.
Actions and uses. — Seeds demulcent ; the bark diuretic and
cooling^ used, like althaea, in gonorrha'a strangury, &c,
AlthflBa OfBcinalis.
The mallow. Marsh mallow.
^a^ito/.— Temperate climates, Europe, Wcsteni and Northern
Asia; salt marshes, New York.
Pari used. — The flowers, leaves, roots and carpels.
Mortification root, sweet weed, Wymote, Marsh mallow,
Verftacular. — Pers, and Hind, — Gul-Khairu (flowers). PcfMan*—
Tukhm-i-Khitimi (carpels); Risha-i-Khinni (the root)»
CAflraf/^rj.— Flowers from 1 to 2 inches long with three difFerent
colours — yellowish at the base, green in the middle, and pink or \'iQlct
at the top ; caJyx five partite, thick and covered with whitish hatrs ;
petals five and bearded at the base and on their inner suriace. In
the centre of the flower is a conical-five-angled projection, the
stamenal column and pistil ; root hairy, of a whitisti colour, both
externally and inlernaliy, cylindrical and somewhat tapering, hreakin^
with a short granular fracture ; parenchyma is filled wttli
contains also scattered cells of calcium oxalate crystals. "I
a faint, peculiar, aromatic odour and asweet mucilaginous t
of a dark-brown colour, reniform and hairy, with a gru
back, having two surfaces jointed together at the hilum by a notch,
A portion of it near the hilum is convex and reticulated. Beyond
this the surface is studded with hairs. Near the margin the aurfMO
OOSSiVPllfM BARBADENSK.
n
is marked with fan^like ridges* It encloses one seed. The taste is
mucilaginous. Dose of the root, J to i dr«
Censlitttents* — Dry root contains an organic principlct althein
or a.tparagin 2 px-; mucilage called bassorin or althsea 25 p.c;
Pectoos matter or pectin 10 p.c. ; fixed oiU sugar 8 p.c. ; fatty oil,
starch, 35 p,c. ; ash 5 p.c. Tannin only in the outer bark, containing
phosphates* Mucilage is precipitated by neutral acetate of lead, and
hence differs from gum arabic* It differs from cellulose, as althaea does
not turn blue by iodine when moistened with sulphuric acid, and
if nor soluble in ammoniacal solution of oxide of copper.
Bassorin can be obtained from asparagus, liquorice, beUadonna
rooca and sweet aJmonds.
Asparagin occurs as hard, transparent, colourless crystals; soluble in
cold water (i in 50); insoluble in alcohol and ether. An aqueous
solution of it dissolves in yellow oxide of mercury, hence recommended
as a vehicle for hypodermic injection of yellow oxide of mercury.
Dose — I 10 t grs.
Althaea root is a constituent of Massa Hydrargyri (25 d.c). Dose*
I to ] 5 grs.
f^eparatium, — Decoction of the root (i in 10,) used as an emollient,
enema, poultices and ointment. Infusum alth^a contain carpels
and Howcrs (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs, Syrupus alihsea, syrup of marsh
nidiUow. Contains althaia, alcohol, glycerine and sugar. Dose ad Hbiium*
At'tions and uses* — The different parts of the plant are
mucilaginous, cmollitrni and demulcent. Althaea acts mechanically ; it
iotm% a soothing covering over the inflamed parts and protects them
from friction. The root is given internally in inflimimatrou of the lungs,
irr L litadJer. It forms an useiul ingredient of various cough
n '>ral syrups, i&c. Mixed with sweet oil, the leaves and
floacrs arc 4i)f»lictl as poultices an J fomentations to burns and to parts
bitten by ven >mous animals. As a demulcent the decoction is
iis«d as an enema in irritable and tnflameJ state of the vagina
and rectum. Althein is a good diuretic and given in cystitis^
in irritabic cough due to congestion of the pharynXi in ascitist in
anasarca due to Bright ^s disease*, and in gout.
In pharmacy the powdered root, being very absorbent, is used to
harden pilU, electuaries, &c.
Gossypium Barbadenae B.P.— Qossypium Herbaoeum
0. Arboreum. G. Indicum— G* Stockaii and other Species.
MaMtiL'^-Hoi countries, Asia, Africa, Egypt^ America.
J ./. — Rout bark, LOtion seed-oil, and the hairy covering of
the i<- ypium, Cotton, cotton wool, B* P.
Vemacuiar^ — Arab.^ — Kuttun^ Nabut-ul-gutu, Shagratulgutu.
^Urpas, Rui, Shuttr-gucht. Durm. — Wabin, Gim. Can. —
4, Concani. — Denkapus (sacred cotton). Cing. — Kapu.
94 GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE.
Duk. — Rui-kapas. Eng. — Cotton. Guz. — Ru-vona (hairy covering),-
kapasia (seeds). Hind. — Rui, Binola. Malyal. — Paintai. Mar.—
Kapasi, kapas. Pers. — Pambah. Sans. — Karapasaha, Karpasi. Tam.—
Punji, Van-paruti. Tel. — Patti-chettu, Karpasamu.
Characters, — ^Herb from 2 to 6 feet high ; leaves long petioled,
palmate, 3 to 5 lobed, and of a green or darkish green colour ; flowers
yellow, capsular, 3 to 4 celled, opening by many valves, acute, oblong
or ovate, and containing numerous seeds ; seeds oblong or ovate,
pointed at one end and covered with silvery white hairs ; hairs
or covering of seeds, or purified cotton, is not easily separable ; testa
hard and ot a blackish colour. On section the seeds are oily ; the bark of
the washed root (G. radicis cortex,) in thin flexible bands or quills, of a
brownish yellow colour, externally slightly ridged and marked with
black dots or transverse lines ; the inner surface is whitish and of a silky
lustre, tough and fibrous ; fibres, separating into papery layers ; no
odour ; taste slightly pungent and astringent. Dose of the root 30 to
6ogrs. •,.
Gossypium. — Hairs of the seeds freed from other impurities and
deprived of fatty matter. They are pure white, soft, fine filaments,
hollow, spirally twisted and slightly thick at edges. They are without
any odour or taste.
Oil of the seed — Oleum Gossypii Seminis (cotton-seed oil.) The
fixed oil is obtained by cracking oft testa, grinding kernels and express-
ing and purifying. Its amount varies from 10 to 30 p.c. It is
often substituted for olive oil, brazil or para-nut oil, and for beech oil
or oil from Fagus sylvetica ; It is sometimes used in the preparation
of camphor and ammonia liniments.
Constiiuents. — The root-bark contains starch, chromogene 28 p.c. ;
fixed oil, resin, glucose, tannin, starch and ash 6 p.c. Chromogene, a
yellow substance, becoming red and resinous by age ; soluble in alcohol
(i in 14), chloroform (i in 15), ether (i in 23), and benzol ii in 22).
The oil, oleum gossypii seminis— cotton-seed oil, as expressed from the
seeds, is of a yellow colour, highly viscous, without any odour, of bland
taste and neutral reaction ; soluble in ether, but slightly soluble in
alcohol. It contains oleine, and a green feeble yellow colouring matter.
The hairs contain cellulose inorganic matter, fixed oil, album-
inoids lignin, &c.
Preparation, — of the bark. Decoctum Gossypii (i in 5).
Dose, I to 2 ozs. ; used as an emmenagogue. As a parturient, it is
superior to ergot. Extractum gossypii radicis fiuidum — fluid extract of
cotton root bark ; macerate the bark with glycerine and alcohol and
percolate. It is not miscible with water. Dose — 10 to 60 ms. Of the
nairs, purified cotton, absorbent cotton or cotton wool. To prepare it,
add alkalies to cotton to remove greasiness, adherent impurities and
moisture ; then add solution of chlorinald lime and hydrochloric acid.
Cotton is insoluble in ordinary solvents, but soluble in solutions of
ammonium sulphate of copper. Under the microscope these hairs
are found to be hollow and twisted bands spirally striate and slightly
GOSSVPtUM BARBABtlNSB.
95
tbickened it the edges. Absorbent cotton^ which is now the official
cotton or cotton wooU B. P., is used in the preparation of pyroxylin
or gun coilon. Cotton gauze or cottcm wool tissue consists of a thin
>hcci of absorbent cotton wool between two layers of gauze. Medicated
eotton is cotton wool medicated with the following, viz , alum, arnica,
benjEoic acidt camphor, chrysophanic acid, cubebs, caibolic acid,
illicyUc acid, boractc acid^ krameria^ opium, resorcin and tannic acid.
ArtilJcid) Sponges. — Absorbent cotton formed into balls and
cOYcrcd with antiseptic gauze. Also made of absorbent cotton
covering a gkss capsule filled with an antiseptic as eucalyptus, carbolic
acid, thymol, kc,^ to be broken by pressure,
Pyroxylinum. — B. P, Pyroxylin ; soluble gun cotton ; coUoxylin —
collodion cotton. It is prepared by the action of sulphuric and nitric
adds and water on cotton, by macerating, washing, draining and
di^iM ; chiefly used in the preparation of coHodium, collodion B. P.
Collodion — to prepare it dissolve pyroxylin i in a mixture of
ether 36 and alcohol 12. It is a sympy col(»urless liquid of an ethereal
odour, is highly inflammable, and dries quickly on eyposuie to air,»
leaving o thin transparent film, whrch contracts rapidly un drying.
It is insoluble in water or alcohol.
Camphoid, 1 substitute for collodion. It is a solution (i in 40) of
pyioxyUn* It contains pyroxylin !» camphor and absolute alcohol 20
each. Used as a vehicle for the application to the skin of such drugs
m iodoform V phenol, salicylic acid, resorcin, chrysophanic acid and
idithyol.
Haemostatic collodion, — To obtain it, mix together collodion too,
Cirbotic zdd >o^ and tannic acid 5, or acid benzoic 5.
Styptic collodion. — ^To prepare it, take absolute alcohol io»
benxioiii 1, and dissolve. To the solution add tannic acid lo, ether 40,
and gun cotton 1 .
Collodium Flexile, B. P., elastic collodion, flexible collodion. To
prawire it. mix thori>ughIy collodion 13 with Canada turpentine i,
anil castor-oil j. Flexible collodion is used in the preparation of collo-
dium canihaiidatum ur collodium vesicans«
Collodium Vesicans, B. P* — Blistering collodion, cantharidal collo*
dion* To prepare it, take blistering Buid 20 and pyroxylin ^, and mix.
Collodium novum, a new kmd of collodion — To obtain it, mix
and mukc a solution of mastiche 3, Balsam of Peru i, narcotine t,
and chloroform 5,
Anodyne colloid ; syn.^-Amyl colloid. To obtain it, take amyl
hydride 1 ounce, aconitine 1 grain, veratrine 6 grains, collodion 2
oaoccs ; very often half the quantity of amyl hydride is replaced
by alcohol (absolute) or by amy he alcohol.
Ccllotdin — it is pyroxylin purified by solution in alcohol and ether,
Photoxylin — Dinitrocellulose — prepared by nitrating wood wool ;
diasolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, it resembles collodion j
|g»ed to form artificial aural tympana.
Carbolic collodion : 20 grains carbolic acid to i ounce of styptic
GOlloid; used for toothache. Collodium cum oleo crotonis i in 7, used
96 . GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE.
as a counter-irritant. Collodium callosum. — ^A mixture of flexible
collodion 60 with extract of Indian hemp i and salicylic acid 8,
used as an application for corns, warts, and lupus. Collodinm com
iodoformo (i to 12), for venereal sores. Collodium ichthyol (7 to 1).
Collodium iodi, iodine i to flexible collodion 15. Collodmm Peruvia-
num — Balsam of Peru i to collodion 9. Collodium Salicylicum —
Salicylic acid 1, flexible collodion 5. Collodium Salicylicum cum zind
chlorido. — Zinc chloride i, salicylic aad 3, collodion 15. Collodium
Salicylicum et lacticum — salicylic and lactic acids, each 10, collodion
80. Collodium Salol, Salol collodion. — Ether 4, salol 4, collodion 30 ;
For acute rheumatism. Crystallin. — A combination of ether and
methyl alcohol, a good substitute for collodium.
Actions and uses. — A syrup of cotton flowers is given in hypochon-
driasis ; their poultice is applied to burns and scalds. The carpels
are astringent. An unripe Capsule, with opium and nutmeg inserted
into its interior, incinerated and reduced to powder, is used in dysen-
tery. Decoction of the root-bark is used as abortifacient, emmenagogue
and oxytocic, it increases labour pains during delivery, and is given in
amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhcea, uterine haemorrhages and to procure
abortion. The seeds, made into tea, are mucilaginous, and used in
dysentery and diarrhoea. They are demulcent, laxative, aphrodisiac*
expectorant and K^l^ctagogue. The juice of the leaves is used in
scanty lactation. Pounded cotton seeds mixed with ginger, is applied to
orchitic swelling. The leaves, with oil, are applied to gouty joints. The
fibres are protective, and used to cover up wounds, on which they act
mechanically by keeping ofl* dirt and germs. Burnt cotton is applied
round dropsical and paralyzed limbs, swollen legs, rheumatic and
gouty joints, and in children to the chest in bronchitis and pneumonia
to preserve heat and moisture and also to act as a sort of fomentation.
Absorbent cotton is a good absorbent of water, and used for
excluding air from injured surfaces and to allay pain, as in burns, scalds,
erysipelas, and articular rheumatism. Soaked in antiseptic solutions, it
is applied directly to wounds and ulcers,to absorb the discharges. Among
the natives burnt cotton is used to stop blood as well as to cure ulcers.
Sometimes spider's web is used as a substitute for cotton. Pyroxylin is
highly inflammable and explosive. Collodion is inflammable, and when
applied, there is rapid evaporation of its ether ; and it leaves a thin film
of pyroxylin on the surface. It is used as a protective application over
wounds, burns, ulcers, slight cuts, cracks and fissures, over inflamed
surfaces, as in erysipelas, in skin diseases, chapped nipples, &c. Styptic
collodion is an haemostatic and protective. It contains tannin, and
is therefore used to stop bleeding from leech bites ; as an antiseptic it
is used for cuts and wounds and for arresting haemorrhages. Flexible
collodion is used in drawing edges of a wound together, bringing
pressure on buboes, boils, carbuncles, &c. In acute orchitis the chord
and scrotum are coated with it with benefit.
Vesicant collodion is a more convenient form of applying liquor
epispasicus, the advantage being that it does not spread to the sur-
rounding parts. It is used in neuralgia, lumbago and muscular pains.
HIBISCUS A6KLMOSCUUS.
97
OIevmgDSsypium»eminiSy like olive oil* is demulcent, and used
as a lubricant in prctparing various liniments. Collodium novum is an
antiseptic and used to relieve pain in neuralgia, and acute or chronic
fheumatism.
HiblscoB AbelmoschuBt A. Hoachatua (Bamia Moachata).
^#iJV//4i/.— Tropical countries.
Pari tutd, — The seeds.
Veruiuular, — Arab.— Hub-ul-Mishk Kabbamisk. Burm.^ — Ba-lu-
wa*ki. Beng, — Mushak-danah, Kasturi-dana. Bomb.— i\Iishka-dana,
Cing.-^Kapu-kinais&a. Duk. — Musek, Kalakasturi bhcndi-ke-bing.
Eng* — Musk-mallow. Guz. — Mushak-dana, Hind, — Mushak-daiiah,
Pcrs* — Mu&hk-danah, Malyal. — Katta-kasturi. Mar. — Bhenda-che-bij,
Sans. — TataKasaturika. Tarn. — Kattuk*kasturi. TeL — Kasturi-bend«.
East and West Indies. — Ochro, Gombo, Bandikai.
At>*^1ni' "<^hus is a corruption of Hub-ul-mishk,
K k, a grain of musk.
'\\k... -,.v.>aturik4»^ — Tata, creeping^ and Kasturika, musk-plant, in
allusion to this musk-smelling plant rising above the ground at first
swid then bending upon itseH like a creeper. The seeds of Ramturai
are ofien passed off for Mishka dana, being similar in shape and size.
Ouir^jr^rj?.— Seeds aromatic* resembling Bhenda-seeds in size.
They arc of a brown coluur. irregularly kidney-shaped, their surface
marked with concentric rings, pointed at one end. Odour musky but
QiOC perci?ptible unless well bruised,
Constiimnis. — Gum, albument fixed oil, a solid crystalline inatteri
odorous principle and resin. The fixed oil is a greenish yellow
Buid« which solidifies on exposure to the air. The solid crystalline
matter is whilc» pearly^ of a pleasant tastei and soluble in ether* The
odonius matter is a light green fluid, of the strong smell of musk. It
ia not volatik.
Acihtis andtnci. — Stimulant, carminative, cooling and demulcent,
fiven in Ronorrhura, catarrh of the bladder and hoarseness of voice.
** Is are stomachic and used after being niixed with coffee*
I 1 sc^ds steeped in alcohol are used as an application for
1 r A serpents,
/\ r.-irfrib. — Abdmoschusesculentus, hibii;;us esculentus, Eng,—
. Qui* — Bhmda, Egyp.^Bamia. The capsules are ^hcld in
^,„,m z& a vegetable.
Hibiacaa Cannabinus*
//iidi/4i/w^ Western India> Tropics,
f^rt$ ttsid, — Flowers and seeds.
Vewnacniar. — Arab, — Hab-el-zalim. Beng.— Mesta-pat, Nalki.
Can,— Punday, Pundrika. Ch»n.— Hiang*ma. Duk. — Ambari. Eng, —
The fibres^ brawn Indian hcmpi Dukhani hemp, hemp cuved hibisleas.
T _
98 HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS.
HiDd. — Patsan, Sunnee. Mar. — ^Ambari. Panj. — Sankokla-patsan.
Pers.— Hab-el-zalim. Tam.— Palungo, ReUcha. Tel.— Grongiikuni.
Sind. — Sujjado.
Characters. — The plant has white flowers with purple stamens;
pods prickly, seeds like cardamoms, with a black skin and white kemeL
jThe Qbres are known under the name of stinnie or sunn hemp. True
sunn is derived from crotolaria juncea, or Dukhani hemp. The
seeds yield an edible fixed oil. Dose of the seeds, 5 to 15 grs.
Actions and uses. — The juice of the flowers, with sugar and black
pepper, is used as a remedy in biliousness and fevers. The seeds are
fiaittening, tonic, and aphrodisiac, being an ingredient in aphrodisiac
confections.
Remarks. — Hab-el-zalim is also an Arabic name for artichoke
seeds, as well as for the fruit of Habzelia oethiopica (monkey-pepper.)
fliblsoas Rosa Binenab.
Habitat. — India, Konkan.
Parts used. — The roots and flowers.
Vernacular. — ^Arab. — Anghar-e<hindi. Beng. — Orphul, Joba,
Uni, Juva. Bomb. — Jasund, Jasus. Burm. — Khounyan. Can. —
Dasvalada huvn. Chin.-^Chukin. Duk. — ^Jasut Gudhel. Eng. —
Shoeflower. Guz. — Jasutnu-phul. Hind. — Jasim, Juva. Malyal. —
Shempariti, Kambangsaptu. Madras. — Shappathupu. Mar. — Jasa-
vanda. Pers. — Angharac Hindi. Sans. — ^Jaba or Japa-pushpam.
Tam. — Sapatta-cherri. Tel. — Dasana-japa-pushpam.
Jasovanda is also a name given to Jonesia-asoka, for which this
should not be mistaken.
Shoe-flower. The petals are used by the Chinese to blacken their
eyebrows and to blacken their shoe leather.
Characters. — A common garden shrub. Leaves ovate, cordate,
closely serrate, acuminate and of a green or darkish green colour ;
flowers large, of a red colour, mucilaginous and fleshy ; roots long,
tapering, of a whitish colour and mucilaginous in taste. There are
several varieties, some with single white or yellow flowers, others with
double red flowers. The root of the white flower variety is mostly
preferred and used in medicine.
Preparation. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 ozs., and mucilage«
Actions and uses. — ^The petals are demulcent, and emollient. As a
refrigerant drink its infusion is given in fevers, as a demulcent in cough
and cystitis ; combined with milk, sugar and cumin, it b given in
gonorrhoea. In menorfhagia, combing with lotus root and the bark
of eriodendron anfractuosum, it is of benefit.
HibUous Sabdariffa.
HahitaL — Tropics.
Partuud. — The fleshy red calyx.
MALVA SYLVESTRll.
OQ
Towdri
Pers. — Kitrni'i-
Vernacular. — Beng, — Lai- m est a. B urm . — Thambau- khy enbou ng .
Can. — Pundi-soppu. Eng. — Red sorrel, Roselle, Duk, — Lal-ambara,
Htnd. — Palwa. Mar — Lal-ambari. Tarn. — Pulychay-kire, Shemay-
kaihli'kire* Tel. — Yaragogu, Panj Patwa,
Ckaracltrs. — The fleshy red calyx, when dried, is used as a fruit
andts ao article of diet like tamarind.
Constilmriis. — Potash, tartaric and malic acids, watery extract,
cellulose, &c. Dose, 15 to 25 grs.
Preparation. — Jelly and syrup, i to 1 drs.
Acthns and f/je^.— Demulcent and coohng, used as a cooling
drink in biUousncss» fevers and cough. It is sometimes combined with
common salt, pepper, molasses and asafetida,
HalTa SylYestris—M. Rotundifolia-M. Vulgaris.
Habitat. — Temperate cUmates,
Part used, — The fruit,
Vernacuiar, — Arab. — Khubazi, Anjil, Bomb. — Khubazi
itlie secdt).^ Eng. — Common mallow, marsh mallow,
Cacbak) Nan*i-Kul»gh, The seed Towdri,
Character i*—Vr MM of a light brown colour; carpels from 10 to 12,
reniform, very beautifully reticulated, and closdy arranged on the
lU, givtng the whole fruit the form of an artificially made thread
ftuitun ; in the centre or at its top there is a conical projection, which
l^^e remnant of styles, and at the base a leathery calyx with or
without a !*mall ocditle adherent to the fruit. The taste is mucilagi-
nooSt and rcsemoles that of Gul-i-khitmi.
Constituents ^ — Mucilage and a bitter extractive,
/-yr/tfrn/ibfi.— Decoction and infusion (i in 20), Dose, 1 to z dm.
Actions and uses — Mucilaginous, demulcent and cooling, used in
cf»uj;hs and other irritable conditions of the mucous membranes of
f t and pulmonary tract, in inflammation of the bladder and
3 irhoids ; other properties are similar to those of althxa*
Pavonia Odorata.
^aAi/tf/.— N.-W. Provinces, Sind, W, Peninsula^ Burma and
Ceylon.
^^ /. — The root.
i»r, — Beng. — Bala. Can. — Balarakkasi-gida. Hind.^ —
h i. Mar, — Kala Vala. Pers, — Bulla Hrivera. Sans. —
L„ :.^ a. Tarn. — Peramutiepu- Tel, — Erra-kati, Chitli-benda.
Characters, — Root 7 to 8 inches long, twisted, giving off numerous
tthitl fibres, having a delicate musky odour ; bark light brown, and
iliDoath; wood hard and yellowish ; plant covered with sticky hairs;
flowers pink ; seeds brown, and oily ; odour delightful*
100 SIDA CORDIFOLIA*
/V^//7m/Srb»5.— Infusion (i in lo). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Compound
decoction, known as Shadanga Paniya. It contains the roots of
Pavonia odorata, andropogon muricatus, cvperus rotundus, or
CyperusperteQius^and red sandalwoods; herbs of oldenlandia herbacea,
and dry ginger, each i drachm make decoction ; used in fevers as
a cooling and stomachic acid drink. Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Demulcent, carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic
and diuretic ; used in flatulent dyspepsia, hysteria, nervous headache
and in low state of the system ; also in fevers, gout, rheumatism and
cough.
Sida Conlifolia.
S. Acuta, S. Retusa, S. Rhombifolia, S. Carpinifolia, S. Spinosa.
Habitat. — ^The tropics, Australia, Bengal.
Parts used. — ^The roots and leaves.
Vernacular. — ^Arab. — Hulbahe-barri. Australia — Queensland
hemp, jelly leaf, Beng. — Barjala, Bijband, Chuka, Hamaz, Kowar,
Sirivadi, Babila. Cing. — Katekan, Babila Sirivadi. Guz. — ^Balu-
Jangli-methi. Hind. — Bariara, Gulsakari, Kharenti, simak (seeds).
Malyal. — Cheru, paruva. Mar. — Chikana-pata, Tupa Karia, Tukati.
Pers. — Shanbalide-barri, Shamlite-dashti. Sans. — Bala, Bala-Baty
alaka, Pat. Tam.—iMalai-tangi, Pilambasi, Visha-badi. Tel. — Chitia
Mutti, Subadevi.
Jelly leaf. The leaves being mucilaginous. Chiknapata— chikna,
means mucilaginous, and pat, a leaf. Bala is the general name for
plants of this genus. There are five such balas, viz., Bala, Maha bala,
Atibala, Naga bala, and Rajabala.
Characters. — Roots woody, hard and fibrous ; taste sweetish, and
resembling common liquorice root ; bark light, yellowish brown ; leaves
cordate, rhomboid or lanceolate, tomentose or more or less dentate,
highly mucilaginous.
Constituents. — The root contains asparagin and gelatine.
Preparation. — Infusion of root (1 in 10). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses, — The roots are cooling, astringent, bitter tonic,
febrifuge, demulcent and diuretic. Given with ginger in fevers
and urinary diseases; also in rheumatism. As a demulcent the
juice is given in gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea and chronic diarrhoea. The
root of S. carpinifolia is locally used by the Hindoos as a paste, with
sparrow*s dung, to burst boils. The leaves of S. cordifolia are made
into varaliams and applied to the eyes in ophthalmia.
Thespeaia Popnlnea. HibiioiiB PopalnM.
Habitat, — Bengal and Ceylon.
Pafts used. — ^The leaves, bark, firuit and seeds.
Vemaculmr. — Eng. — Portia-tree, Tulip tree. Beng. — Poresh.
Bomb. — Bhiudi. Can, — ^Kandarola-mara, Pooarasoo. Cing. — Gansuri,
Suria-gmss. Duk« — Paras-pippaL Guz. — Paraai-pipalo. Hind* — ^Pftras-
ABROMA AUGUSTA
lOX
E'pal, Pahari-pipal. Mar, — Bhendi, Parasa. MalyaL — Puvva-rasha,
ins. — Parisa, Gargha^ Bhanda^ Supara Shavaka. Tarn, — Puvarasa
roaram. TeK— Gangaravi.
Characters. — Leaves thick, cordate, broad, acuminate, with long
petioles, darkish green above and pale beneath ; flotvers large* yellowr
and bell-shaped; fruit a capsule of the size of a common lemon, oblong,
dapressed and coriaceous, when dry of a darkish brown colour ; fresh
fruits abound in a viscid yellow juice, which is highly glutinoua* and
resembles gamboge ; the seeds contain a dark red oil, known as huile-
am^e.
Constiiurnis.-^The heart wood contains a garnet-red resin in-
soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, chloroform and alkalies; sparingly
soluble in benzol and in ether.
Pinparation, — Juice of leaves; decoction of the bark (i in lo).
Dose, I to 7 ounces,
AcHons and uses* — Alterative and stimulant ; the decoction is
given internally in scabies and Other skin diseases. Externally the
juice of leaves \% applied in scabies, psoriasis, &c.; varalians of leaves
arc applied to rheumatic and painful swollen joints,
Starouliaoea. — The silk-cotton^ or Murada Singa family*
Sterculiaceae, from stercus, *' excrement/* in allusion to the foetid
OdOUT of flowers or fruits of some of the species.
ChararUrs, — Trees or shrubs, Leaves alternate, simple or
compound ; flowers white, red or yellow, regular or irregular, perfect
or abortive and unisexual ; petals sometimes absent ; stamens united
by their filaments into a column, indefinite ; anthers, 2-celled, extrose;
fruits a number of follicles or capsular, rarely baccate ; seeds with
fleshy and oily albumen : embryo straight or curved.
Hahiiat. — Tropics and temperate climates.
Properties similar to those of malvaceae, generally mucilaginous,
demulcent and emollient ; some are considered emetic, diuretic and
purgative.
Abroma Auguata*
MahitaL — India.
Parts used, — The root and sap of the bark*
Fifnacular. — Beng. — Ulat-Kambal. Bomb. — Olak Tambol.
Rng. — DeviTs cotton.
Characters* — Small tree or shrub ; leaves ovate, oblong and
serrulate^ under*side tomencose or scabrous ; flowers dark-purple and
drooping ; fruit dry, 5<eUed. capsular, with 5 truncated wings^
dehiscent when ripe, each cell containing numerous black seeds ;
roots with thick, brown, fibrous bark, exuding, when cut, a thick
gummy substance. Dose of the root^ 30 to 60 grs. The sap, 10 to 30
grs.
Constituents. — The root-bark contains gum, wax, a non-crystalUne
extractive matter and ash 11*64 px.« but no manganese.
I02 ADANSONIA DIGITATA.
Actions and uses. — The root and the sap are uterine tonic and
emmenagogue ; with black pepper {riven in congestive and neuralgic
dysmenorrhoea and amenorrhoea, either given a week before or during
menstruation. It is a very valuable substitute for hydrastis, viburnunii
and Pulsatilla.
Adansonia Di^tata— The Baobab tree.
Habitat — Cultivated in India.
Parts used. — The pulp of the fruit, bark and leaves.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Habhabu, Bahobab. Burm. — ^Bila-magjisi.
Duk. — Gorikha-amali, khatyan. Eng. — Monkey bread, Ethiopian
sour gourd. Guz. — Chora Amala, Gorakha Chincha, Sum-
pura (the fruit). Hind. — Rookha, Hathi-khatiyan, Gorak-amli,
Mar. — Churi Chintza, Gorakh-chinch. Tarn. — Papara pulia maram.
Anai-puliya. Senegal — El-omarah, oufa. The fruits El-Kongles.
Gorukha chinch. — Gorukha, the name of a Hindoo monk of
old, and chinch, tamarind. In allusion to the old monk, who is said
to have taught his disciples under this tree. The fruits, when dried
(shells), are used as water pots by the monks,
Hathi Khatiyan — Hathi, elephant, and Katiyan, fibre. It
means elephant's flax, in allusion to the great strength of the fibre
prepared from its bark.
Characters. — Tree with trunk of an enormous size ; fruit, bottle
or cucumber-shaped ; shell hard, woody, light and covered with dull
green felt-like yellowish down or brown hairs. The interior of the
fruit consists of a soft, corky substance, tough and fibrous in structure
and a sub-acid pulp, of a brownish red colour. It consists of mucilage,
which is firmly adherent to and surrounds the seed. The seeds are
enclosed in a horny shell ; they are kidney-shaped, rough externally,
of a rusty red colour, acid flavour and sour taste. The bark 3delds a white
semi-fluid gum, which is colourless, tasteless and insoluble in water. It
contains calcium oxalate and resin.
Constituents. — ^The pulp contains phlobaphenes, mucilage and
gum, glucose, tartrate and acetate of potash, and other salts, &c. The
pericarp contains phlobaphene, albuminoids, gum, colouring matter,
carbonate of potash and soda, &c. The leaves contain wax, glucose,
salts, gum and albuminoids. The bark contains wax, tannin, gum,
albuminoids, carbonate and chloride of sodium and potassium and a
glucoside adansonin antagonistic to strophanthus.
Preparation. — Decoction of bark (i in lo). Dose, i to a ozs.
Actions and uses. — ^The pulp of the fruit is astringent and demul-
cent, given in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, cough and other pul-
monary affections. The bark is demulcent and aperient and given for
similar purposes. As a refrigerant (acid drink), like tamarind, the
pulp is used in fevers. The leaves are used as varalians in painfal
swellings. The dr^ powder of the leaves, called LaUO| is used to t '
excessive perspiration. Dose, 5 to 15 grs.
BOMBAX MALABARICUM.
103
Bombar Malabaricum— B. Heptaphyllufn.
Hahiiai, — India, tropical.
PafU med. — The gum and root .
I'erttacular. — Beng, — Rakto-semul, Bomb. — Musta-semul (the
gum), Supari-ka-phuL Burm. — Lapan-La-i. Can. — Mullu, Biirraul-
mara, Mach&ras. Cing. — Kattu-Imbat Duk. — Sopari-ka-phul,
K ' t-Khaiyan* Eng. — Red silk-cotton tree. Guz, — Shemalo
(i ,1), Mocharas. Hind. — Ragat-semul^ Mocharas, Supari-ka-
SliuL Max. — Sairi. Malyal. — Mulu-elavu, Panj. — Sum. Sans.^ —
foclia, Rjuta-kadruma, Shemaloi Solmali- mocharas. Duk, — Semal,
Kantonka Khatyan. Tarn, — Illavam. Tel, — Buruga-manu, Mocharas
(gumV
KanU-kudruma, means a tree with hard conical prickles. Sopari-
lui'phul^^' ' s a name given to the gum, is fiom sopari— areca
dtcchu, i n to the fact that children masticate the jlunt
thorns of B. ^Malab.iricum*
CkaracUrs. — Tree large, remarkable for its height, and covered
with hard conical prickles, deciduous when in flowers ; flowers large^
rt/i 1,T;ftlHjwilh a green cup-shaped calyx, followed by egg-shaped
^ 5ules ; seeds numerous, of a black colour, and covered by long
%ut^\ li^iis, or a quantity of 6ne cotton; this cotton is not used like
cirdmary cotton on account of smoothness and want of adhesion
between fibres.
Mocharas is not a normal juice, but the product of diseased action,
which cfjtLsists in the proliferation of the cells of the bark ; the gum
unly exudes from the bark, which has been so injured by decay or by
insects. On incisions into the diseased barki a number of small cavities
•re seen, which contain a jelly-like substance, some granular matter and
lUrch. Thus in appearance Mocharas resembles galls more than gum ;
when tint exuded it is in whitish fungous pieces, which gradually turn
led, and finally mahogany-like. In some pieces holes made by msects
Are dbtinctly seen, the galls thus resembling kakada-singa. It is
veiy brittle, the fractured surface being resinous-looking and red.
The taste istringent« and resembles cbikani sopari. The root is as
larjye us a carrot ; bark dark-brown externally and reddish within,
fit and studded with a soft spongy substance. The taste is
kt jit, and cutnmy or mucilaginous. Dose of the gum, 10
to 40 grs.
Cc^»4///.'//«n.— i iic bceds yield 25 p.c, of a sweet non-drying oil, of
a light yellowish brown colour which contains crystalline, insoluble fatty
adds 9a*S p.c. The cake of the seeds contains nitrogenous compounds,
fet, extractive matter, woody fibre and ash.
Pnt^mthn, — Decoction of root (i in 20). Dose, l to 2 ois.
yf : lid mes* — The root is astringent, alterative, demulcent and
(tor. jd in diarrhora, dysentery and menorrhagia ; also in high-
er ' with copious deposit. As an alterative and restorative,
ll. >t^ a pakh (confection) in tuberculosis of the lungs and
I04 KRIODENDRON ANPRACTUOSXnif.
Other wasting diseases. The gum is used as an astringent and
demulcent for the same purposes, but more especially in dysentery,
menorrhagia and in diarrhoea of children. Native women use it
largely after delivery to stop menses during lactation. It is a chief
ingredient in various restorative, expectorant and aphrodbiac
confections* Found to be a valuable substitute Ifor gum kino, red
gum, &c.
Eriodendron Anfraotaosum.
Habtiat.— Asxdi and Africa.
Parts used. — The root and gum.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Sh wet Shimool. Burm. — Tembo-lc-bin .
Can. — Buramara. Cing. — Imbul, Pulim. Duk. — Khatya'n. Eng. —
White silk cotton tree. Hind. — Hattian, Safed-semul, Tulaper.
Guz. — Dholo-shemlo. Maleal. — Paniala, MuUila-pula. Mar.— Shami-
eula, Pandhra Saur. Sans.; — Sveta-shelmah. Tam. — ^Elavum-maram.
Tel. — ^Buruga-chettu.
Characters.'-^TYie tree yields a dark coloured opaque gum, in-
soluble in water. This plant is sometimes preferred to the red silk
variety.
Constituents. — ^Albuminoids, fat, non-nitrogenous extractive. The
ash contains potash and phosphoric acid.
Preparation. — Decoction of root (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 4 dn.
Gum. — Dose, 10 to 90 grs.
Actions and uses. — ^The young roots and fruits are demulcent and
astringent, and used in diarrhoea, dysentery and menorrhagia. The
gum (Hattian ka-gond) is used in bowel complaints.
Heliotares Isora.
J/aditat.-^CenUdl and Western India, Western Peninsula,
Ceylon.
Parts used. — ^The fruit and root-bark.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Atmorha. Bomb. — Murada Siaga. Duk.^
Dhamni Kavuna. Eng. — East Indian screw plant. Cing. — Leeviya gaha.
Guz. — Mriga Shing. Hind.— Kupaise, Joa-ka-phal, Marorphali.
Mar. — Varkati, Dhamani, Maedasingi. Sans. — Avurtuni Mrigashinga.
Tel. — Sayamali. Tam. — Valambirikai. Pers.— Pechak, Burkisht
Hisht bar.
Mriga Shinga, mruga,-deer, and shenga, a horn, deer's horn, from
the twisted form of the carpels.
Characters. — The tree resembles common hazel tree ; fruit
covered with a yellowish brown tomentum, thickest at the base.
The stalk is long and club-shaped; carpels five, slender, angular
and extending from the stalk. Each carpel is of a greenish
brown colour, and twined round the other, giving^ Hm wfaote
fruit the shape of a corkscrew, and opening loomtildilial^ in
fi-ont; seeds many, in a single row, black rhomboid, hiipAj poHmri.'
PKMTAPETHS PHCENTCFA
105
la^tc mucilaginous and slightly bitter ; root-bark dark brow^ and
studded with round tubercles. Dose of the powdered fruit, 5 to 15 grs.
Pn^aratton. — Liniment from powdered fruit. Decoction of root
(t in 10;- Dose, | to i oz.
Act$ons and tises, — Demulcent and mildly astringent. Powdered
fruit is given with other drugs to stop griping in the bowels and
flttulence in children. The root-bark is given in diabetes. The root
may be substituted for that of althaea. The Hindus use the powder of
the root with castor^otl as an application inside the ears in offensive
sores and discharges.
Pentapates Phmnioea.
Habitat, — The hotter parts of India.
Part used. — The capsules,
Verttacular, — Hind, — Dopahariya. Beng. — Katcula, Bandhuli .
Mar.— Timbri-dufari. Tarn.— Naga-pu» Sans. — Bandhuka, Bandhu-
jiv% Arka V^allubha Pushparakta.
Bhandhujiva^ living in association or groups. Arka Vallabha*
bdOTed of the sun, Pushparakta, red flowered.
^ Ckaracttrs.~-P\2Lni found in wet places during the monsoon,
nit capsular; capsules mucilaginous, sub-globose, bristly, s-^elled,
i-valreo; calyx inferior, 5-partite» bristly ; cell containing 8 to 12
seeds* arranged in vertical rows.
Ac^m and uses. — Demulcent, given in coughs and scalding in
the urtne.
PterosperniQii] Suberifolltun.
/r^^f/!(i/.— ilndia. Godaveri forests^ Ginji Hills,
Part used^ — Flowers.
Vernacular, — Cing. — Welaug gas. Tarn, — Teddi maram* Tel —
Nolika-diettu. Hind, — Muchkand. Sans,^ — Much-kunda.
Much Kunda muchu^mungo, means mucus, and kund, a sweet
smelling flower.
Characters. — Flowers white, fragrant* They render water
geUtinous.
Actions and nses.^The, flowers are used externally, [as a paste
in hetni'crania.
Pterospermam Aoerifoliam.
Hahttat. — India, Assam.
Parts tij^^.— Flowers, bark and leaf.
Vernacuiar. — Sans.— Kami kara. Hind, — Kamar-Kath-champa.
Beng.— ^Kanak<hampa. Sikktm — Hathepaila. Nagee. Burm, —
Toung-jihet'iroon.
/V<^if Ab>i.— Bhasm (ash).
I06 STERCULIA ACUMINATA
Acttofis and uses.^Tht white tomentum from the under surface
of the leaf is used as a haemostatic to stop bleeding. The Bhasm, mixed
with kamala, is used as an application in suppurating small-pox.
Staroulia Aoaminata--Kola Aouminata.
Female Kola. — Gongo nuts, kola nuts, guru nuts,
-^/jW^/.— Tropical forests of West Indies, Africa, SoudaD«
Senegambia, Angola.
Parts used, — The seed or nut.
Characters. — Tree handsome and large ; flowers yellow, with
5 follicles, each containing one seed. Seeds, one inch long, and
flattened testa, brownish with blackish spots ; odour nutmeg like ;
taste aromatic. The green canals are present in the pith and bark.
Dose, powdered nuts, 1 5 to 20 grains.
Constituents. — Caffeine, in much larger proportion than in any
member of the group except guarana. Theobromine and a gluco-
side — kolanin, which splits up in the presence of a ferment into
free caffeine and glucose ; also starch, sugar, gum, proteids, fat,
volatile oil, and tannic acid. Kolanin is decomposed by saliva and
gastric juice.
Preparations, — ^Tincture (i in 5). Dose, ^ to 1 drm. Extract.
Dose, 3 to 10 grains. Fluid extract. Dose, 10 to 30 minims. Kola
Wine. Dose, i to 2 ounces. Neo Kola is a coloured powder from
kola nuts, flavoured with vanilla and used as a beverage. Kolatina,
paste of Kola nuts. Dose, i to 2 drs.
Physiological Action, — Kola is a nervine stimulant, tonic and
astringent. The fresh nuts are used as food and as aphrodisiac. This
latter property is due to their containing essential oil which is absent
in the dry nuts. It is eaten to ward off fatigue and depression,
to support the strength, to allay inordinate appetite, to assuage
thirst, to promote digestion, and render those usmg it cheerful in
spirits and capable of prolonged fatigue in the same manner as coca
leaves.
Therapeutics. ^\A\i<t guarana and coca it is used in gastric catarrh
dyspepsia of alcoholism, sea sickness and syphilis. It counteracts
the intoxicating influence of alcohol, and the depressing effects
of tobacco. It is employed in cardiac and nervous asthma. It
contains tannin, and hence given in chronic diarrhoea and in gastro-
intestinal irritation. As an aphrodisiac kola is used to allay the
fense of exhaustion, and thus stimulate the sexual appetite. In
dipsomania, wasting diseases, neurasthenia, and cephalalgia where
caffeine is indicated, it is of benefit. It is a valuable adjunct to the
administration of mercury and iodides, and a good substitute for tea
or coffee. Kolanin is a tonic and stimulant given for neurasthenia
and migraine.
Remarks. — ^The preparations of Kola should be taken at or
between meals.
STBRCULIA URENS.
107
Sterculia Foetida.
Habifaf, — Concan, Malabar, Ceylon.
Parts «Mrrf.^The leaves, fruit and bark.
Vernticular. — Eng. — Hell's Incense, Wild alnoond. Hind»— Jaogli
badnm Mah— Narakha Uda, Narkya Uda. Tarn. — Pinari maram,
Kudrip dukhu.
Kudrap*dukku — resenciblance of its large follicle to the testicle of
a hofiie.
CAflfwtiJrr^.^Lcaves compound, peltate, leaflets 7 to 9, oblong
lanceolate, acuminate ; wood of a light brown colour, soft and fibrous ;
the odour resembles that of human ordure, and hence the name.
carpels oblong, many seeded; seeds elJiptical, an inch long and covered
with a hard brown shell which is velvety within, covered by a felt like
skin, and enclosing an oily white kernel. The^kin softens in water like
bassorin* Flowers panicled, brownish red at the base, and of a
sterooraceous odour*
Q' 'V. — The kernel contains fixed oil, 40 p.c, and
Uairch. 1 is thick^ pale yellow, bland and non-drying, depositing
cryttallinc sohd fats, anci fiitty acids, consisting of oleic, and small
quantity of lauric acids.
Aeimtts and uses* — The fruit is demulcent and astringent, and
In gonorrhofa. l^he leaves and bark are aperient, diaphoretic,
ctiCt and used in dropsy, rheumatism &c. The seeds are used for
eittag^
Stercolia Urens.
Hahitat — ^Throughout India, Ceylon.
Pm ustd. — Tile gum.
Fer$Mcu/an — Beng. — Buli. Can. — Penari. Hind. — BAH, g£iI6,
k(il6, karai, kalru, kur katila, katira. Gust. — Karai. Mar, — Pandnik.
Uvali, kiinduL Sans.— Balika. Tel— Kalvi, ThabsO* Tarn.— Valley
puiali.
Ckaracteri. — Often confounded with cochlosperraum gossypium.
The seeds yield an oil containing much stearin. A gum exudes from
young branches, from panicled inflorescence and from petioles of leaves ;
also from large canals in the oith and bark, where it is contained in
the tissues. It is a soft solio mass, soluble in cold water, forming a
milky solution.
CTustitHtnis. — Mucic acid, obtained by treating gum with nitric
ici4, and ash 4 p.c.
jici^ns and uses* — The gum is used for making native sweet-
nieau ; the mucilage has no adhesive power. Its uses are similar to
those of Tragacanth.
to8
THBOBROMA CACAO,
StaiHmlia ScapUgerm.
Vernacular, — Chinese— Ta-hai-tszc, Boatam-paijang.
Characters. — The fruit contains large quantity of gura. The fruit _
is elongated, ovoid and terminates at the lower extremity by a
oblique cicatrix ; externally dark brown, deeply wrinkled ; pericar
like thin epidermis, containing dark resinous looking pulp aod
cotyledons covered by a thin fragile shell. On maceration, the pericarp^
swells, forming a large gelationous mass.
Constituents. — The pericarp contains a green oil, bas»onn« a brown
astringent matter and mucilage ; the nucleus contains cellular tistyfl
fatty matter, bitter extractive and starch.
Actions and uses. — Similar to those of Tragacanltt*
ByttnariaoesB*
The chocolate family. Trees, shrubs, or under shrubs, sometiroet^
climbing. Leaves simple, alternate; calyx valvate, corolla absent '
stamens hypogynous, definite ; filaments united ; anthers 2-eellc '
introse. Confounded with sterculiaceae, malvacea, and Tiliaceac.
Habitat, — Tropical plants.
Properties, — Mucilaginous. Some species bear edible firuitiw
Theobroma Caoaa, B. P.
Theobroma. Theos, a god j and Broma, food — food for the Gc
in allusion to its delicious qualities.
Habitat, — South America, Brazil, Mexico, West Indies, Tropica*
Parts used. — A concrete oil expressed from the seed$, oleitm
theobromatis, B. P., cacao butter or oil of Theobroma.
Characters, — Fruit large, fusiform, with ten shallow furrows and
With blunt ridges covered with tubercles^ single or 2 or 3 t
Pericarp or shell thick, tough and 5-celled, Seeds many* c!n<;e! t|
in tears, size that of an almond; they are angular and p
another and immersed in the pulp, which is copious, ^
From the pulp is prepared a beverage or a distilled spirit, too parts \
seeds contain is parts of shells or thin husks which envelope the sec
and %% parts of kernels. In the seed is found theobromine, rcsenibltn|
caffeine, Cocoa, otherwise known as rock cocoa, consists of the
with husks roasted, deprived of the oil, ground in a mill mixed with
flour of rice, barley and sugar, and put up in a powdered form. CV ' Vi
contains cocoa mixed with sugar, cloves, sassafras nuts, van i
amatto as a colouring agent, made into a paste and cast into mcjLiJd^
or pressed in cakes. The aroma in chocolate is due to the aromatic
principle which develops when the leaves are roasted.
Chocolate is often adulterated with starch, barley, rice ft^mr,
lard he. Both cocoa and chocolate are used in the p T
agreeable beverages. The beverages often disagree, as 1
fatty and oily substances.
TAMARICACKjR.
109
Cofutitumfs, — The seeds contain about 50 p.c. of a concrete fat or a
fixed oil, which is known as butter of cocao or oleum theobromatis ;
fttarthib p.c. ; an alkaloid theobromine 2 to 4 p.c, ; caffeine and proteids
t8 px* : sugar, colouring matter and ash 3 to 4 p.c. Butter of cocao,
oil df ihcobtoma. To obtain it, warm or drv the seeds or bury them in
1 heap for a few days in a box, and then dry ; next press them
through rollers and extract the oiL The oil may also be extracted by
expression, by decoction or by solution in chloroform or ether.
Characters, — A yellowish white solid concrete mass, breaking
with a smooth fracture, and has the faint odour of cocoa ; the taste is
bland and agreeable ; it has a neutral reaction. It is soluble in alcoholi
ether and oil of turpentine and insoluble in water. The oil contains
sicarine^ and a little oicine laurin, arachin, resin, and glycerides of
formic and butyric acids* Dose, A to i dr.
Theobromine — Demethylxantnine is an alkaloid forming salt
(closely allied to caffeiu). To obtain it, exhaust the kernels with
hot water, add acetate of lead and filter the precipitate ; then
Temove lead by sulphuretted hydrogen, treat the residue with alcohol
and evaporate. It may be synthetically obtained from xanthine, a
substance nearly related to uric acid. A crystalline white pow^der of
a bitter taste ; sparingly soluble in alcohol, chloroform , water and
ellii^r. Dose, i to $ grs.
Preparations of the oiL — Emulsion; suppositories ; Ceratum
theobromine or red salve ; to prepare which melt together, cocoa butter
35, white wax 33, oil of almonds 30, carmine, oil of rose and ammonia
water.
Prefiaratiom of Theotrommt. — Diuretin — a combination with
sodium !*alicylate. Uropherine, a combination of theobromine with
lithium salicylate or with lithium benzoate. lodo theobromine^ a
combination of sodium salicylate and sodium iodide with iheobro-
mtnc,
Ictmtts and uses. — The concrete oil is nutrient, emollient and
ij t, generally used as an excipient for suppositories, pessaries,
ij ^ &c. ; used externally for abrasioni* and inflamed surfaces.
The ,;u sil i! theobromine and its salts are diuretic and nervine
stimn? ! .rnerally given with nitro-glycerine, menthol, cocaine,
s; caffein, &c. Cocoa is used as a nutritious beverage like
iL . but is less stimulant than the latter. As a diuretic and
stmiuUnt it is used in Bright's disease.
TamarioaoeaB.
Tamriricaccjc— The Padvasa or Tamarisk family,
r herbs. — Leaves alternate, entire scale-like ; flowers
Jl, ei spiked; fruits dehiscent and one-celled : seeds numerous
eomosci and without albumen ; embryo straight.
Habitat, — Northern Hemisphere and Mediterranean basm.
Pro^rrty. — ^The bark of some of these plants is astringent, bitter
and tonio. Some species, as Tamarix Manniferai contain a saccharine
no TAMARIX GALLICA.
substance known as Mount Sinai Manna, supposed to be an exudation
produced in conseouence of punctures of species of coccus insects which
infest this plant. The ashes of some species contain large quantities
of sulphate of soda.
Tamarix Oallioa— T. Indloa. T. Orientalls. T. Artioalata.
Habitat — Sind, Panjab, Asia, Africa, Europe.
Parts used. — The galls and sugary exudation or manna. The
galls are called the Tamar fruits in Persian works.
Vernacular, —^T^. — Asl, Tarfa-Jaz, Mazaj (exudation) gazanjebin.
Beng. — Jhav. Bomb. — Mayun (galls). Duk.— Jhav, Ferash. Eng. —
Tamarisk. Guz.— Jhav, Hind. — ^Jhav, Padvas, Ferash. Panj. — Phar-
wan, Pilchi, Rukh. Pers. — Darakhte zamarisk (manna), Gaz. Sans. —
Jhavuka, Shor-gaz. Tarn. — Shavukku. Tel. — Shiri-Saru Manu.
Burree mai. — The galls on T. Gallica are smaller than those of
Majuphala or true galls. These are of a dirty brown colour, roundish or
ovate, irregularly shaped or angled and knotty. They are of various sizes.
Sometimes 2 or 3 are united together; some of them present a slender
(stalk-like) woody portion at their base ; surface tubercled and also
wrinkled; the cut surface brownish red ; the cavity sometimes contain-
ing the insect (coccus manniparus) or a resinous-looking exudation,
which is nothing more than excrementitious matter.
C^oA' iwtii*.— The galls on T. articaluta. The galls are of a darkish
brown colour and knotty, resembling a pea in size. They are smaller
than those of Burree mai. The shape is globular, not angled. The
surface is resinous-looking,. round, knotty, of the size of a pea and of
yellowish brown colour, of a slight balsamic smell.
The manna occurs in small grains, which are white at £rst, but
have a tendency to liquefy and form a yellow fluid-like honey. The
taste is astringent at first, but after a time becomes glutinous. Manna
is produced upon tamarisk willow, or oak, in consequence of the
puncture of an insect (coccus manniparus). Dose of manna, i to 8 drs.
Dose of the galls, S to 15 grs.
Constituents, — Manna; a thick yellow syrupy liquid containing
cane-sugar, glucose, levulose, dextrin and water. Galls contain tannin
SO p. c.
Preparations, — Decoction of galls (i in 10). Dose, ^ to 4 drs.
Tincture (i in 8). Dose, ^ to i dr. Ointment ( i in 5 ). Compound
ointment with opium ( 14 in i of opium).
Actions and uses, — Galls are astringent, used in chronic discharges
and watery fluxes, as leucorrhcea, diarrhoea and dysentery; also in
haemorrhagic diathesis. Locally used as pessaries. The manna is a
mild aperient and expectorant, and forms an ingredient in aperient and
cough mixtures. These galls are as effective as, or rather superior to,
the true galls.
COCAINA*
111
Erythrozylaoeat
General characters, — Tree or shrubs often climbing ; leaves usutUy
i qpporitcor whorled, rarely alternate, stipulate and furnished with peltate
' hatff ; flowcn. perfect or polygamous, arising from imbricated scale-like
brftcts; calyx persistent without glands; petals with two parallel mem-
branous plates at their base ; stigma capitate ; fruits drupaceous, woody
nui or utntroid ; seeds solitary; ovules sessile and anatiopal ; embryo
!ftr%tght.
Hahiiai, — Brazilt West Indies.
Protperties. — Some are tonic, others purgative, and others stU
mulant and sedative. The wood of some is used for dyes.
Erythroxylum Coca, B. P.
flabttaL—V^T\A^ Bolivia, Tea districts of India, Ceylon, Java,
South America
Pkirh Mir//— The dried leaves of En^^throxylum coca, and other
VMictie* <" " 1- Folia, Coca leaves, B, R, and an alkaloid — Cocaina, B. P.
Ej im — from erythros red and xylon, wood. The wood
has a fcvi (.f.i'jut .
Characiers, — A small shrub; leaver small, thin, with short petioles
1^ to y inches long and I to ij inches broad, obovate, entire, glabrous,
obtuse or cmarginate, both sides reticulate, midrib prominent and with
a curved line running on each side from base to apex; colour brownish
ffreen ; odour tc3-like; taste slightly bitter and aromatic \ on chewing
tt benumbs the lips and tongue. Should not be confounded wtth cocao,
th« leaves of Thcobtoma cacao* Dose of the leaves, | to 2 drs.
CnmviitHrnls — Coco leav^ contain hygrine, truxil cocaine (trmciU
Itf" me (a crystalline alkaloid). Benzoyl ecgonine
(a ) I aromatic oil, coca tannic acid, coca wax,
cinnaaiy kuv *ii nc, 4kc. In the Java leaves is found an alkaloid tropo-
cocaine, a compound of benzoic acid and a base.
Hs'grinc, — A volatile liquid alkaloid; colour yellow; taste burnings
odour that of trimethylamine.
Ecgonine is obtained by heating cocaine with hydrochloric acid,
when cocaine will split up into methylic alcohol, benzoic acid and
ecgonine.
Cocaina^ B. P*, Benzoyl methyl-ecgonine.
To obtain Cocaine treat coca leaves with alcohol and acidulate
with sulphuric acid ; treat the precipitate or the colouring matter
wi'*' »'"-v The aqueous solution contains cocaine sulphate; to this
ad ym carbonate, then agitate it with ether and alcohol and
dccu.i n/c with animal charcoal, evaporate and crystallize. The leaves
contain more cocaine than other parts, and a small quantity of other
alkaloids. India and Java leaves contain less cocaine and more of the
other alkaloids. It <x'curs in colourless monoclinic prisms, of a bitter
tist£| ! tion of tingling and numbness on the tongue.
It has .^ ton on uU mucous membranes. It has decided
basic proper tie»f combining with acids to form salts* It is almost
na
COCAINA.
insoluble in water* insoluble in glycerine^ soluble in alcohol (i in lo),
ether (i in 4), chloroform (1 in i), castor-oil, olive^oil and other ftxed
oils (i in 12X oil of turpentine (i in 14), benzol, toluol aod amyUc
alcohol (1 in 3)» petroleum spirit ( 1 in 80). Hot water decompose* U,
forming an acid solution which contains benzoylecgonine, ecgoniue and
cocaine benzoate. Cocaine solution kept for a time becomes mouldy
and covered with fungi. To avoid this, it is recommended to add
boric acid* perchloride of mercury, salicylic acid, camphor, chloroform,
thy molt &c. Dose, ^^q to ^ gr. in pills or tablets. As pure cocaine
is soluble in fats and oils, it is always used externally as local an«esthetic
combined with fatty substances,
PrtparattQUs. — Ceratum cocainae (1 in 30) of petroleum ; used for
burns, pruritis, scalds, urticaria, &c, Bougies of cocaine contains \
grain with cocao butter, used in urethritis. Obstetric cones or supposi-
tories of cocaine. These contain cocaine with boracic acid and butter of
cocao. Coilodmm cocaines contains z p.c. of cocaine with flexible
collodion. It allays itching Emf>iastrum cocainae — 1 in 50, of lead
plaster used for sciatica, neuralgia, corns, bruises, &c. Coca: —
Cocaine oleate contains oleic acid with 5 p.c. of the alkaloid. ► -urn
Cocamec contains cocaine i px. Tabellit cocaitur — Cocaine tiiblct /(^
grain in each with chocolate, given in sea sickness and tn sickness of
pregnancy ; also in chloroform or alcoholic vomiting.
Sails of cocaine. Cocainm citras. — Hygroscopic crystals, used by
dentists. Dose, ^q to \ gr. Cocainm kydrobmmidum^ Dose, tV ^^ i gf*
Cocaitue hydroiodidum — Colourless cr^^stals, slightly soluble m water*
Dose^ A to I gr. Cocaimt hydrockioridum B. P, cocaine hydrochlonie,
cocaine muriate, cocaine hydrochloride. To obtain it, acidulate the
extract of coca leaves with sulphuric acid, neutralize with lime and
filter. To the 5ltrate add hydrcohloric acid and recrysiallize. Itocctifii
in colourless ciystals or white crystalline powder, ha:^ a neutral reac-
tion ; taste bitter, producing a tingling sensaiion on the tongue
followed by numbness. Applied to the eye, it dilates the pupil.
Soluble in cold water u in i), alcohol (1 in 4), in glycerine (1 in
4}. Insoluble in olive oil and ahnost insoluble in ether. Dose. %
10 \ gr.
Cocaine and c/f/oroform anotstkesia. It < n the u>^ xA
chloroform inhalation and at the same time cillv iniccting
cocaine as in operations on the eye and throat. J- b!
P., contains 3*0 grain of cocaine hydrochloride* / ^ rJCr,
tV 8^* t*^ 6 g*"* **^ each. Pi/u/a cocainet hydrochhndt^ ^ gr, in each
witn milk-sugar. Trochisci cocamtx hydrochioridi^ ^ gr. tti each.
InjectiQ cacamtt hvpadtrmica^ B. P„ 11 mininw contain I grain tA
cocaine hydrochloride, known also as Liquor cocaine - • "^ ^ - 7/11,
contains about lop.c. ol the salt mixed with half a grain id
to make 6 drachms of the liquor. Dose, 2 to 5 ms. i \>r
hydrochlfiridi. — Each contaitis ^ grain of the salt, 7>or i
et cocamar^ B.R, contams extract of krameria i gr, and cocaine hv^lro-
chloride ^^ of a gr, tn each* Used to allay irritation oE the tliroat,
CQcaim lactas-^A white thick honey-like mass, easily soluble In
COCAlKA.
^3
water : used locally along with the treatment of tuberculous cystitis
with lactic acid, Oicains nitras — Cocaine nitrate. Large colour-
less crystals^ freely soluble ill water. Dose, ^ to ^ gr. for hypodermic
tfsjecuoD (i in $0). Cocaine salkylas^ cocaine salicylate, minute.
»no IV -white crystals, deliquescent. Used hypodermical ly in spasmodic
ajithma. Dose, ^ to \ gr. Cocainee sulphas. Dose, j'^^ to \ gr, CocmmB
phcmn — Cocaine carbolate, a combination of cocaine and carbolic acid.
Honey-like fluid, soluble in alcohol; used as solution i p.c. Dose»
tto \ gr. in pill. Given internally in catarrh of the stomach,
cally the solution is applied to caried tooth to relieve the pain.
Preparations of coco leaves*
£xtrncttim coca hqutdumy B.P.^ — Liquid extract of coca, Syn, —
Extractum crythroxyli fluidum. It is not raiscible with water unless
fice from wax. Dose, \ to i dr. Elixir cocm, — i in 6 of simple elixir.
Dose, J to 4 drs. Elixir crythroxyli et Guar anm — Each fiuid drachm
contains 7^ grains of coca and guarana each. Dose, i to 2 drs. Exintc-
ium crtcar (solid). In pills or pastils (4 of leaves to i of spirit). Dose,
2 CO 1 5 grs< fnfusum cocm (1 in 50). Dose* ^ to 2 02s. Tmctura
*!0c*» (1 in 5V Dose, i to 2 fluid drs. Fitmm cocm i in 8 of sherry.
Stimulant, checks vomiting caused by irritable stomach and relieves the
pain of gastralgia. Dose, i to J oz. Pusiilius cocte cxiractt 2 J grs. of
the extraa in each* Used in aphonia due to relaxed vocal cords,
Physiftlogical actions, — Coca leaves and their preparations are
remirkable for their food-replacing properties. They are stimulant,
muscular and nervine tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and narcotic. Locally
ansevthetic and nervine sedative. Coca is anoalgous to tea or coffee,
but is more sustaining. In small doses it is an aromatic bitter tonic.
It stimulates the stomach, the nervous system, kidneys, respiration
and the heart and raises the arterial tension ; as a stimulant to the
brain it increases its blood*supply, produces wakefulness, also appeases
iattgue, hunger and thirst and increases muscular strength and power
of endurance. It checks the process of tissue waste and also lessens
the quantity of urea. As a diuretic it increases the flow of urine, and
also stimulates the intestinal peristalsis. Locally it acts on a limited
ar€a« When applied or hypodt;rmically injected its effect on the mucous
meoibranc and the skin is to cause profound an;3esthesia. On the tongue
it destroys its taste and its sensibility. On the eye it causes dilatatitju of
the pupilf paralysis of accommodation and sometimes ptosis. It resem-
bles in its general action atropine In both the eff*ects on the heart,
respitation, bl^od, pupils, salivary glands, skin and intestines are alike.
C ^ •'■ 'Ti, or a cocaine habit^ is marked by loss of appetite, loss of
sleep, ^'S of mind and body, emaciation, general marasniu:>«
udtt :h, hallucinations, debasing habits, selfishness, great
depr.. .inity.
ThftaptuUcs, — The liquid extract of coca leaves is given in sea
sickness, vomiting of pregnancy, in pains due to ulcer of the stomach,
gastric indigestion and in hemorrhage from the bowels* The leaves
are smoked to relieve asthma, hay fever and sore throat. The extract is
given internally in melancholia, epilepsy, insanity, diabetes, sperma*
114 ERYTHROXYLON MONOGYNUM.
torrhcea, &c. In excessive doses coca is injurious like opium or
fermented liquors. In moderate doses it counteracts the injurious
effects of tobacco and alcohol. Coca wine is an agreeable stomachic
stimulant. It checks gastric irritation and vomiting, and relieves the
pain of gastralgia. It relieves hoarseness of voice in singers and speakers;
and is also given in seminal debility. In diabetes it has been tried in
place of codea. It steadies the nerves of excitable persons. Its leaves
may be smoked as cigars. Cocaine hydrochloride is used as a paint or
as an hypodermic injection to benumb the pains of inflamed parts ;
also applied to deaden the sensibility of healthy parts, as the eye, ear,
nose, urethra, uterus, &c. In coryza a 4 p. c. solution is applied to
the nostrils. In gonorrhoea 2 p.c. solution is injected into the urethra.
It is sometimes used as an injection into the back in hydrophobia,
tetanus, incontinence of urine, lead colic, sciatica, lumbago,
in ophthalmic surgery and also in minor operations. Locally the
solution or the oleate is applied to burns, painful ulcers, fissures of
anus, haemorrhoids, &c. As vaginal pessaries it is used in
various forms of retarded parturition where the expulsive pains
are absent or deficient. Its infusion is likewise used as an application
to the throat or as an injection into the bladder before lithotrity or
into the urethra before the passage of sounds or catheters, and to
the gums for teeth extraction. To have a marked effect it should
reach the terminal filaments of sensory nerves. In moles and warts 6
grains to a drachm of glycerine should be used locally before the
application of nitric acid. The oleate of cocaine is a good application
in pruritis ani or vaginae and in skin diseases attended with itching.
Erjrthroxylon Monogynum. E. Indioum.
Habitat. — Western Peninsula, Ceylon, Cuddapah District.
Parts used. — The wood bark and leaves.
Vernacular, — Can. — Adavi, goranti. Eng. — Red cedar, bastard
sandal or cedar. Tam. — Tevadarum, Devdarune.
Cedar in allusion to the wood being fragrant like cedar.
Characters. — Shrub. Bark pale and resinous ; leaves cuneate,
obovate ; wood fragrant.
Constituents, — No cocaine, but the leaves contain a bitter and
tonic alkaloid which may have sustaining property.
Preparations. — Infusion of leaves ( I in 20). Dose, ^ to i oz. Decoc-
tion of the bark (i in to). Dose, J to i oz.
Actions and uses. — Leaves are refrigerant, bitter tonic and
nutrient, possessing properties similar to those of coca. The bark
is also a tonic ; the leaves are eaten during famine times in India.
Cedrelaces.
The mahogany or Toon tree, or Rohana chhala family. It is
composed of large trees: leaves alternate, pinnate, exstipulate and
entire ; flowers generally numerous ; fruits capsular, dehiscent.
CEDRELA TOONA. II5
HabtiaL — Tropical parts of America and India.
The properties of this order are aromatic, tonic, astringent ,
febrifuge and fragrant. Many are valuable timber trees.
Cedrela Toona.
Habitat. — Peninsula and Bengal.
Parts used. — The bark, gum and flowers.
J^ii<»c«/<»r.— Bombay. — Kooruk. Beng. — Toon. Burm. — Thit-
ka-du. Can. — Sauolamara Tanda. Eng. — Indian mahogany, or white
cedar, or toon tree. Hind. — Toona. Malyal. — Arana maram. Mar. —
Rooruk. Sans. — Tunna-Nandevreksha. Tam . — Wunjooli maram.
Tel.— Nandi.
Characters, — Bark smooth and grey ; flowers small, yellow and
sweet scented like honey ; gum transparent, in stalactiform masses,
colour yellow, surface polished. It first swells and then dissolves in
water, forming a thick gelatinous mucilage ; seeds numerous, imbri-
cated and winged.
Constituents. — Resin, extractive matter, gum, &c.
Preparation. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Fruit and bark astringent, but not bitter.
With bonduc nut as a tonic and antiperiodic it is given in fevers,
rheumatism and dysentery ; flowers are emmenagogue, and given in
disordered menstruation ; the wood is used in making surgical instru-
ments ; it must not be mistaken for thuja, which is incorrectly called
white cedar.
ChloFOxylon Swietenla.
Habitat.^ CtyXoii^ Western Peninsula.
Part used. — The bark.-
Vernacular. — Eng. — Satin wood. Cing. — Buruta. Hind. — Rakata
Rohidi, Ragatrora. Mar.— Haladarava, Bhiree. Tam. — Mududa Vum-
maai, Kodavah. Tel, — Biluda-parasham.
Characters. — The tuber of the bark is dark-brown and very
rough from the presence of elliptical corky lentils, which are loosely
attached. When separated they leave a smooth pale surface within.
It yields a kind of gum, dark reddish brown or amber coloured, which is
allied to gum-arabic, is insoluble in water, swells and becomes a whitish
jelly. The wood is the satin wood of India used in making stetho-
scopes.
Constituents, — The bark contains tannin.
Preparation, — Decoction (i in 20). Dose, J to i oz.
Actions and uses. — Astringent and anodyne, used for sprains, con-
tusions and for painful joints.
Il6 CANBLLA ALBA.
Soymida Febrifaga, Bwietenla Febrifiija, B. Rubra.
Habitat. — Indiai Ceyloiu
Parts used. — ^The bark.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Bastard cedar, redwood * tree. Beng.—
Rohana. Hind. — Rohana, Rohitaka. Sans. — Patranga. Can.—
Swamy. Mur. — Rohine Rheyu. Tam. — Shem. Tel. — Sunu, Sonuda.
Characters^ — Bark in tubular quills, about an inch in diameter.
Externally of a brown colour, smooth, with numerous cracks and
covered with small warty growths, which, when they fall off, leave
brown rings ; taste bitter and astrrngent. Dose, lo to 20 grs.
Constituents.'^It contains a bitter principle, colourless resinous
matter, starch and tannic and gallic acids*
Preparation. — Decoction (i in 20). Dose, J to i oz. Tinaure
(i in 8). Dose, ^ to i dr.
Actions and uses. — Bitter tonic, astringent and antiperiodic, like
Peruvian bark ; in large doses it leads to vertigo and stupor ; given
in intermittent fevers, dysentery, general debility and diarrhoea. As
an injection or a wash, its decoction is used in leucorrhoea,
gonorrhoea and as a gargle in sore throat.
Canellaoaa.
The canella order. Leaves alternate ; anthers longitudinal and
dehiscent ; absence of disk, presence of a style ; seeds albuminous ;
flowers unsymmetrical ; albumen horny.
Habitat. — ^West Indies and America.
Properties. — Aromatic, stimulant and tonic.
Canella Alba.
Laurel-leaved canella, wild cinnamon.
Habitat.— 'Vf est Indies.
Part used. — The bark canellae cortex— canella bark. Spurious
winter's bark.
Characters. — Flowers white and aromatic; fruit (berries) blackish;
bark whitish, in quills, 6 to 24 inches long, grey coloured. The corky
layer is orange-red and marked with scars ; inside striated with rjsin
cells ; the odour between that of cloves and cinnamon ; taste bitter and
biting. Dose, 15 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, starch, mannite
sugar ; the oil is sometimes substituted for oil of cloves.
Preparation. — Powder.
Actions and uses. — Aromatic, tonic and stimulant ; given in
gout, rheumatism, secondary syphilis, menorrhagia, amenorrhoea, and
gastric debility ; generally given with aloes.
AMOORA ROHITUKA.
HeUacese.
The bead tree, nima or margosa family.
Trees or shrubs ; leaves exslipulate, alternate, pinnate, or simple,
raierally oblique and serrated ; flowers small and very fragrant ; fruits
baccate, capsular or drupaceous ; seeds few, arillate, exalbuminous.
^^if/fl/.— Tropics.
'. — ^The plants of this order are remarkable for their
bittci lid astringent properties ; some are powerful purgatives ;
some bear edible fruits ; some species are poisonous,
Aglaia Roxbarghiana.
Habtiat. — Western India, Ceylon.
Part ns€*i. — The seeds.
Femacu/ar. — Can. — Totilla-kayi. Hind.— Priangu. Sans. —
PrtyaogSf Syama, Kantatva, Nandtni,
Characters — Fruit subglobose or pilose, i to 2 -celled and I to 2-
seeded ; bu(F-coloured when fresh, brown and wrinkled when dry ;
shell thin» with an aril, pink and fleshy ; seeds flat, irregular and
slightly convex, ^ inch in diameter ; odour aromatic and astringent.
Constituents* — Querci tannic acid and ash.
Prtparathn. — Infusion (1 in 20). Dose^ i to % OES.
Actirm.\ mid uses. — Refrigerant and astringent; used in fevers,
|tirTh(ra and liver aflections ; as an alterative it is given in leprosy.
Carapa moluccensis, Granatum littoreum. A tree of the muddy
coasts of India and Ceylon. The Malays use the bark, which is
letter and astringent, in colic, diarrhoea and other abdominal
difictscs
Amoora Bohituka, Andersonia Rohituka, Maleacea Wightiana
Habitat* — Assam, Oudh, Western Peninsula.
Part used, — The bark.
Vernacular. — Assam. — Amora-amari. Beng.— Tiktaraj. Burm.—
CNyaii-ka yn Can.— Muttala gida. Cing. — HinguUgas. Hind.—
H ii:a. Maleal. — Chemmara Mar.— Rohituka Sans.
■^ hi, Rohera, Piihagna, Plihashatru. Tarn, — Shem-raa-
raai. IW* — Chawa-manu, Rohitaka.
Ptiha*ghna, spleen destroyer ; Pliha-shatru, enemy to spleen.
Ckameters^—FTyxxi dull-yellow or reddish, 3-celIed, containing
5 seeds ; seeds chestnut-coloured, enclosed in thick fleshy arilla ;
bark blaeki.^h brown, externally covered with very rough elliptical
1* >ns and minute fissures; substance of the bark deep,
TL and of a striated short fracture. Fresh bark soft and
can tutsily be cut. Taste very astringent.
Comtiiuents, — Two yellow resins, starchy colouring matter, tannin
and salts ; both resins are soluble in ether, but one is insoluble in alcohol
Il8 MELIA AZEDARACH.
and alkaline solutions the other is soluble in both these liquids, and
is of an acid nature.
/Reparation.— Vecoction ( i in lo ). Dose, i to i oz.
Actions and uses, — ^Alterative, astringent and tonic, given in en-
larged glands, as liver and spleen, in corpulence and in general debility.
Melia Azedarach, H. Bukayun, M. BemperTires.
Habitat. — North of India, Bengal, Mysore, Bombay, China,
United States.
Paris used. — The root-bark, gum, leaves, flowers, fruit and oil of
the seeds.
Vernacular — Arab. — Mab-ul-dan (the seed). Beng. — Maha nimb,
Ghora nim. Burm. — Simbo Karva. Can. — Bavena Betta-da. Cing. —
Luna-middella. Duk. — Gora nimb. Eng. — Persian lilac. Pride of
China, Evergreen bead tree. Guz. — Bakayan. Hind. — Bakayan, Maha
nimb. Malayal. — Malai vempu. Mar. — Goru-niraa, Dongracha lim.
Panj. — Drek. Pers. — Darakat-i-azad, Tak. Sans. — Hemadruma
Parvat nimba, Arishta. Tarn, — Male Vembu. Tel. — Vepa manu,
Nimbarun. Tabrishtan. — Takhak. Shiraz— Taghak.
Characters. — T he root-bark, when fresh is curved or quilled, thick
spongy and warty; externally of a dark-brown colour, with irregular
ndges ; internally brown or covered with white striae ; taste astring-
ent, also bitter and nauseous. The bark yields a gum,which is in large
tears, the surface cracked and fissured, the pieces are vermiform,
colour pale yellow or amber. It is soluble in water, forming
a pale-coloured mucilage ; leaves bi-pinnate ; leaflets obliquely
ovate, lanceolate, acute, serrated and glabrous ; flowers small,
purple, lilac-coloured, sweet-scented and fragrant ; fruit a drupe
when dry, oblong or elliptical, colour reddish, dark brown or
yellow of the size of cherries ; epidermis, shining and wrinkled ; pulp
poisonous, glutinous to the touch and of a disagreeable smell ; nut hard,
of a yellowish brown colour, 5-celled, each cell containing a seed
enclosed in a dark coloured testa ; seed of the shape and size of a
wheat grain, oblong, compressed at the upper part and slightly
pointed, generally of a pale brown colour; cotyledon greyish white and
oily; on crushing the seed the odour is very acid ana disagreeable.
Dose of the root, 15 to 60 grs.
Constituents, — Noncrystalline resinous substance — the active
principle, sugar, tannin, &c.
Preparation. — Decoction of the fresh bark ( i in 10 ). Dose, ^ to i oz.
Actions and uses. — In small doses, the bark is a bitter tonic, astrin-
ent, antiperiodic, anthelmintic, given to children in round worms, and lo
adults in fever and indigestion ; leaves and flowers are alterative and
diuretic. The juice of the leaves is used in fevers, dyspepsia, general
debility, jaundice, worms, scrofula, boils, leprosy, &c. Externally the
flowers and leaves are discutients ; as a poultice they are made warm
and applied to the head in nervous headaches. A poultice of the
AZADIRACHTA INDICA.
U9
flowcTfi^Sia to kill lice and to cure eruptions of the scalp ; a paste of the
leaves is applied hot to unhealthy ulcers, to indolent scrofulous glands
and to pustular eruptions. The drug is a narcotic poison in large doses,
producing giddiness, dimness of sights mental confusion^ stupor, dilated
pupils and sterior. It also acts as a gastro-tntestinal i nritanti producing
vomiting and purging.
Azadiraehta Indioa. Halia Azadirachta.
ffabttat. — Himalaya, Persia*
jRrjr/5 li^^-r/.— The root-bark, fruit, flowers, leaves, gum and oil of
ieedK
Ffrnacu/ar, — ^Ceylon — Kohoraba^ Duk, Beng. — Nim. Burm, —
Kamakba^ Them-bauma, Can, — Bevinamara, Isa-bevu. Cing. —
TelkO'homba. Chin. — Lientaze, Ku-lien-taze. Eng. — Ash-leaved
bead tree, morgosa, Indian lilac. Guz. — Limbado. Hind — Nim.
Malea! — VVeppa, Aria Bepon. Mar, — Limba. Pers.^ — Azaddarakhti-
Hindt. Sans — Nimba. Tarn. — Vembu^ Vepa Veypam. Tel — Yeppa
Nimbarnu.
Chiirnciers, — Bark coarsely fibrous ; externally roughs fissured and
oC a ru&ly grey colour ; internally yellow and foliaceous, readily
st"^"* ! into thin layers ; taste bitter and astringent. The petioles are
t at the base, slender, round and about a foot in length; surface
c! * colour and longitudinally furrowed, taste bitter ; flowers
»• brown when dry and tubular ; leaves pinnate; leaflets
oblii^uc, detualc, lanceolate and smooth on both surfaces, taste very
bitter, fruit when ripe is purple, one^celled, one-seeded, fleshy within,
with a hard, woody shell containing an oily bitter kernel, greenish white
with a brown tesia ; dried fruit resembling small raisin, dark» oval
and slightly oblong; surface wrinkled; pulp adherent to the stone; seeds
of a ^T.iivniih white colour, angular and pointed at the top, surface
ri i and fibrous ; epicarp very brittle and containing one or twa
ah.-^i. * coloured kernels, which are oily and nauseously bitter ; the
expn^sed oil from the seeds contains a large amount of sulphur;
iht c«)lour is pale yellow, odour garlic-like, taste very bitter. It
coagulates at a low temperature without losing its transparency* The
glim :" " ir»h. in vermiform pieces.
i :ts. — ^The seeds contain a resinous oil known as margosa
or netm o\L The bark contains a neutral resinous bitter principle,
Alatgosiue, non-crystalline and without alkaloidal properties, catechiji,
gum, sugar asd tannin.
A! - is obtained by exhausting the bark with alcohol, and
Erecif^ he solution with water. The precipitate is next purified
y «oluii<^n uf benzene, carbon sulphide, ether and alcohol.
R..*;», t.c ^ii^ Margosa or neem oil. The recently expressed oil
from t , when exposed for some time, deposits a white sediment
(:jr ■ ' I L Ditler extract). It is easily soluble in ether, chloroform*
ca ilphidc, benzole. &c. WhenVepeatedly agitated with alcohol
III
m
120 MBLIA DUBIA.
it loses its bitterness and its alliaceous odour. It consists of fixed fatty
acids, probably oleic, stearic and lauric acids, also butyric and valeric
acids. Dose, 2 to 5 ms.
The cake, left after expression of the oil, contains another neutral
principle; insoluble in ether or alkaline solution but solouble in
chloroform.
Preparations, — linctura Azadirachtce (i in 8), — Dose, \ to i dr.
Decoctum Azadirachtce of the root -bark and fruit (i in 5). Dose, i
to 2 ozs. as an antiperiodic.
Punch-nimb-churnu. — A compound powder of five parts of the
tree. These are — leaves, bark, root, flowers and fruit — all pounded to-
gether and used. Dose, 5 to 20 grs.
Actions and uses, — The birk and leaf stalks are astringent bitter
tonic and antiperiodic, and used in intermittent and paroxysmal fevers
and for general debility and convalescence after febrile and other
diseases. The leaves are discutient. and Ipcal stimulant and used
as varalians or poultices to disperse indolent glands and swellings.
The young trees yield a kind of sweet i nice* (toddy) which, when
fermented, is used as stomachic and anthelmintic and is given in
worms and jaundice. The pulp is applied to boils, pustular eruptions,
opens sores and bruised joints. The compound powder pancha
nimba churun is tonic, and given in convalescence after fever. The
fruit is a purgative, anthelmintic and alterative. The oil of
the seeds is bitter, anthelmintic and stimulant, given in leprosy,
intestinal worms, piles and urinary diseases. The gum is used by
lying-in women as a uterine stimulant. The seeds are used for
killing pediculi, and the powdered kernel for washing the hair and
as a remedy for mange in dogs. The oil, mixed with other oils, is
applied to skin diseases, suppurating scrofulous glands, and leprous
ulcers. It is rubbed on the skin in rheumatic affections and to the head
in headache. The oil contains sulphur, add therefore, with alkalies, it
is used in skin diseases.
Remarks. — The Nimba is one of the pancha-tikta, or five bitters.
MeliaDubia, M. Buperba, M. CompoBita, M. SobuBta.
Habitat. — E. and W. Peninsula, Ceylon.
Part used, — The pulp of the fruit.
Vernacular, — Bomb. — Kodu-khajura. Can. — Kad-bevu Ara-bevu.
Cin^. — Lunu-midella. Guz. — Lembarro, Kadukbajur. Hind. — Din-
karling. Mar. — Nimbarra. Sans. — Arangaka. Tam. — Mallay
Vemboo.
Kadukhajur means bitter khajur (dates). Kalakhajur is black
dates. The fruits resemble dates.
Characters, — Tree smaller than Melia-azadirach ; fruit, when dry,
resembling a date in size, shape and colour ; epidermis, dark-brown and
deeply wrinkled, also rugous ; apex blunt and studded with small
tubercles, with a stalk and a five partite calyx at the base* Pulp firmly
SYCACAHPtJS RUSBYr,
121
adherent to a large and very hard stone, it is sticky and of a brownish
fed colour, swelling when soaked in water ; taste of the pulp bitter
and nauseous ; seed covered with a dark- brown polished testa ; kernel
very oily and of sweet taste. Dose of the pulp, 30 to 60 grs.
CotistitHtttis, — A glucoside, a fatty oil, wax, malic acid, glucose,
inucilige and pectin. The glucosidef is a crystalline bitter principle^
af a slightly acid reaction, soluble in alcohol, ether and water.
Acticms and uses^ — Bitter carminative and anthelmintic, given in
colic and other bowel complaints, and also in worms. Locally an
ohument niade of the juice of fresh fruit, with sulphur and curd heated
together, is used for scabies and wounds affected with maggots.
Naregamia Alata
The Goanese ipecacuanha.
HahitaU — Western Peninsula, India.
/hr/j used, — The stem and roots.
Vernacular, — Can.— Nela-Narigu, Nalakanu-gida. Goa. — Trifolio,
lvac;tft. Mah, — Kapur Bhendi. Malay — Nela naregam. Mar. — Pittve.
Plrtpapra. Pittmari, Tinapana.
Avicari (Goa). a corruption of the wordocari, which means emesis.
The root is used as an emetic,
CharacUrs, — Stem dirty green, bark firmly adherent, slender^
sparingly branched and rising from the root-stalks ; root-stalks knotty,
contracted and warty; tubers mealy; powder light-brown; odour like
that of valerian, pungent and aromatic ; taste slightly bitter and
nauseous* Dose, 5 to 10 grs.
Conshiuntts. — It contains an alkaloid — ^Naregamine, an oxidizable
fixed oil, wax, sugar, resin and alcoholic extract (containing asparagin),
gctm, ttarch, pectin, albuminous and colouring matters and ash 10 p*c.
Naregamine. — To obtain it, agitate the extract with dilute
sulphuric -icid. It is an amorphous, slightly coloured residue. It forms
lalts w ^ uric, nitric and hydrochloric acids. The solution is
precipi. aanin, potassio mercuric iodide, and iodine.
/Vij>ifr#?/»b/*x.— Tincture (i in S)* Dose, \ to 1 dr. Liquid
extract of a golden brown colour. Dose. 45 to 75 ms. Decoction
(1 in 10), Dose, J to i to oz.
AciiQns and uses, — Diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, and stimulant
to the mucous membranes ; given in dysentery with success. It is
alio given in rheumatism and biliousness. It is a fair substitute for
^ecaoianha.
Syoaoarpoa Raabyi.
Salt tat •^SoxMh America.
Bart usedn — ^The bark.
122 AURANTIACEiE.
Characters, — The odour of the bark is slight^but peculiar, and
the taste unpleasant, not bitter, and slightly nauseous.
Constituents: — Oxalate of lime in large monoclinic crystals.
Gutta-percha, a resinous secretion, a yellowish-white, amorphous,
sometimes slightly granular substance ; caoutchouc ; and an active
principle.
Preparation, — Fluid extract. Dose, 5 to 30 ms. Tincture (i
in 10). Dose, \ to i dr.
Actions and uses.— At first stimulant, expectorant like apomor-
phine, carbonate of ammonia, and strychnine and then sedative ; given
m acute bronchitis and in chronic pulmonary cases accompanied with
viscid secretion, or when the cough is dry and harsh.
Walsura Pisoidia, Triohilia Trifoliate, T. Emetioa.
Habitat, — Travancore, Ceylon, Malabar.
Parts used. — The bark and nut.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Jauz-el-kai, Rukeh. Burm . — Joe-boe.
Tam. — Walsura . Tel. — Walurasi.
Jauzel-Kai means an emetic nut.
Characters. — Bark J inch thick, brown, irregularly and longitudi-
nally fissured, separated in flakes. The liber is cinnamon coloured,
hard and compact ; taste bitter and astringent.
Constituents. — Saponin, a resin of a light brown colour and
tannin.
Preparations. — Ointment of the powdered nut.
Actions and uses, — The bark is stimulant, expectorant, emmena-
gogue and violent emetic. The nut is used as a hair- wash to kill lice.
The ointment is used to cure itch. The bark is used to poison fish.
Remarks. — The fruit of Randia dumetorum is often used as a
substitute for emetic nut.
AurantiaoeaB. — The orange family.
Aurantiacae — aurum (gold), from the yellow colour of the firuit.
Characters, — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipylate,
dotted, and with the blade articulated to the winged petiole ;
flowers regular, fragrant ; calyx short, urn shaped, 3 to 5 -toothed ; petals
or sepals equal in number ; stamens equal, or some multiple of tnem ;
disk hypogynous and annular ; fruit indehiscent; seeds solitary or
numerous, ex-albuminous ; cotyledons thick and fleshy.
Habitat, — Chiefly natives of East Indies, cultivated throughout the
warmer regions of the globe.
Properties. — ^The plants have receptacles containing an essential oilf
which renders them fragrant ; used m perfumery and fqr flayuWfilllg
purposes. The volatile oil is found in leaves, petals and rinds or IntftSi'
The rind contains also a bitter principle. The pulp is acidaod SMMMfli^;: ''Jik
CITRUS AURANTJUM.
193
CitruB Aurantium. var. Bigaradia, B. P.
?, Vulgaris, — The bitter orange.
Aurantium, from aurum, gold. From the colour of the fruit.
Orange, from Arabic naranj.
Habitat. — North India, Circars, Aurangabad, West Indies, United
lies, Spain.
Parts used, — The fresh outer part of the pericarp— Aurantii
Cortex Rccena B* P. The dried outer part of the pericarp— Aurantii
Cortisx Scccatus B. P., orange flower* B. P, And the volatile oil
distilled from fresh flowers.
V^rnactiiar* — Arab.— Naranj. Beng. — Kumla-neebu, Narangi.
Bium. — Liet)g*mau, Sung-zen. Chin. — Kan, Kiuh. Can, — KittaTe*
Cine. — Ntrang-ka. Duk.^ — Narangi. Eng. — C. aurantium, the sweet
or Portugal orange and Citrus vulgaris, the bitter orange or Caracoa
orange. Hind, — Narangi, Kamlaneeboo, Indian Cintra. Malay. —
Simio, Jeruk-manis, Maleal. — Madra^ Narranji, Mar, — Naringa.
Pcrs.— Karang. Ponuguese— Porto-gallatto. Sans.— Swadu-naringa,
N* ira» Karuna-nerabu. Tarn.— Kitchili Kolinjy*
Ti: iili^ Narangamu.
CiiiUa ib Uic iuroe of the mountain valley near Lisbon^
Characters,— A small tree, with beautiful foliage ; spines axillary,
solitary, young shoots glabrous ] leaves ovali elongated ^ acute,
somcttraeji slightly toothed ; petioles more or less dilated and winged ;
flowers fragrant » large and white ; fruit nourishing, roundish or ovoid,
usually ' d, reef or yellow, terminated by a small knob ; cells 9 to
I2t mar \\ rind convex, containing vesicles of oil ; colour deep
or*r Lxtcrnally, rough and glandular; inner surface covered with
^nv It of spongy portion \ pulp sweet. Epidermis glandular
inner layer spongy , of a fragrant pleasant odour and
: :dc taste. Dried rind in thin strips or bands. Dose of the
rind, 15 to jogrs.
Cr--' ' — f^. — The rind of tlie Iruit Lontams a volatile oil,
iBoniefi tl of turpentine ; gum resin, a fixed oil, hesperidin^ a
bitt jjine principle, tannin, ash 4-5 px. The flowers and rind
of fruit contain a volatile oil called oil of neroli ; a fragrant
veUoU' 1 of a bitter aromatic taste ; soluble in alcohol (i to !)♦
It glVT: Liliar odour to eau-de-cologne or to Spirilus odoratus.
Dose, I lu 3 nis. The leaves and young unripe fruit contain a volatile
oil called the oil of orange leaf or neroU petit grain^ or essence de petit
grain. This oil contains Limonene 20 px., Nerolol 30 px*, Nerolyl
acetate 40 p.c, Geraniul 3 p.c.
J^ifiarafktfu.'— Of the rind, Infusum aurantii^ B. P. (1 in 10).
Dose, ^ to I oat. Ex true turn aurantii amtiri fimdum. — Fluid extract
of bitter '^♦n^t^e pecL Dose, ^ to I dr. Infuutm aurantii composifum^
B^ P.— ' peel \ ounce, fresh lemon peel ] ounce, cloves
55 ?n^' ^it. Duse, I to 1 oz, Syru/^tts atvmaticm^ B* P.,
Tir 2*, aqua cinnamomi 5 ozs.^ syrup 10 ozs. Dose,
^ ! :itiSftiii fhrix B. P. (i of orange flower water m o).
124 CITRUS MEDICA.
Dose, i to I dr. Syrupus aurantii{i of tincture in 8). Dose, ^ to i dr.
Tinctura aurantii, B. P. — Tincture of orange peel (i in 4). Dose, 30
to 60 ms. Elixir aromaticum, — Aromatic elixir contains compound
spirit of orange, precipitated calcium phosphate, syrup, alcohol and
water. Dose, i to 3 drs. Vtnum aurantii, 6. P. (10 p.c. of alcohol).
Dose, 60 to 120 ms. Aqua aurantii floris, B. P. Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Orange peel is also an ingredient in the preparation of tinctura
gentianae composita. Dose, i to 4 drs. Tinctura cinchonse composita.
Dose, I to 4 drs.
Actions and uses, — Aromatic bitter, stomachic, carminative
and stimulant of the nervous system. These properties are due to the
volatile oil it contains. Its preparations are valuable additions to bitter
infusions used in dyspepsia and flatulence, but they are used mostly as
adjunct to other stomachics as a flavouring agent. It is invaluable in
scurvy. The oil, in large doses, produces violent colic and even con-
vulsions.
Citrus Hedioa, var. Limonum, B. P.
Habitat, — North India, Mediterranean, foot of Himalaya; cultivated
in Southern Europe.
Parts used. — Juice — Succus Limonis, B. P., and the fresh outer part
of the pericarp, Limonis cortex, B. P., and volatile oil, oleum Limonis,
B. P.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Lemu Qalambak. Beng. — Karna-nebu.
Bur. — Kigi-samyasi. Can. — Dodda-nimbe. Cing. — Lokka-dehi. Eng.
— ^Truc lemons. Guz. — Motu-limbu. Hind.; — Korina-neboo. Malyd.
— Valya-cheru narauna. Mar. — Thora-limbu. Pers. — Kalanbak. Sans,
— Limpaka, Maha-Jambira, Nimbuka, Vijapura, Madhukarkatika.
Tam. — Periya-elumihcham. Tel. — Pedda-ninuna-pandu.
Characters— A straggling bush or tree, more tender than the
orange tree, having many angular branches ; colour of the bark
grey, that of branches green, and that of twigs reddish ; leaves
spiny, evergreen, ovate, acute and serrate ; flowers sweet scented ;
colour from white to purplish pink ; fruit ovoid, berry with nipple-
shaped extremity, the rind — Limonis Cortex is smooth and marked
with punctations over the oil glands ; pulp acid and yellowish.
The natives use in medicine two varieties — Godaria Limbu thick-
rinded ; the Kagaji limbu has a thin rind. In shape both are
globular, their size varying from walnut to that of a small orange;
colour also varies from shades of green to yellow ; their interior
is juicy. The juice succus limonis, lemon juice is acid ; each
lemon yields from 6 to 8 drs. It is contained in conglomerated
cells separated in different layers or carpels. On the margin of each
layer one or two seeds are attached ; seeds smaller than those of orange ;
rind or the peel is in narrow thin bands, adherent to their spongy
white inner layer. It has a deep yellow colour and is glandular, odour
fragrant, taste bitter aromatic. The fragrancy is due to the presence
of the volatile oil in the rind.
Citrus iiedica.
1^5
Citrus Hedica. Yar* Citron.
//ahtlat^Foot of the Himalaya, Peninsulat
f^tiii used, — The rind, juice and oil.
Vertiacular, — Arab. — Utraj. Beng. — Honsa nebu Begpura-
Borob.— Mahal uag. Bur. — Sh-Onsakhava. Can. — Mada-lada-hannu. —
Eog. — Citron. Guz. — ^Turtnj, Bijorun. Hind, — Mahalung Leemoo.
Maleal — Narauna. Pers. — Duk-Turanj Liraoo. Sans. — Phalapural
karima MahaJunga, Tarn. — Nartlamlpaihara, TeU— Mahipala,
Btj^aJpura.
CkaracUn, — The fruit is pineapple shaped, large and oblong;
peel pale yellow, rough, from the presence of oiKglands, inner surface
naving only a small quantity of white spongy portion. The juice
cootnim 7 to 9 p. c. of citric acid and is a slightly turbid yellowish
liquid.
Constiiuent^. — Lemon juice contains citric acid 7 to 10 p,c.,
phosphoric and malic acids ; also citrates of potassium and other bases;
ftugmr, mucilage and ash. Dose, 4 to 6 drs. Lemon peel contains
a volatile oil, hesperidin, a bitter crystalline glucoside, chiefly in the
while of the rind ; and ash 4 p.c. Hesperidin, a bitter principle
5 10 S p« c. in yellow crystals, sparingly soluble in boiling water and
^th«r, readily soluble in hot acetic acid, also in alkaline solutions.
Volatile oil. Oleum limonis, B, P,, is obtained by expression from
fresh lemon peel, and is isomeric with oil of turpentine. It is a pale-
ycUow limpid liquid of a fragrant odour and aromatic bitter taste,
foluble in alcohol (i in 3)* It contains citrene or limonene 76 p.c,
citrol 7^ p.c.» cymene and citronellaJ- Dose^ 1 to 3 mi,
Prtparatiom^ — Spiritus limonis, spirit of lemon ; used for flavour-
iog purposes. Spiritus ammoniae aromaticus, B, P. Spiritus aurantii
compositus. Acidura Citricum — Citric acid— obtained from the juice
of the lemon or the Itme, by adding chalk to form calcium citrate and
by decomposing by sulphuric acid. It occurs in colourless rhombic
crystals, soluble in water. The solution of 17 grs. in 4 drs. of
water is equal to 4 drs. of lime juice; or sufficient to neutralize potas-
sium bicarbonate 25 grs* or sodium bicarbonate 20 grs., or Am-
monium carbonate 15 grs. Dose, 10 to 30 grs. Tinctura limonis, B.P,
tf id 4)* Dose, 30L0 60 ms. Syrupus limonis, B.P, Lemon peel j ounce,
emon juice 25 ounces, sugar 38 ounces, alcohol q.s. to weigh 4 pounds
and one ounce* Dose, | to i dr.
Actions a fid uses* — The juice, rind of the fruits and volatile oil
are used in medicine. The peel is bitter tonic and stomachic, used
(oc flavouring cinctures and infusions* It is also stimulant and
cartainative, given in indigestion, flatulence, and as a corrective to
purgatives. It is also extensively used to disguise the taste of
nicilicines such as quinitie, &c. The lemon juice is refrigerant,
couliug and antistorbutic, analogous to orange juice, but it contains
more citric acid and less syrup, and hence called acid of lemons,
T- l: taken internally enters the blood as alkaline citrates,
\ I salts and phosphoric acid. The citrates are partly oxidized
I2b CITRUS BERGAMIA, C. LIMETTA.
into carbonic acid and water. The potassium salts and phosphoric
acid act upon the red corpuscles. They precipitate uric acid and
thus promote the formation of calculi. If long continued, the
juice or citric acid impairs digestion and impoverishes the blood.
It is supposed to dissolve organic matters in the system; hence used in
the treatment of atheroma. Fresh juice is useful in scurvy. It is an
ingredient in many refrigerant and diuretic effervescing drinks,
used in allaying febrile heat and thirst, in subduing restlessness,
promoting the action, of the skin and kidneys. It is given in inflam-
matory affections and in dyspepsia with vomiting. Its power of
conveying alkalies into the blood renders it useful in acute rheumatic
affections, sciatica, lumbago, &c., also given in obesity in large
quantities with good results. It is often used with potassium bicar-
bonate and honey by the natives as a gargle in diphtheria and sore
throat. Externally it relieves itching if applied in pruritis of the vulva,
scrotum, is applied in sun-burn, and to check post partem haemorrhage.
The essential oil is a stimulating liniment for the relief of rheumatic
pains. The juice of baked lemon is used in bilious affections and to
stop diarrhoea.
Seville or Bigardi orange comes from Spain, Madura, China
and India. Mandarin (citrus levensis) comes from South of Europe ; the
latter is very small in size, flattened at both ends and has a very thin
rind.
Citms Bergamia, C. Limetta.
//abttaL^ltsLly^ Sicily, France, Jamaica, Indian Peninsula, Bengal.
Pari used, — The soluble oil from the rind of the fresh fruit.
Vernacular, — Arab; — Limu, Limu Hamiz. Beng, — Niboo.
Burm. — Than-ba-ya, Shouk. Chin. — Tan-pu-lo. Can. — Nimbe-hanun.
Cing. — Dehi. Duk. — Limboo. Eng. — Acid lime, Bergamotto lime,
AdamVapple, common sour lime. Guz. — Nimbu. Hind. — Neemboo.
Mar. — Zimbu. Malay. — Eroomitchee-narakam cheru-narama. Pers. —
Limue-rtush. Sans. — Nimbooka, Jambira-phalam. Tam. — Elumich,
Elimicham. Tel. — Gaja-nimma, Jambira-nimma.
Characters.— A. small tree, resembling in characters lemon, orange,
&c. Flowers small, of a delicious peculiar odour ; fruit paler coloured
than lemon, pyriform or globose, and smooth; rind with receptacles for
oil ; pulp greenish, aromatic and of an acid taste.
Constituents. — The rind of the fresh fruit contains a volatile oil,
hesperidin and ash. The volatile oil, Oil of Bergamot is obtained from
unripe greenish but full-grown fruits by expression and distillation
of the outer rind. It is a greenish thick liquid, faintly acid, of a
peculiar fragrant odour and aromatic bitter taste ; soluble in alcohol,
liquor potassae and glacial acetic acid. It contains several hydrocarbons,
such as Cilrene, Bergaptene or Bergamot camphor ; Linalool and
linalool acetate (or bergamiol), upon which its value chiefly depends.
It is an ingredient of spiritus odoratus.
^GLE MARMCLOS.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant and aromatic* The natives use the
juke as refrigerant, antiscorbutic and antiseptic in dyspepsia, fevers,
and vomitini;. The oil is chiefly used externally as a perfume in the
manufactuT' ofrnrlct articles.
Butac68Q.
The rue family.
Trc€s» shrubs* or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite,
exstipuhte, simple or pinnated and dotted; flowers regular or irregular
and perfect ; calyx and corolla with a quaternary or quinary dis-
Iribuiion of their parts ; ovary sessile or elevated on a gynophore ;
fruits capsular, carpels united or distinct ; seeds solitary* or in pairs»
radicle superior.
//uplift?*,— *South of temperate zone; cultivated in the East.
/¥o/tfr/ilpi.— Antispasmodic, febrifuge, diuretic and tonic,
^gle Marmelos.
Cratie\a marmelos, Feronia pellucida.
Habitat, — Malabar, Coromande!, drj^ forests in India*
/^r/i ined. — The fruit (pulp),
Vemacuiar, — Arab — Sapharajale-hindi, ShuL Beng, — Shriphal,
Beta. Bomb. — Shriphah Burm.^ — Oosheet. Can. — Bila-patri-hannu,
Cing.— Bellika. Duk — BelphaK Eng. — Bael, Bengal Quince. Gnz. —
Bilinu-phjil. Hind. — Shriphal» Bda. Malay.^ — Taoghai, Mar, — Bela,
Pcrs*— Saphnrn-jale-hindi. Maleal — Kuvelam. Sans. — Bilva-phalam,
Mahura. Tam. — Vilva-maram* TeL — Maradu-pandu, Malu-reniu-
chcttu.
Shriphal is derived from Sbri — the goddess of abundance^ and
phali a fruit. It is an emblem of increase and fertility. The tree is
sacred to the goddess of riches, :ind is cultivated everywhere in Hindu
gardetu. "^ is also the nanje given to cocoanut, in allusion to
IM fruit p< ^ ^n abundance of good properties.
Ckaractsrs. — Fruit of various shapes and sizes, ovaJ, oblong^
elliptical, roundish. Smallonesof thesizeof a hen*s egg, large ones being
as big as cocoanuts. Rind very hard, woody, nearly smooth, becoming
%v ■ » dry and of a lightish yellow, cherry-red or brown colour,*
StAf cTcled and dotted ; pulp of a brownish red colour, firm, and
haviiig ii or more stony carpels, and in the cavities between the
carpels and surrounding the seeds is a ten aceous transparent gluten like
or a gummy resinous substance in angular fragments, of a reddish
brown colour, which becomes hard on drying, but continues transparent.
It is insoluble in water. The carpel contains seeds» which are hairy^ one
or more in each carpel; odour (of the pulp) aromatic and agreeable; taste
astringent and resembling that of jambu ; leaves pinnate or ternate,
IcaHets oblong, broad Janccolate and crenulate ; green or dark green
lit colour, itnntiih» shining and thick, and of an aromatic smell and
la^' r; thin, of a light pink colour and somewhat astringent,
D' [I, IS tosogrs.
128 ATALANTIA MONOPHYLLA
Constituents. — The pulp contains mucilage, pectin, sugar, tannin,
a volatile oil, bitter principle, and ash 2 p.c. The wood ash contains
potassium and sodium compounds, phosphates of lime and iron,
calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, silica, sand, &c. The fresh
leaves, on distillation, yield an oil of a yellowish green colour and
neutral reaction, of an aromatic odour and bitter taste ; soluble in
alcohol and miscible with carbon bisulphide.
Preparations. -'¥,yitT2LQt}im bela liquidum. Dose, i to 2 drs.
Decoction (i in 5). Dose, J to i oz.
Aciiofis and uses.— -The ripe fruit is nutritious, delicious, aromatic,
alterative, and laxative. It is given with sugarcandy to prevent
the growth of piles and to remove habitual constipation. A
decoction of unripe or half ripe fruits, or unripe fruit baked for 6 hours
is astringent, digestive and stomachic, and is given in diarrhoea and
dysentery. When taken in excess it often causes flatulence. Syrup
of ripe fruits is used in dyspepsia. The root-bark is refrigerant, and
is given in fevers, asthma with palpitation of the heart. In native
practice a poultice of the leaves is applied to the head in the delirium
of fever, and to the chest in acute bronchitis. The decoction of the
leaves is given in asthma. A marmalade of bael fruit is a household
remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery.
Remarks. — The root is one of the ingredients of the decoction of
dasa mula^ or the ten roots.
Atalantia Monophylla.
Limonia Monophylla, Trichilia Spinosa.
Habitat -VJestQxn Peninsula, Ceylon, Malabar Coast, Ghauts,
Bombay Presidency, Mahableshwar^ Coromandel.
Part ^^flf.— The oil.
Vertiacular. — Eng. — Wild lime. Can.— Katunimbe. Maleal.
— Malvaregam. Mar. — Makhur-limbu. Tam. — Katelle-nucha. Tel.
— Konda-nimma.
Characters. — Leaves fragrant like those of orange ; berry globular,
yellow, divided into 4 cells by membranous septa ; pulp like that of
lime, but scanty, each cell containing one seed ; rind, of a faint
odour of orange peel and full of oil cells ; oil is aromatic and of a dark
green colour.
Preparation. — Decoction of the leaves.
Actiofis and uses. — The oil is only used externally as a stimulant
in rheumatic joints, paralytic limbs, &c. The root is antispasmodic
and btimulant. Decoction of the leaves is applied in itch.
Barosma Betolina, B. P.
B. Crenulata. B. Serratifolia.
Habitat. — South Africa, Cape Colony.
Part used. — The dried leaves. Buchu folia, B. P. Buchu leaves.
PERONIA ELEPHANTCM.
rs9
HBTo&ma, from baros, heavy, and osme, smell or odour. The
*ot ihe leaves is heavy and powerful, Betulina, from Betu»birch»
the Icaveii resemble those of birch tree* Creaulata, from crena» a
tioicht the leaves are crenulate or notched.
CkaracUrx. — Shrub. R Bctulina leaves i to | inch long^ of a
duK ' colour, rhomboid, ovate, rigid, and cartilaginous
wli glabrous, somewhat warty, margin denticulate^
apcjc bluui fiiiil recurved; oil glands visible near the margin ; odour
liid Uusie strong and characteristic. Dose of the leaves, 15 to 30 grs.
Ccmtihunts, — Volatile oil, resin^ ligain, bitter extractive principle,
(rutin, or baraismin) gum and salts.
V^latiU oily obtained by the distillation of the leaves is the acuse
principle and contains a body of a peculiar, penetrating, peppermint-
like odour ; on cooling it separates barosma camphor or mosphenol, a
Iteoropten occurring in white needle-like crystals.
Pfeparati^jfis. — Intusum Buchu B. P, — Infusion of Buchu (1 in
30). Dosei I to 1 oz. Exiractum buchu tluidumi fluid extract of
buchu. Dose, 10 to 60 ms, Tinctura Buchu, B, P, — Tincture of
Buchu (I in 5). Dose, J to i dr.
PkyxioJogical action, — Diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. In
Ansalt doses it causes a sense of heat in the stomach, increases
appetite^ uimuTatcs the heart beat, and increases the action of the
&kto by can 'U diaphoresis* It is eliminated by the kidneys, the
urine bcco r;er and of a strong aromatic odouri leaving a
brownish deposit- In large doses it is a gastro-intestinal and renal
iirttanti producing vomiting, purging and strangury.
Thttaptiidci* — Given in gravel* chronic pyelitis^chronic bronchitis,
ciurrh ul the bladder and in urethritis ; also in diseased prostate^
in litbia»T9, and in retention or incontinence of urine. In atonic
dyspepdia, chronic rheumatism it is generally combined with alkalies.
Fiitmia Elepbantum, Anisiphalins Rumphli, Crateeva Yallanga*
HahiiaL — India, Gujerat, Bengal, Travancore.
Psrts used, — The leaves, ripe and unripe fruit and gum.
Vernacular, — Arab.— Kabit. Beng, — Kat-bel. Burm. — H^man.
Can^— Hi V tUrf.i^ Kavita V'nksea. Cnig,— Dewul. Duk.— Kavit,
Eog,— c apple or wood apple, London — Ararad (gum). Guz. —
Kavit K n *- gund (gum). Hind, — Bhuin-koit, Katbel, Kawit.
Maly*L— \ i^m. Mar* — Kavitha. Pers.— Kabit. Portuguese, —
Balong, b^ns- Bhu-kabid-thazi, Kupitha, Kapiprya, Dadhiphala.
Tarn.— Vela Villa Vila, Vellanga. Tel.— Kapihamu Nola, Puli.
Elephant ;ipplc or wood apple. The pericarp of the fruit is hard
like wa(>d nr elephant skin,
Rapitha^ the apple on which tnonkeys dwell, Kapipriya, that
which \s dear to monkeys. Dadhiphaia, Dadhi or Dahi means^
coagulated milk» and Phal, the fruit. The taste of the fruit resembles
thai «if LtKH'uliiteLi nvilk.
130 LIMONIA ACIDtSSIMA.
Characters. — Leaves with from S to 7 leaflets, pinnate, cuneate or
obovate, crenate at the top, pellucid and dotted. When crushed they
smell like fennel, varialee ; fruit light grey or dirty white in colour,
globose and covered with a scurfy epidermis; rind dull green, woody,
granular and very fragile ; pulp of a pale greyish pink colour ; seeds
numerous, oblong, compressed, thick and fleshy; smell aromatic ; taste
somewhat acid and astringent. The gum, ghati gund^ is semitrans-
parent, and in roundish tears or irregular masses, colourless, or
of a yellow or brownish red colour. With water it is readily
soluble without residue, and forms a thick, tasteless, viscid mucilage
like that of Bavala gund (gum acacia), the major portion is different
from gum-arabic, and contains abundant crystals of mucic acid.
Dose of the pulp, 15 to 25 grs.
Constituents. — The pulp contains a large quantity of citric acid
with potash, lime and iron. The leaves yield an essential oil similar
to that obtained from bael leaves.
Preparation. — Fluid extract. Dose, ^ to i dr. medicated oil.
Puncha Kapittha. Composed of the five allied products, viz. flowers,
bark, fruit, leaves and root, made into a medicated oil and applied to
the whole body in fevers. Compound powder. Kapith Ashtaka —
Kapith — Elephant apple. Ashtaka, eight. A compound preparation
of eight drugs, which are highly astringent. These contain
Kapith or Koth (the pulp) 8, Sakar 6. Dalimba-chhal 4, Amali-
chhal 3, Bela-phal 3, Dhauri-phul 4, Naga-kesar i, Taj 4. Mix
and make a powder. To this add Ajamod 3, Pipali 3, Miri 4. Jirun
4, Dhana 4, Pipali-mula 3, Valo 2, Sanchal 2, Elachi 4, Tamala-
patra 2, Chitrk i, Sunth 2. Mix and make a powder. Astringent
carminative and stomachic. ' Dose, i to 2 drs. Used in chronic
dysentery and diarrhoea.
Actions and uses. — The young leaves are stomachic, lithontriptic,
and carminative, used in d)rspepsia and diarrhoea ; also used in lessen-
ing red sand from the urine. The unripe fruit is astringent, and, like bael,
is used in diarrhoea and dysentery. The ripe fruit is refreshing, anti-
scorbutic, digestive and tonic, the syrup is used in salivation, sore
throat and in strengthening the gums. The gum is a good substitute
for gum-arabic, the mucilage is more viscid than that of gum-arabic, and
is used with honey in diarrhoea, dysentery, and to relieve tenesmus of
the bowels. The pulp or the powdered rind is used as a local application
for bites of venomous insects.
Limonia Aoidtosima, L. Crenolata.
Habitat. — Himalaya, Coromandel, Malabar, Assam, W. Peninsula
Hurdwar.
Parts used. — The fruit, leaves and root.
Vernacular. — Hind. — Beli. Mar. — Naibel. Malyal. — Jerukat
narigam. Tel. — Torelaga,
Naibel. — Nai, Navi, barber. Barber's bael fruit, used by barbers in
Java instead of soap.
MURIiAVA KXOnCA.
nt
CharacUrs, —Shrub, with pinnate leaves^ with a or 3 pairs of
lets ; leaflets oblong, crenatea ; with solitary spines, and winged
Kioles ; flowers corymbose, corymb unibelliform, small, white and
Bgrant ; root yellow, bitter and aromatic, fruit small, globular,
of the size of a nutmeg or pea or grape, yellowish, but red when
pctfectly ripe ; structure bimilar to that of the lime j pulp
flesh 'Coloured, highly acid and somewhat bitter and aromatic ;
cells four ; seeds three.
Prcfara tiofs.^— iniyxuon of leaves and decoction of root (1 in lo).
Dose. J to a ozs.
nt^ uses. — The leaves are antispasmodic, given in epilepsy.
The ; ifgative and antispasmodic, giv^en in colicy pains ; the dried
fmil is <i tonic and is given in fever and dyspepsia associated with flatus.
Remarks, — The fruit is considered by the Arabs as a prophylactic
agminst small-pox, malignant fever and pfague.
Murraya Exotica. CheUia paniculata.
//i/A//i»/,— Himalaya, Ceylon, Bengal, China,
Purls useti. — Flowers and leaves.
Ventacu Ian— B&ng, — Kamini. Burm* — Thanat-kha, May-kay.
Cing»— Attaireya-ga^s. Eng. — Honey-bush, Cosmelic-box, China-box.
Hind, — Bibzar, Koonti, Konkan, — Kanioun, Murchgle. Mar. —
Kciuiiti. TcL— Noga-golunga*
HoQcy-bush,— The fragrance of its white flowers is like that of honey.
CharacUrs, — An ornamental shrub with beautiful dark^green
leaves. Leaflets coriaceous, flowers white and sweet-smelling,
■ \g in taste and odour Murraya ka-nigii.
Omsiituents. — Flowers contain a glucoside named Murrayin,
rwparatiun, — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, \ to I ozs.
Actimis and uses. — Tonic and stomachic, like Murraya kcenigii
«t)d u^d similarly.
Marraya (Bergera) Koaoigil.
//"tfi^i/a/.*— Himalaya, Bengal, Ceylon, W. Peninsula.
Parts med* — The leaves, root and bark*
Ftniacular^ — Beng. — Barsunga Karia-phalee. Burm,^ — Pindo-sin.
Can- — Karibevu. Cing. — Kara-pinchee-gass. Duk, — Karya-pak. Eng.
— Curry*leaf tree* Guz. — Gora-nimb. Hind. — Katnim, Karripak,
Kwdia-fitrn. Malayal. — ^Karu-veppa, Panj.— Ganda-nimb. Mar, —
I rub, Jhlrang, Jirani. Maleal. — Barsanga. Sans*— Knshna-
I; lurabhi-niniba. Tarn, — Karu-vembu. Tel. — Nalyal Karivepa.
Suurabhi nimb. — Sorab, soram, fragrant smell. The ncem is
fragraiit Joran, Jirana, to digest. The plant is digestive.
CA«7/ric/tfrj.— Leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets, alternate^
[icqually oblique and serrated, upper surface dark green and dotted,
ader surface of a light colour; odour powerful; taste pungent,
132 PEGANUM HARM ALA.
bitter and acidulous ; root spreading, with numerous suckers ; bark
soft and thick, odour agreeable; taste like that of fresh ginger.
Constttuents.^TYkt leaves contain a volatile oil resembling the oil
of iGgle Marmelos ; a resin; and a crystalline principle named koenigin
(glucoside).
Preparation, — ^Infusion (i in lo). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Tonic, stomachic, and febrifuge, given with
bitters in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, and in general debility ; also in
dysentery and to stop vomiting. The bark and root are local stimu-
lants and used as application to wounds by venomous animals.
Peganum Harmala.
Habitat. — N. W. India, Western Deccan.
Part used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Syrian Rue. Arab. — Harmal. Beng. — Isband.
Bomb. — Haramaro, Ispanda. Diik. — Ispand, Harmaro. Hind. —
Islamlahori, Ispand. Pers. — Isband, Sipand. Tam. — Vanai-virai.
Tel— Shima, Garante, Vittulu.
Characters. — The drug consists of seeds mixed with a few pedicles
and portions of capsules ; seeds are of a dull greyish brown colour,
several, irregularly angular, curved on one side. Each covered with a
rough tomentum, easily separable from the testa by scratch-
ing ; odour strong, heavy and disagreeable, resembling that of
cannabis or govarni-sing ; taste resinous, persistent and bitter.
Constituents, — A resin of a narcotic odour and two alkaloids
viz., Harmaline and Harmine ; Harmaline when treated with
hydrochloric acid, yields Hermatol, in orange-red cr3^tals sparingly
soluble in water ; Harmine may be obtained by oxidizing
harmaline with nitric acid ; It occurs as colourless crystals, insoluble
in water ; very little soluble in alcohol and ether. Fuming
hydrochloric acid converts it into harmal. When oxidized by means
of chromic acid, it yields herminic acid — silky tufts.
Preparations, — Decoction (i in 20). Dose, ^ to i oz. Tincture
(i in 8). Dose, 30 to 60 ms.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant of the sexual organs, alterative,
also emmenagogue like ergot, savine and sitap used internally in
amenorrhcea and as a fumigatory in palsy, and lumbago ; it increases
the flow of milk and menses*
Remarks. — Native midwives use it for procuring abortion.
Mendi seeds are often substituted for Ispanda ; both are alike in form
and colour.
PARAMYGKYA MONOPHYLLA.
m
Paramygnya Honophylla.
SahtM. — ^Sikkira, Himalaya, Bhutan, Ceylon*
A/is ustd. — Frutts and root.
Vernacular. — Mar, — Karru-wagete.
Characters.-^ The root-bark is brown and scabrous ; taste bitter ;
fruits resemble those of capparis zeylanica. The bark contains large
CTj'Stah of oxalate of lime.
Actions and mcs. — Diuretic and alterative,
LuYimga Boandana.
HabitaU — Himalaya, Bengal.
Part used.^The fruit or berry.
FemacuIar.^^SMi^, — Kakkola. Beng. — (the oil) Kakala.
Characters, — Berries glandular, papillose, of a terebenthinata
oAo^t and taste. Contain i to 4 dark*green oily seeds f testa
membranous.
Prt^aratkm* — Perfumed medicinal oil (kakkolaka). Hair oiK
Rata Graveolena— var. AngustifoUa.
JJaintat,^ Cultivated in the East, South Europe,
l*afts tfj^^.— The plant, fresh leaves and oil.
Vtfnacular^ — Arab* — Sudaba. Bomb, — Satapa« Can, — Nagadali-
'Mppu* Cing.^ — Aruda. Duk. — Saaf. Eng. — Peganon of Scripture.
Garden rue, Herb of grace. Guz. — Scradab, Sitapa. Hind. — batari
Amda. Mar. — Sudab. Malay, — Sadab* Pers, — Sudap. Sans.^ — Somala-
ta» Brahmu Sadapata. Tarn, — Arvada. Tel. — Arudu.
0^r^<r/*rrj,— Herb, perennial, about 3 or 3 feet high, glaucous-
men, smooth or tubcrcled ; leaves long, petioled ; leaflets small,
dotted, linear, oblong or obovate and very minutely crenate ; under
surface pale, upper surface glaucous green or dark-green; flowers yellow;
fruit capsule obtuse, shortly pedicelled ^ or 5lobed ; corymbs spreading,
bracts lanceolate; sepals triangular, acute ; petals ciliatt; ; seeds black,
many; odour peculiar and resembling somewhat that of Tulasi ;
tifte pungent, nauseous and slightly bitter. Dose, powdered leaves,
5 to 10 gri.
Cfmstittitnts. — An essential volatile oil (Oleum Rutae), and Rutin—
a Wttcr, yellow glucosidc. The oil is a viscid fluid of a greenish yellow
colour and neutral reaction, solidifies in crystalline laminae resembling
tlioec of anl&e oil. The chief volatile constituents are methyl-non}^
ketone The ketone was formerly regarded as capric or rutic aldehyde.
It alio contains lauric aldehyde and a hydrocarbon, analogous to oil of
lurpentine and bomeol. Dose, 1 to 5 ms.
-/^<5iMrrt/^iw.^Decoction(i in 10). Dose, i to 2 ois», and essential oiU
Physif^hgicaJ actions, — Locally an active irritant. In small doses
tonic, digestive, and aphrodisiac, causes heat in the throat, nausea.
134 LEBA MACROPHVLLA.
eructations, and flatulence. It irritates the skin, kidneys and bronchi,
and increases their secretions. It stmulates the heart, increases the
frequency of its action and diminishes its tension. It also leads to
h3rperaemia of the uterus and ovaries, and increases the menstrual flow.
It IS promptly diffused, and may be found in the urine, sweat and
breath. In large doses it sets up gastro-enteritis, with violent vomiting,
purging, bloody urine and dysuria. In poisonous doses it is a narcotic
and irritant poison, causing great prostration, convulsions, suppression
of urine, often giving rise to abortion.
Therapeutics. — ^It is a most powerful aphrodisiac. The juice or
the decoction of fresh leaves is used as an anthelmintic in children, and
as an injection (rectal) against thread-worms. The oil is stimulant,
carminative and antispasmodic, given with aromatics in colic, hysteria,
epilepsy, and flatulence; as an emmenagogue in amenorrhoea. Extern-
ally the oil is applied to the chest in chronic bronchitis, to glandular
enlargements, to rheumatic painful parts and to scaly eruptions.
jUocally it produces inflammation and vesication. The natives give it
extensively to increase the flow of urine and menses. The varalians
of the leaves and oil are used in tympanitis.
AmpelldaoeaB or Yitaoea.
The vine family. Climbing shrubs — juice watery; joints swollen and
separate from each other ; leaves simple or compound, alternate above
and opposite below ; flowers regular, green, small and stalked ; fruit
succulent, 2-celled ; seeds erect, few — 2 in each cell ; testa hoviy ;
ialbumen Ceylon, W. PeniQsula, Coromandel Coast*
P^rts HSfd. — The root-bark and fruit (berries).
Vemacitiar, — Cing. — Kudu-miris, Duk. — Jangli kali mirachi.
Eog* — Lopcx root. Hind. — Jangli kali mirch, Dahao- Mai. — Kaka
ToddaJi, MuUkatajii. Mar. — Limri, Sans, — Kanchan, Dahan.
Tarn-— Kaka-ioddali, Mirla-karan-maram. Tel. — ^Konda-kashinda,
Varra-kasimii
Kanchana (Sanskrit word) means golden — the orange colour of
the fruit. Dahan means burning^ in allusion to the burning taste or
pungency of berries*
Charatiers, — Stem and branches prickly ; fruit of the size of a pea,
orange coloured, highly pungent. When ripe, dried berries are dark-
brovrn or black and of the odour of citron; root small, white, woody and
c^'lindrical ; hark soft, yellow, with a corky external layer, wrinkled
tongitudinallyt and containing cells filled with oleo-resin j taste hot
and peppery.
Comtiiuftits* — The bark contains a resin^ essential oil, and a bitter
principle* The oil is limpid, oft green colour : oJour that of citron
and of a bitter aromatic taste.
Preparations, — Infusion (l in loj. Dose, ^ to i oz. Tincture
(i in 10). Dose, I to i dr. Liniment of the root*
Aciions and use:i, — Berries pungent, like black pepper. The bark
bitter hlomachic, carminative, tonic atid ant i periodic. The bark is
I^Ken in hill and jungle fever. The whole plant is febrifuge, carmina-
Itve, ionic and stimulant. Internally the root is given in general debility
ifKl during con\"ale^cence from fever and other chronic diseases. Under
ihc name of Lopez root, it had once some reputation for diarrhoea in
Europe. The liniment is used in rheumatism.
Zfiiifaoxylon Rhetoa^ X. Alatum. X. Budranga. X. JLcanthopodium.
X. Hamiltonianam. X. Oxyphyllum.
UabUaL — \V. Peninsula^ Tropical Himalaya, Assam, Colombo.
/Vr/i used, — The carpels and bark.
Vernacular. — Burm. — ^Toung-than. Arab,— Faghireh. Beng. —
TambuU Can.^Jimmi*mara» Cing*^ — Kattoo-kcenagaso, Chinese^
Hwatseaui Tsm-tsian. Eng. — ^Japanese pepper or Indian prickly-ash,
Mpperwort. Hind.^ — Nepali-dhanyia, Tejphala, Durmur, Bud rang.
Mafyai.— Mulila, Mar.— Tisal Trephal, ChirphaK Pers.— Kababeh,
Ruaoadeh. Sans.— Tumburu (carpels). Tam.— Rhetsa-roaram. Tel. —
Rfa«tia-marami Tisal chira phola kokali.
Tumburu^ means coriander. It has the peculiar flavour of coriander
and IS similar in size and shape* Hwa-tseau — pepper flower. Faghireh —
opsD-mouthed, the dried carpels adhering atone end and open at the
140 XANTHOXYLON PRAXINBUM.
Other. Kababeh Kushadeh— open-mouthed cubebs. Rhetsa-inaram
(Tel.) means a council tree. The hill people held their council or
panchayet under this tree to settle their disputes. Prickly ash.
The bark is prickly. The aromatic, pungent property is confined to
the pericarp.
Characters, — The tree is armed with prickles ; fruits dehiscenti
small and oval {\ of an inch in diameter), resembling malkagani:
surface wrinkled and pitted ; colour brownish, dark externally and
brown within. It has a small woody stalk at its base and is bifid
from the top down to more than half its length. Seeds black, very hard
and shining, resembling pepper ; odour lemon-like. and oily ; taste
acidulous ; bark in irregular flat pieces of various sizes, externally
brownish^ consisting of several layers of a brownish red colour, corky
and spongy. Dose of the seeds, lo to 20 grs.
Constituents, — ^The bark contains a bitter crystalline principle,
identical with berberine ; a volatile oil, and resin. The carpels
contain a volatile oil, resin, a yellow acid principle and a crystalline
solid body, xanthoxylin, consisting of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen,
but devoid of nitrogen. Xanthoxylin is isomeric with oil of turpentine.
It is a stearopten, a pale, viscid non-<irying oil ; a pure hydrocarbon,
to which its aroma is due.
Preparations, — Infusion of bark and decoction (i in 10). Dose,
z to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, aromatic, carminative, and altera-
tive. The seeds are used like pepper as condiment. As a stimulant
they are given in dyspepsia, diarrhoea. The bark is tonic and aromatic;
the seeds are used as an ingredient in guraku (tobacco for the hukka),
and given in atonic dyspepsia, fevers, rheumatism. Sometimes the
essential oil is used as stimulant, especially in cholera.
Xanthoxylon Frazlneom.
X. Americanum, X. Carolinianum, X. Clava Herculis, Toothache
shrub (Eng.) ; Prickly-ash.
JIabitat'-li. America, United States, Canada.
Parts used.^The bark and berries.
Clava Herculis — Clava, club ; in allusion to the resemblance of
the strong cone-like warts on the bark to the club of Herculis.
Characters, — X. Americanum — prickly shrub, bark in curved
or quilled fragments, outer surface brownish grey, with whitish
patches and minute black dots, faintly furrowed, with some
brown, glossy, straight two-edged spines, linear at the base, inner
surface whitish, smooth, without any odour ; taste aromatic, but soon
becoming bitterish and pungent. Dose, powdered bark, 5 to 30 grs.
Powdered berries, 10 to 40 grs.
X. Fraxineum — Shrub covered with sharp scattered prickles ; leaves
imparipinnate ; leaflets ovate, downy. Bark with prickles protruding
through the corky cones ; branches covered with large pnckles, X.
AILANTHUS EXCfeLSA
14!
Clava Herculis, or souihern bark, very thick, with conical projections
and stout brown spines*
Cofisttiuents^ — Two resins. — A bitter principle, probably identical
with berberine ; a volatile oil, tanniot a fixed oil, colouring matter, gum,
sugar and ash, 1 2 p. c.
Prt^paratinns. — Extract um Xanthoxyli Fluid um. Dose, \ to I dr.
Decocium Xanthoxyli (i in 20)* Dose, i to 2 ozs,
FHiyshhgical action. — Alterative, diffusible stimulant, aromatic*
bitter, carminative, sialogogue, emmenagogue, sudorific and masticatory.
In the mouth it causes tingling sensation. It increases the secretions
of the salivary glands, hver, stomach, intestines and pancreas. It
stimulates the heart, increases the arterial tension. As an alterative
its action is similar to that of mezerion, guaiacum, stiJltngia, &c.
7//rra/*<*//^aj*— Indicated in rheumatism, scrofula, syphilis, jaundice
due to catarrh of the bile ducts, indigestion, intestinal colic, general
debility and dropsy ; also in low forms of fevers, diphtheria,
haemorrhage from the stomach, bowels or urinary organs. Locally it is
applied to old and indolent ulcers, and used as masticatory in
toothache, and hence the name toothache shrub. In pharyngitis
gargle of the decoction is useful.
Xanthoxylon piperitum, Fagara pipenta, Chin-iva-chu-ya grows in
India and China; a powerful aromatic, used in placeofginger and pepper.
The active principle resides in the bark, leaves and pericarp. A
poultice made of its bruised leaves and rice*flour is used io sore throat ;
mixed with camphor the powdered leaves are applied to porrigo
decalvans.
Bimartibace®.
The Maharukha or Quassia family.
Shrubs Lir large trees, leaves without glands or dots, alternate,
compound or simple, sometimes exstipuiate ; flowers regular, axillary
or terminal ;disk conspicuous ; ovary stalked, 4 or 5lobed, 4 or 5-celled
fruit indchiscent one seeded and drupaceous ; carpels 4 or 5.
Habitut, — Tropical parts of India, America and Africa.
f^Qpfrtifs, — A bitter principle, characteristic of this orderj many
are tonic and febrifuge,
Allan thus ExcelBa.
Habitat. — Baroda, Broach, Coimbatore, Ceylon* Ghauts, Behar,
Parts used, — ^The bark and leaves.
Vernacular. — Bomb. — Maharukh. Can. — Dodda-mari. Guz. —
Mahtn Araduso ; Hind,— Mahanib, Arna. Maleal,^ — Peru-mara. Mar.
— Maruk, Pers. — Samaga. Sans, — Arala* Tarn, — Peru-maram. TeL
— Pedda*manu Peyyapa.
Characters. — This tree resembles the prickly ash. The bark is of
an ash colour. Externally very thick and rough and marked by
numerous ridges; internally yellow or white and fibrous, taste
aromatic, pleasant, but bitter ; leaves tomentose when young, old
142 AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA.
leaves glabrous, long and abruptly pinnated ; taste bitter ; leaflets
from 10 to 14, in pairs and coarsely toothed at the base. Dose, 15 to
60 grs.
Constituents. — The bark contains an acid principle, ailantic acid.
It is wax-like, reddish brown and very bitter ; very easily soluble in
water, less so in alcohol and ether, and insoluble in chloroform and
benzol.
/Reparations, — Infusion of the bark (i in 20). Dose, 1 to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Bitter, stomachic, tonic, febrifuge and astrin-
gent. An infusion of the bark is given with curd in atonic d^yspepsia,
diarrhoea and fever. As a tonic it is given in general debility and
anorexia; generally combined with other vegetable bitters. The juice
of the fresh bark is given with cocoanul milk and aromatics in general
debility in women^hiefly after child-birth — to stop after-pains.
The infusion of the bark is used as rectal enema to destroy ascarides.
Remarks. — It is a good substitute for Kuda Chhala.
AilanthuB Olandnlosa.
Habitat.^Chim.^ South Europe, France, United States.
Part used. — The bark.
Vernacular. — Chin. — Chau-chu, Chua-chu.
Characters. — The tree, called the tree of heaven — forms the food
of the silk-producing insect, Bombyx Cynthia. The bark is thick
externally and rough internally ; the colour is pale-yellow and of a
fibrous texture. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — Volatile oil and an oleo resin.
Preparations. — ^Tinctura ailanthus, tincture of ailanthus (i in lo).
Dose, 10 to 60 ms. Inhalation of the oil. Dose, 5 to 10 ms. Extractum
ailanthus fluidum. — Fluid extract of ailanthus. Dose, 15 to 30 ms.
Decoctum ailanthus (i in 25). Dose, 4 to 8 drs.
Physiological actions. — The properties are similar to those of to-
bacco. They depend on the presence of oleo resin. It is a decided nauseant,
drastic cathartic and vermifuge. The volatile oil is antispasmodic
and nauseant. It causes vertigo, dull headache, pain in the back,
weakness, numbness in the lim^, cold and clammy skin, impairment of
mobility, depression of the heart, cerebrum and of the spinal cord,
leading to small and weak pulse, slow and laborious respiration, &c.
Therapeutics. — Used as an inhalation in palpitation of the heart,
spasmodic asthma and hiccough. As an anthelmintic the decoction
of the fresh bark (i to 20) or the oleo resin in drachm doses is given
against tape worms. It is also given in scarlatina with dark eruptions
and delirium.
BALANITES ROXDURGHIt.
H3
AilanthtiB Malabarioas.
HMiat, — Western Ghauts of the Indian Peninsula, Cevlon
Petrts used. — The bark and resinous juice.
Fdprrwff//it7r.— Sans.— Sarala. Can, — Doop, Baga dhup, Hera-mara
(resiD). Malval. — Peru-maratoli Mattip^paK Mar. — Ood, Cing. —
WaJbeltngas^ Kumbalu. Tam.^ — Peru-roaram. Tel. — MuttipaL Travan-
core — Mutti-paL
Sarala is regarded as a substitute for pine resin (pinus longifolta).
Characters^ — Bark roughs very thick and studded with bright
gmrnel-looliing resinous grains ; taste pleasant and slightly bitter ;
the bark yields a fragrant resinous juice, dark-brown or grey, of
the consistence of thick treacle, known as Mutti-pal.
C^iTisHiuents* — Commercial resin contains 77 p. c* of pure resin,
and the rest impurities. Resin is soluble in alcohol, and, on evaporationi
leaves a very viscous, transparent, light-brown liquid.
Preparalion. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, \ to 1 oz,
Acfi'jm and uses , — Bark bitter, tonic and febrifuge, given in
dyspepsia and fever. The resin is demulcent, and mixed with milk it is
given in dysentery and bronchitis. The resin is also used for incense,
as, when burnt, it gives out fragrance,
BaUnitea Hoxburghi!» B. Indioa, B. Egyptica,
HMtat*—\^Tn:i parts of India and Egypt.
flart fisfd. — The fruit pulp,
yernacuiar^ — Africa — Saum, Arab. — Haleluz, Beng. — Hingana-
bita, Hinggo. G\xt. — Hingoria. Hind, — Hinggo Hingan, bet. Mar. —
Hingana. Malyal. — Nanchunta. Sans — Ingudi Vrikshaha, Ingua,
T*"^'- *'i munipadapa, Gauri-tvac. Egypt — desert date (ripe), Egyptian
III 1, (unripe). Tarn. — Nanjundan. Tel. — Gan-chettu, Ringri.
r i,K iivac is derived from Gauri, goddess of abundance, and twac,
' Nv I h'p *' Gurus (Hindu priests) prepare an oil from the seeds and
use It m the ceremony of initiating a Hindu.
Characters* — A small thorny tree, leaves bifoliate ; flowers,
greenish white ; fniit wrinkled and tuberculated on the surface, of a
pale yellow or brownish yellow colour » of the shape of bijorun or egg
or Itroc, oblong and slightly compressed at the base, where a short
woody stalk is attached. The surface is marked with ^v^ longitudinal
grooves; rind very thin and highly brittle, containing within it a soapy
pulp or me5Dcairp» which is unctuous and oily when touched, and
adherent to the woody shell ; the nut is fibrous, of a pale white colour,
ai * "ns one large seed ; seed homogeneous, oily, resinous and of a
di . colour, and having a disagreeable odour ; pulp exceedingly
billet and of an offensive greasy smell. Dose of the pulp, 2 to 20 grs.
The shell is 61Ied with gunpowder and is used in Itidia for
fireworks.
Constituents, — The bark yields a principle allied to saponin*
Fiom the seeds is extracted the oil known as Zachun oil or Zaitun
ri^HBtf
144 PICRiCKA EXCELSA.
oil of Africa. The oil resembles that of Arachis hypogoea ; it congeab
at zero. It contains fatty acids. It is a slow drying oil, and becomes
white when exposed to the sunlight. The pulp contains an organic
acid, saponin, mucilage and sugar.
Actions and uses. — Leaves acrid, purgative, anthelmintic and
expectorant, used in worms in children, cough and irritation of the
throat. It is a good emulsifier. In action it resembles senega. The
oil expressed from the seeds is applied to burns and excoriations, and
also to freckles.
Casoara Amarga, Pioramnia Anttdesma.
Honduras Bark, Picramnia Bark.
Habitat. — Mexico, West Indies.
Part used. — ^The bark.
Characters. — Bark from five to six inches in length, firm and heavy,
of a brownish grey colour, outer layer striated and longitudinally
fissured ; inner bart of the trunk is from one quarter to three-eightKs
of an inch in thickness. In taste the bark, when chewed, imparts a
moderate degree of bitterness with a slightly yellow saliva.
Preparations. — Extractum cascara amarga liquidum. Dose, 30 to
60 ms. The dry extract. Dose, 3 to 5 grs.
Actions and uses. — A powerful tonic, alterative, diuretic and
antisyphilitic, used in syphilis, rheumatism and chronic skin diseases,
as eczema, psoriasis &c., also in chronic hepatic disorders and chronic
nasal catarrh. The use of tobacco and alcohol seems to counteract its
usefulness.
PiorsBna ExoelBa, B. P.
Picrana, from Pikros, bitter. The plant is extremely bitter.
Excelsa, from ex out, and celsus, beyond meaning surpassing in
bitterness.
Quassia or Quassy, the name of a negro who first used this bark as
a remedy against malignant fever.
Habitat. — ^Jamaica, Guiana. West Indian Islands. Surinam.
Part used. — The bark. The wood of the trunk and branches,
Quassise Lignum — Quassia wood, B. P.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Bharangi (the bark). Hind.-^Kashshing.
Jamaica. — Bitter ash or bitter wood.
Characters. — Bark brownish grey, smooth and wrinkled ; wood
yellowish white, thick, dense, tough, hard, and porous, used as chips
or raspings; the taste is intensely and purely bitter. It is without
any odour ; on longitudinal section the wood exhibiting elongated cells
containing crystals of calcium oxalate. Dose, 20 to 60 grs. Wood
is made into cups and sold as bitter cups or quassia cups.
Constituents. — A bitter principle, picrasminor quassin ; an alkaloid,
resin, mucilage and pectin.
Picrasmin or quassin is obtained by adding soda to the Quassia
infusion, precipitating with tannin, decomposing the precipitate with
PICRASMA QITASSIOIDES.
MS
03tide of lead or lime and dissolving with alcohoL Occurs in crystals,
very bitter, soluble in hot alcohol, chloroform ; sparingly so in cold
water, soluble in alkaline or acid solutions*
Ptefiarafiof/s, — ^Liquor quassiae concentratus, B. P. (i in lo).
Doie, i to J dr, ; Infusum quassiae, infusion of quassia, B P* (i in joo).
Dose, I to I 02. ; Tinctura quassiae, tincture of quassia, B. P, (1 in lO),
Dose, \ to I dr. ; Exti actum uuassi;e, extract of quassia. Dose, t to
Actjotix aijri uses. — A pure outer, febrituge and anthelminuc,
chiefly med in ;»tonic dyspepsia, with pain after eating, in vomiting, in
Ttv "H of food I in atonic diarrhoea, and in loss of appetite ; as an
mi)' c, an enema made of its infusion is used against threadworms.
In e from intermittent fever with bilious vomiting, in
at* J in dropsy from debility, it has been much employed
combined with sodium bicarbonate. It contains no tannin ; hence it
can be combined with persalts of iron without producing black culour.
Picratma Qaassioides— Brucea QnasaioideB.
HaMaUSuh tropical Himalaya, South China,
/^^s used, — The wood and bark.
P'emacuian — Hind. — ^Kashshing. Beng. — Bharangi,
Characters. — Wood, in pieces, centered with a dark-brown bark,
having a netted surface and marked with transverse scars of a light
yelloiv colour with a central pith*
Oimttiuents,^Vh& bark contains resinous deposits and crystals of
oxalate of lime. The wood contains a crystalliz^ble principle, probably
qtMssiti< a bUter resin- like principle, a nun-crystalliicable resinous
body and an alkaloid.
Pf //r— Infusion (i in 40). Dose, ^ to i oz. Tincture
(1 In 1' h to 1 dr,
ActvAisatui Hse$. — The bark is bitter tonic, less bitter than true
quassia, and used for the same purposes As a parasiticide the wood
'\h used 10 kill insects. As a febrifuge it is given m fevers.
/^€Mi/ir^**— Bharangi is also the name of the roots and stems of
Clerodendron serratum «
Samadera Indica— 8 Pen tape tala.
Habitat — Western Peninsula, Ceylon.
Pigri usaL—th^ bark,
^Vrt<jir«/,/r.— Satis.— Lokhandi. Cing.— Somadasa-gass» Eng. —
NJepa bark, liixh — Karinghota. Tarn. — Niepa.
Characters, — A tree, very high ; leaves Urge, alternate, and oblong ;
■I a drupe-oval and compressed, one seeded, colour brown, surface
ath or rt:ticulaied and coriaceous. Tlie wood is yellow and
19
146 SIMABA CEDRON.
bitter like quassia wood. The bark is in quills, externally minutely
fissured; colour dark-brown, with light-coloured patches here and
there ; suber exfoliated. It has a short fibrous fracture.
Constituents. — A bitter oil from the seeds. The oil contains olein
palmitin, stearin ; and a bitter principle, saraaderin. yellowish, -soluble
in water and alcohol.
Preparation — Decoction (i in 10). Jto i oz.
Actions and uses* — The decoction of the bark and wood is given
with myrobolans in fever. The oil is a good application in
rheumatism. The bark is a good substitute for quassia.
Simaba Cedron.
Habitat. — Central and South America.
Part used, — The seeds.
Characters. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; fruit pear-shaped, of the
size of hen's egg; other characters similar to those of simaruba.
Constituents, — An active principle — Cedrine.
Preparation. — Fluid extract. Dose, 1 to 10 ms. Powdered seeds.
Dose, I to 10 grs.
Actions and uses. — Tonic, stomachic and antiperiodic, much
valued as a remedy for the bites of serpents and insects. It is taken in-
ternally and also applied to the wound. As an antiperiodic it is given
in intermittent fevers and in neuralgia. It is also given in dyspepsia
and colic of the intestines.
ZygophyllaceflB.
The Dhamaso, Guaicum or Bean caper family. Zygophillaceae,
3roke-leaf. The leaves are bifoliate, yoked and in pairs.
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves stipulate, opposite,
usually imparipinnate or rarely simple, dotless ; flowers perfect,
regular and symmetrical, bearing a fleshy disk, white, red or yellow ;
sepals 5, glandless; filaments 8 or 10, having small scales : ovary
looed, 4 or 5-celled, surrounded by glands ; ovules 2, filiform ;
albumen little or none ; fruit capsular^ dehiscent or separating into
cocci, with winged expansions ; seeds albuminous ; cotyledons
foliaceous.
Habitat. — Beyond the tropics.
Properties. — Some of the plants are resinous and possess stimulant
and alterative properties ; others are diaphoretics and anthelmintics.
Some have hard and durable wood.
Fagonia Arabica. F. Bragnieri. F. Oretioa.
Habitat.^^N. W. India, Sind, Panjab, W. Peninsula, Egypt.
Part used. — ^The plant.
GUAEACUM OFFICINALE.
14T
Vernacular, — Bomb, — Dhamasa, Gu2. — Dhaniasa, Dhamaso. Him*
— Spabghzai. Hind. — Usiar-khar, Damahan, Damahar. Mah.—
Dhrnnasa. Pers. — Bad-aurd, Sans. — Dusparsha. Sind. — Dramahui.
Dusparsha. — The term is derived from Du or Duha, which signifies
painful or frightful, and Sparsha^ to touch. The plant is prickly or
thorny, and hence painful to the touch. Bad-aurd means carried
by the wind,
Ckaractcra. — Plant prickly and of a greyish brown colour.
The drug consists of stems, leaves and thorns, all in broken pieces.
The stem is slender and of a greyish colour, surface marked with
longitudinal furrows ; bark tough. On section the wood is soft^
light, and brittle ; stem is hollow in the centre and containing
a white pith ; leaves linear^ oblong and narrowed, specially at
ba*c, thick and succulent when fresh ; their margin is curved
ruyish, dark ; surface wrinkled ; thorns conical^
\ved and a little below the apex, jointed, and of a
la^te bitterish and astringent ; odour somewhat
the
b:»* ^^
Ion.
rcdiluii toluur;
aromatic.
A'tf^am/rorts.^'Infusion and decoction (i in lo). Dose, I to 2 ozs*
/f (uses. — Local sedative . Stimulant, febrifuge, bitter
and ai Its poultice is used to promote suppuration of
ibsces»c7 ; an nifusionof it is used as a gargle in sore mouth. Steam
inhalation i^ useful in fevers. As a bath it is used in irritability of the
skin, wtth intense scratching.
Gnaiacom Offlcinale, B. P. — 0. Sanctum, B. P.
Sanctum, sanctus, consecrated, used as incense in worship,
HahitaL — West Indies, South America.
i\irt$ used — Tlie heart wood^Guaiaci Lignum* B.P„ Lignum vitae
sod this resin of the wood Guaiaci Resina, or Guaiac, B« P.
Lignum Vitx means the wood of life, because of its durability
like Rock*irood«
C' *'" I hard, of a brown or greenish brown colour,
hetvk: lioui, with irregular concentric rings surrounded
by yellow aJbuiiien; when heated or boiled in salt water, or burning it
in a fire, it emits a balsamic resin, whose odour is feebly aromatic and
ta^e slightly acrid and disagreeable. The resin is in irregular masses
or globular tears, very brittle, of a greenish brown colour j when
broken it has a glassy lustre within. Almost insoluble in water, soluble
in alcohol and ether, chloroform and alkaline 6uids. Dose of the
r^ifi, 5 to ifgrs. It should not be given with mineral acids and
iwoet spirit of nitre.
C*yristffrfftsf$. — The wood contains resin 20 to 2S p. c, yellow
colour er, water}' extract 3 to 4 p. c, and ash 1 p. c*
Tbe * .sists of guaiacic acid, resembling benzoic acid,
^1 cid I op. c*, gun laconic *icid 70 p. c,, beta resin 10 p. c, gum
an - ^ vrllnw Tlie guaiac yields by dry or destructive distillation
148 TRIBULUS TKRRBSTRIS.
<}uaiacene, of the odour of bitter almonds ; and Guaiacol, a colour-
less aromatic oil ; Pyroguaiacin (in green scales) ; creosol, which re-
sembles guaiacol. It also contains yellow colouring matter, gum &c.
Preparations of guaiacium resin. Mistura guaiaci, B. P. (i in 40).
Dose, ^ to I oz. Tinctura guaiaci ammoniata, B. P. (20 p. c) contains
Guaiacum resin 4 ozs., oil of nutmeg 30 ms., oil of lemon 20 ms., strong
solution of ammonia \\ ozs.; alcohol to make a pint. Dose, ^ to i dr.
in mucilage or syrup. Trochischus Guaiaci Resins, B. P. (3 grs. in
each). Extractum Guaiaci Fluidur. — Fluid extract of guaiacunu
Dose, 10 to 20 ros. Of the wood. Liquor sarsae compositus concentratus,
B. P. (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Physiological action. — Diaphoretic, alterative, stimulant, expecto-
rant, antirheumatic and antisyphilitic in large doses laxative. Taken
internally it acts as a local stimulant, producing acrid sensation in the
throat, salivation, warmth in the epigastrim, increase of the gastric
juice, bile and intestinal secretions. If long continued it acts as a gastro-
intestinal irritant, leading to nausea, vomiting, purging and severe
headache. It enters the blood and is excreted by the liver, bronchi,
^in and kidneys.
Therapeutics. — It is used in the treatment of chronic gout, chronic
rheumatism, sciatica, lumbago, scrofula, syphilis, amenorrhoea and
neuralgic dysmenorrhcea. A special remedy in tonsilitis, given in \ dr.
4oses of the tincture, as an emulsion with yolk of egg to abort the
disease, or to cure inflammation.
TribuluB terrestriB, T. Zeylanious, T, Lanaginosus.
Habitat — India and other warm countries.
Paris used. — The fruit and root.
Vcmactdar. — Chin. — Peh-tsih li. Eng. — Woolly caltrops. Arab. —
Khasak-us-saghir. Beng. — Ghokhuri. Burm. — Sule-anen. Can. —
Negalu-gida. Cin. — Niranche, Sembu, Niringhi. Duk. — Ghokni.
Guz. — Mitha Gokharu. Hind.— Chhota Gokhru. Maleal. — Neringil.
Mar. — I-X)han Ghokaru. Panj, — ^Bhukhri. Bakhra-kokullak. Pers. —
Gokhru-k urd, Khare-khasaka, Hasak Shagkir. Sans. — ^Trikantaka,
Ikshugandha, Vanasrangata, Gokshura, Gokshuraka. Tam. — Kokullah-
neringi. Tel.— Chiri Palleru.
Gokshura, derived from Go-gao, a cow and Ksura, a divided hoo^
in allusion to the cloven shaped appearance of the carpels or cocci of
the fruit, which, like a cloven hoof, adhere together in pairs.
Ikshugandha means aroma of the plant.
Characters. — Fruits roundish, somewhat compressed, five-cornered,
and covered with prickles or thorns, of a lightish yellow colour, and of
the size of a marble. At the base is a furrowed club-shaped stalk ; car-
pels, five. Each carpel has four strong prickles, two on each side ; seeds
several, oily, enclosed in hard stony cells, taste astringent and
agreeable, odour aromatic ; the root when fresh is slender, fibrous,
about 4 or 5 inches long, cylindrical and of a light brown colour.
Dose, 5 to 20 grs.
LINACS^.
Comiitu^ntf, — The extract of the powdered fruits contains an
alkaloid* a resin, probably the source of the ;iroina, fat and mineral
tnttter, 14 p.c.
Ptt^ratiorn — CuiiJeciiun, Dose, i to 2 ari. Infusion and decoc*
lion (i in lo). Dose, i to 2 ozs,
Actiomafiduscs, — Alterative, diuretic, demulcent^ and aphrodisiaoi
An infusion is used to relieve painful micturition, to increase the flow
of urine, and as a vehicle for diuretic medicines in dysuria, gonorrhoea,
yrinary disorders^ and for the relief of nocturnal emissions, incontinence
of urine and impotence \ its action closely resembles that of buchu
ami uva ursi. It is generally given with hyoscyamus and opium.
/^rmarJis, — The root is one of the ten drugs which go to form
a compound decoction known as Dasamula dakvatha.
Vun€ti4fs, — Mitha (sweet), and Kadava (bitter) Gokharu. Mitha
Ciikbaru, or true Gokharu of old writers, is also known as
Chh^^^ ^^ Bethha Gokharu. The Kadava Gokharu, otherwise known
a» Miitha or Ubha Gukharu, is the fruit of Pedalium Murex. Like
111 1 iru, its fruits are provided with thorns or prickles, but its
Cii e no resemblance to cow's hoof* Kadva Gokharu is bitter
and mucilaginous, while the true Gokharu is astringent and alterative
Tribulas Alatns,
iiabttaU — Grown in Sindh, Punjab, Beloochistan.
VtrnAcnlar* — ^Eng. — WingeJ Laltrops* Punjab. — Hasak. Sind —
Niodo trtkund, Latak*
CharticUrsi. — Fruit pyramidal, Dr<j;idly winged, cocci and 2-seeded|
spines conUuent* The fruit has some aperient properties,
LinaoeaB.
T or Flax family.
Li trom Linum, flax or linen thread.
Hcrb^, or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite or rarely verti-
ctlbtL iiitirc and cxstipulaic ; flowers hypogynous, regular, very showy;
t icatcd ; ovary 3 to 5 celled ; fruit capsular, many celled ;
Ui^... ... ^ in each cell, with little or no albumen, embryo straight.
Habitat — Temperate climates-
f^vfitrtifi, — Mucilaginous, demulcent and sedative* A few of
them are stimulant, bitter tonic and purgative. The seeds contain
mucibge and an oil, and hence they are demulcent and emollient. The
plants are rem:irkable for the tenacity nf their liber-tibres.
Limtm UBitatiBsimam, B.P.
Linumf a thread. Eng. — linen, that is, its fabric
Uiitatus, most useful, common or familiar.
JfahitaL — Common in
Egypt, South of Europe,
Usitatissimum,
most temperate countries, Central Asia,
150 LINUM USITATISSIMUM.
Parts used. — ^The dried ripe seeds. Linum. Linseed B. P. ; Linum
<:ontusum— crushed linseed B. P., and the oil, oleum lini B. P.
expressed from them.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Bazen, Dhonul-kattau. Bang. — Tesi-
Mosina. Bomb.— Alashi. Burm. — Humatoze. Can. — Aloshi-yaune.
rhin. — Hu-ma-tsze. Eng. — Flax-seed, Linseed or Lintseed. Hind. —
Suf Ulsi, Tisi. Mar. — Alshi javas. Maleal. — Bidgierammi. Malyal. —
Cheru-chana Vittiute-eima. Pers.— Tukhm-i-Katau, Tukhame-zaghira.
Sans. — Atasi. Tam. — ^Alishi-verai-yenney. Tel. — AUivi-tuUu.
Characters, — A cultivated annual plant ; seeds small, flat, ovoid,
with an acute edge, and an oblique blunt point at one end, of a brownish
red colour, shining on the surface and white within;the seed coat contains
mucilage, the surface is studded with fine pits or depressions, with a
ridge just below the apex, having thehilum in the hollow. Seed nuclei
or cotyledons are two, large and oily, and contained within the external
covering, within which is a thin mucous envelope. The flax seed
or linseed oil cake is the cake left after the expression of the
oil. It contains nitrogen and a little oil and ash 6 p.c. The whole
linseed, when powdered or ground, is known as linseed meal. It
yields about 25 p.c. of the fixed oil.
Constituents, — The seed-nucleus contains a fixed oil 30 to 35 p.c;
the epithelium contains mucilage'is p.c, proteid 25 p.c, amygdalin,
resin, wax, sugar and ash 3 to 5 p.c. The ash contains phosphates,
sulphates and chlorides of potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Oleum Lini B.P. — Oil of flax seed, linseed oil. To obtain it, the
seeds, when fresh, are expressed, without the use of heat or dried with
heat, and then crushed and pressed. It is a yellowish, oily, limpid liquid
without any colour. It has a neutral reaction, a peculiar odour and bland
taste. It becomes thick or solidifies when at a very low temperature.
It is soluble in ether (i in 3), chloroform and oil of turpentine and
absolute alcohol (i in 10), Consists chiefly of the glyceride of linoleic
acid ; heated with oxide of lead it dries up into a transparent varnish,
known as Linoxyn. By saponification it yields glycerin and fatty acids,
namely linoleic, oleic, palmitic and myristic acids. On exposure to the
air the linoleic acid has agreat affinity for oxygen, becomes resinoid and
converted into oxylinoleic acid, making it a drying oil. Linoleic acid
is also found on drying poppy seed oil, wnich is also a drying
oil. Dose. ^ to 2 ozs.
Mucilage.— It contains in the dry state mineral substances 10 p. c,
which, when removed, the linseed mucilage is allied to althaea
mucilage. On mixing with boiling nitric acid the mucilage yields
mucic acid .
Preparations of the oil. — Emulsion ; Linimentum calcis B.P (50 p.c),
known as lime liniment, carron oil liniment. For external use for bums ;
Sapo mollis — soft soap — Potassium oleate. To obtain it, mix linseed oil
400, potassa 90, alcohol 40 and water, apply heat till the mixture becomes
soluble. It is a soft unctuous mass ; colour brownish yellow, soluble in
hot water (i in 5), alcohol (i in 2). The officinal soft soap is made with
olive oil.
OXAUX>ACEM,
151
Pre/>arau'-nA hj tiic wed. — Decocium linl (i in 50), infusum lini,
Itoseetl tea (r in 30) ad libitum.
PAyno/o^cal action. — Demulcent, expectorant, diuretic and
emolHent, In large doses it is laxative. In small doses it stimulates the
kidneys. It is oxidised in the system and excreted as a resinoid body in
the urine. Its infusion is given in inflammation of the mucous mem-
branes of the respiratory, digestive and urinary organs ; also in vesical
and renal irritation *
Theraj^euttcs. — As it contains a mucilaginous principle and a little
ail il is given with honey in coughs and catarrh. As a demulcent and
diuretic il is given in renal colic, cystitis, vesical irritation, strangury,
vesical catarrh and calculi. Fumigation with the smoke of linseed-oil is
u>cd for colds in the head and hysteria. The decoction, owing to the
oil it contains, is useful for enema. Ground meal is chiefly used for
pouktcts appHed to enlarged glands, boils, gouty and rheumatic swell-
ings^ to the chest in pneumonia, &c. The oil is laxative and given in
piles. Locally made into an emulsion with lime water it is a valuable
tiorHoil irritant application in burns and scalds* Linimentum calcis or
carron liniment, is so called from having been first very extensively
used in the Carron iron foundry. The oil is often added to purgative
enenuta instead of the castor.oiL Liber fibres are cooling to the body
and lessen perspiration^ and hence used as an article of dress. Lint or
ghanu kaparun and tow are prepared from fibres and used in surgery.
Linum catharticum or purging flax possesses purgative properties.
Bird lime, a brown turpentine-like substance, is the residue left 00
btiniing the linseed oiU
OxaJidaoesB*
The amboti or wood sorrel liamily. Herbs rarely shrubs or trees,
generally with an acid juice. Leaves non-glandular, punctate, rarely
opposite, alternate^ usually compound or occasionally simple and witri
or without stipules ; flowers yellow or pink colouredi regular and
symmctricat ; fruits capsular, three to five-celled, generally angular,
occasionally drupaceous ; carpels distinct and indehiscent ; seeds
few, with fleshy albumen*
ifr/^/^/.— Tropics and temperate regions ; most abundant at the
Cape of Good Hope and tropical America.
p9v/sfr{us*— 'The plants generally possess refrigerant properties
and are remarkable for their juice.
Averrhoa Bilimbl.
Hahi^it, — Cultivated in hotter parts of India on account of their
acid fruits ; and Burmah.
J^ifi u$£^, — Fruit.
Vcfuacular. — Ben^-— Blimbi. Bomb. — Anvuila. Bur.— Kala-
20un*y3H«i, Cing. — Bilin, Eng.^ — Bitimbi cucumber. Guz. —
BUambdt. Duk. — Bilambu. Sans., Hind, — Kamaranga. Malay,—
152 AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA.
Blimbing.tasi, Maleal. — Wilumpi, Kari-chakka. Tarn, — Pulich-
chakkay. Tel. — Pulusu-kayalu. Portuguese — Bilimbinos.
Averrhoa Garambola.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Kamaranga, kamarak. Burm. — Zoungyah.
Chin. — Wu-lien-taze. Can. — Kamarak. Duk. — Khamrag. Eng. —
Chinese gooseberry. Guz. — Kamarak. Hind. — Kamaranga, Kamrak.
Malay. — Blim-bing-manis karmal. — Maleal. — Tamaratonga; Por-
tuguese— Carambola, Tam. — Tamarttam-maram. Tel. — Tamarta-kaya.
Characters. — A. Bilimbi, fruits yellowish, smooth, fleshy, green,
five-lobed, rounded, of the size of a small mango, hence the English
name cucumber tree ; unripe fruit is intensely acid ; ripe fruit acid-
sweet. A. Carambola. — Fruits sweet and sour, yellow, with five
acute angles and a yellowish, thin, smooth rind, the size of a hen's
egg.
Constituents. — They contain a watery pulp, which contains much
acid potassium oxalate.
Preparations, — Syrup (i in lo). Dose, i to 2 drs. ; and conserve
of the fruits. Dose, ^ to i dr.
Actions and uses. — Antiscorbutic. Fruits are used as an acid
vegetable and for preserve. The syrup is used as a cooling medicine in
fevers. The juice is used to remove iron moulds or stains. The
leaves are a good substitute for sorrel.
Biophytam SensitiYam— Oxalis Bensitiva.
Habitat, — Tropical India, Java, Asia, Africa, Moluccas.
Part used. — The plant.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Bunmaranga. Guz. — Zarer. Hind, — Lajalu,
Lak-chana, Maleal.— Toda-wadi. Mar. — Lagri.
Characters, — Plant 6 to 10 inches long; leaves resembling those
of Bhui amala ; flowers small, greenish brown and in umbels, coming
out of the axils of leaves, smell resembling that of bhanga or of
decaying grass ; taste at first acidous, mucilaginous and astringent,
becoming, after a time, bitter ; seeds red and shining.
Preparations, — Infusion and decoction of the root ( i in 20). Dose,
4 to 12 drs.
Actions and uses, — Acid, refrigerant and cholagogue ; used in
fever and torpid liver ; mixed with gingelly oil it is given in gonorrhoea
and in lithic acid diathesis. It is a constant ingredient in various altera-
tive decoctions. Mixed with butter, the powdered seeds are applied to
wounds and abscesses.
Oxalis Comicnlata, 0. Honadelpha, 0. Pasilla.
Habitat. — Asia, Europe, India, Malay Islands.
- , Parts used.'T'The plant and fresh juice.
aEHANIACSiC.
153
r 'rr. — Arab. — Hemenbab, Hemba» Homad-mad. Beng, —
Cbuk . . Amrulsak, Omlote. Bomb, — Amboti* Bhin-surpati,
Amrulsak. Can, — Pullam-purachi sappu. Duk, — Ambuti, Eng, —
Indian surrel, horned-vrood-sorreL Hirid.—Amboti, AmruUchuka^
Khatta-metha, Set-paiti. Malyal. — Puliyarai. Sans. — Shuk-lika,
Chuk-rika, Chaugeri Shata-ambusta, Amlika, Shata, Danta. Tam.—
Puli-yari kiray. Tel, — ^Pulla-chinta. Siam. — Amla-lonika.
Amla-lonika i$ derived from am ^ acid, and tonika, like loni
or punlaoe.
( ' v.^Leaves sknder, prostrate and harry, on long petioles,
dividt liree segments, each obcordate and finely fringed with
white hAirs or ciliated at the margins ; upper surface glabrous, lower
hiir>' ; flowers yellow ; capsule very hairy, conical and furrowed; seeds
manyi transversely ribbed ; taste very acid and astringent.
C^MtHiuents.^^ll contains acid potassium oxalate.
I^gparaHom, — Fresh juice. Dose, J to i dr. Decoction of leaves
(i in lo}. Oofi«» I to 3 ozs.
A ^ ifiusts^ — Cooling, refrigerant, appetizing and astringent;
given ase* of dysentery, prolapse of the rectum and vagina,
md a ■ , in fever and biliousness. The fresh juice is given
It an , jisoning by dhatura.
The crane's bill family,
Geranosy a crane, from the resemblance of the elongated beak of
the seed or capsule to a crane's bill.
Herbs or shrubs, with articulate swollen joints ; leaves simple,
opposite or alternate, with membranous stipules ; flowers symmetrical
ancl showy ; sepals 5 imbricate ; petals 5^ twisted, in aestivation ; fruit, 5
caipdft attached by means of their styles to an elongated axis or
carpo{)hore. from which they separate (ufhen ripe) from below upwards
by the curling up of the styles ; seed one in each carpel, ex-albumin*
Dus; embryo convoluted.
Hnbitat. — The Cape of Good Hope*
^ /V<j^r/i>j.— Astringent, resinous and aromatic.
Geranium Hacalatum.
Habitat, — North America.
Part utf(t. — Rhizome.
Syn. — Crane's bill, Alum root, American kino. Astringent root,
Ajtierican Torment ilia, crow foot, dove foot*
Alacuiatum— macula, spotted. Leaves acquire white spots by
aige. Alum root, because it contains tannic and gallic acids or
bein^ =» "'^ '* substitute for kino and catechu,
G Nepalense— G. Oscillatum. Found in Himalaya,
NilgiiM. wuvinn. The rhizome is used in medicine, and is known as
fihanda Hewil (Hind ); and used in diseases of the kidneys.
154 GERANIUM WALLICHIANUM.
Geranium Robertianum. — Robert herb. — grows in Europe,
Himalaya. Ther rhizome is used as astringent and diuretic in haemor*
rhages and gravel.
Geranium Moscatum, Erodium Moschatum, stoik's bill. A good
diaphoretic.
Erodium cicutariura. — A good diuretic given in dropsy.
Oeraniam VaUiohianiim.
Habitat. — Temperate Himalayas, Afghanistan, Kuram Valley.
Part used. — Rhizome.
Vernacular. — Afghan . — Mamir an. Arab.— Ibrat- ur-raai ;
Ibrat ur-raai means shepherd's needle.
Characters. — Indigenous perennial plant. The rhizome is hori-
zontal, cylindrical, two to three inches long, half an inch or less thick,
tuberculated longitudinally, wrinkled and dark brown ; the bark is
thin ; wood wedges yellowish, forming a circle near the cambium line ;
medullary rays broad, central pith large ; rootlets thin and fragile ;
taste pleasant and astringent ; no odour. Dose, powdered rhizome, 20
to 40 grs.
Constituents, — Tannin 12 to 27 p. c. Gallic acid, red colouring
matter, starch, pectin, sugar.
Preparations. — Extractum Geranii Fluidum. — Fluid extract of
feranium. Dose, 10 to 40 ms. Dried extract, otherwise called Geranin.
)ose, I to s grs. Tincture (1 in 10). Dose, 20 to 40 ms. Decoction
(i in 20). Dose, \ to i oz.
Actions and uses. — Powerful and efficient astringent like tannic
acid. As a tonic it is given with hydrastine in chronic diarrhoea and
dysentery, passive haemorrhages, in relaxed condition of the mucous
membranes, as gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, diabetes, cholera, &c.
Locally used as a gargle in sore throat and in ulceration of the mouth ;
as an injection to relaxed vagina, uvula, rectum, &c.
Celastraceea.
The Malakangani or spindle tree family.
General characters. — Shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, generally
alternate, and rarely opposite ; stipules small and deciduous ; flowers
small, regular, perfect and rarely unisexual ; stamens opposite the sepals;
fruits 2, 3 to 5 -celled, drupaceous and indehiscent or capsular ; seeds
ascending, arillate ; disk large, flat, surrounding the ovary and
albuminous.
Habitat. — Warmer parts of Asia. India.
Properties. — Seeds contain an acrid principle ; the seeds of some
contain an oil of a stimulating nature.
Celastras Paniculatiui, C. Montana, G. Bothlana, G. Sene^ensls,
C. Nutans, Soutla puiicnlata.
Habitat. — Hilly districts, Himalaya and Ceylon.
CELASTRUS PANICULATUS-
»55
nsed, — Tlie seeds and the oil.
Vemaatiar, — Bomb. — Malakanguni. Eng— (the oil) oleum
nigrum, Stjff tree. Guz. — Malakaguni. Hind.— Malakangani* Mar.^ —
Kanguni. Sans. — Vanhiruchi, Katumbhi, Jyotish-mati, Tarn. —
Ati'parich-chami Malkang-unt, Tel.^ — Mala-erikata, Bavungi, Gundu
Mida, \^aluluvai Danti-chettu*
Jyotiih-mati, meaning light possessing. In allusion to their sup-
posed property of stimulating intellectual powers and sharpening
memory,
CkaracUm* — Fruit resembling tirphal in size^ three-celled
and globose. In form resembling the open-mouthed fruits ot kapus*
Fruit with a small stalk at the base, surface rugous and of a faint
yellow colour ; seeds hard, angular, and somewhat pointed at one end.
In form and size similar to draksha bija colour brownish red,
S'ltrficc wrinkled and covered with a kind of brownish powdery
iwb^t^iTtcc ; kernel oily and almond-like ; taste biting and hot ; embryo
gr itcd in the middle of the kernel ; oil of a deep reddish-yellow
cr' aning, when kept for a time, thick like honey. Dosc% 3 to
10 gr^*
Consniuftifs, — ^The seeds contain an oil, a bitter resinous principle,
taiuiiu and a-sh 5 p. c The oil is obtained from the seeds by
exhiiudtion with ether. It is a thick, reddish, bitter oil, of an aromatic
odour. Oleum nigrum — an empyreumatic black oil^ — is obtained by
the destructive distillation of the seeds of C, paniculatus» to which
Loban, lavang, jaiphal, and javantri are often addedt Dose, 5 to 15 ms-
The bitter resinous principle resembles glucosidal resin. It is
extracted from the seeds with proof spirit or ether, or by shaking
the oil with alcohol. It is insoluble in cold and boiling water.
l^t^mtinm, — ^Decoction of seeds (i to 10). Dose, i to i 02s.
/^*" '" "• =-1 in 8 of butter known as Magz sudhi or brain polisherg
•o na;i r the belief that it promotes the intelligence of pundits
and Ic Ti who use it as an application for the head,
.? ind tises. — The ^^Qd% are alterative, stimulant and
lie* combined with aromatics and given in rheumatism, gout»
iid leprosy. The oil is used as pomade and also as rube-
cnt tor relieving rheumatic pains of a malarious character
and in paralysis. Oleum nigrum has been tried in berberi with some
benefit*
Elttodendron Qlaacam, £. Paniculatum, E. Roxburghiii Neerij
Dichotoma.
ffabitat, — India. Ceylon, Darjeeling*
flw/F iirw^/.— The bark and leaves.
Kirnidcw/irn— Can, — Tamrooj. Hind. — Bakra, Chauri. Jamrasi
Mar* — Bhut-pal, Tamrooj. Punj. — Marandu, Jamoa, Tam. — Karkava,
Irkoii* Tel, — Nerija-Ncradi,
mow
IS6 BLiEODENDRON GLAUCUM.
Bhut-pal — Bhut, a demon, and pal, palo the plant. The leaves
are used to remove the Bhut or demon of which women are supposed
to become possessed in hysteria.
Characters. — Leaves opposite, short petioled, acutely oblong or
obtusely serrate, both surfaces polished, upper surface shining ; root-
bark compact and brittle, in small fragments of a dull reddish colour,
and covered by a scabrous suber, which is yellowish externally and
brick-red internally ; bark and leaves bitter and astringent to taste.
Constituents. — The bark contains an alkaloid, 2 resins, tannin 8 p.c,
glucose 5 p.c. and ash 18 p.c. The ash contains calcium carbonate and
calcium oxalate. The alkaloid is separated by lime and chloroform. It
gives a purplish colour with sulphuric acid, and yellow with nitric
acid. With acids, it forms salts, which are soluble m water.
Resins, — One is soluble in ether and amylic alcohol ; the other in
rectified spirit.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, stimulant and deobstruent. The
dried leaves are used as a fumigatory in hysteria ; also as a sternuta-
tory to relieve headache. The bark rubbed with water is used to
remove any sort of swelling, and used as a deobstruent in enlargement
of glands. The natives use it as a remedy for snake-bites. Both the
leaves and bark are astringent like matico.
Enonymus Atroparpnrens B.P., Eaonymos Crenalatas, E.
Pendulus, E. Tingens, E. Eoropoaas, E. Amerioanus.
Bitter ash, Peg wood, Indian arrow wood, prick wood, burning
bushy strawberry tree.
Habitat — Western Peninsula, Himalaya, Nilgiri, shady places.
Part used. — ^The bark of the root — wahoo bark.
Vernacular, Hind. — Barphali, Sikhi, Rangchul, Guli, Papar,
()hopra, Kunku Kesari.
Characters. — Ornamental shrub ; branches slightly quadrangular ;
flowers dark-purple, in cymes ; fruit capsular, smooth, 4-lobed.
The dried bark in quill or curved pieces, outer surface covered
with a thin scaly suber, which is soft, corky and friable, colour ash-
grey, with dark ridges or patches ; inner surface smooth, pale, tawny
and white. It breaks with a short fracture ; odour is faint and
characteristic ; taste mucilaginous bitter and acrid. Dose, ^ to i dr.
E. Crenulata bark is almost white. The inner portion of the bark
of E. Tingens is also white and the arillus yellow.
Constituents. — The bark contains tannin, sugar, but no alkaloid.
An amorphous bitter principle, euonymin ; atropurpurin identical
with dulcite ; resins, asparagin ; euonic acid, fixed oil, albumen, wax,
starch and ash 14 p.c.
Euonymin.— To obtain it add chloroform to the dried extract
or the tincture, shake the solution and evaporate ; then add to the
residue ether or alcohol and acetate of lead. Dissolve the precipitate
RHAMNACBvE.
,toy ^ "1 hydrogen and evaporate. It is soluble io water,
'ifc- Lf. Dose, i to 2 grs.
Rci-in. — Amorphoas* of a greenish colour, without any taste,
insoluble in water, and soluble in ether, Atropurpurin. — A glucoside,
identical with dulcite.
/Reparations. — Extractum euonymi. Dose, i to 5 grs. Extractum
euonymi siccum, B. P. Euonymin. Dose, 1 to 2 grs* Extractum
euonymi liquidum, riot miscible with water. Dose, to i dr. Tinctura
euotiymi. — ^Tinctute of enonymi (i in 5). Dose, 10 to 40 ms.
Compound Pills.^Enonymin, gr. i ; Extract of Henbane, gr. 1 ;
Extract of Rhubarb, gr. i ; Extract of Nux vomica, gr. ^ ; Aloin, ^r. J ;
Make one pill — as a cholagogue, Liquid preparations containing
enonymin with pepsine, cascara sagrada and bismuth are used in pro^
prictary medicines.
Actions and HSfs* — Euonymus is cholagogue, hepatic stimulant,
diuretic, anlipcrindic, antiparasitic, and tonic. The action is similar
Io that of pndophvlHn. As a cathartic it is similar to rhubarb,
but only weaker, ft is generally associated with aloes, jalap, rhubarb,
Of eolocjmth. It increases the flow of bile and promotes other secre-
tions. In over-dosciit is a gastro-intesttnal irritant, TherapeuticK, — A
good remedy for torpid liver, bilious diarrhoea, habitual constipation,
dropsy, pulmuuary aiTtclion and pcdiculi. With pepsin it is a valuable
hepatic and digestive agent ; hence given in indigestion, ilatulence.
The fruit af E. Europcus is used to destroy lice.
Remarks. — The inner bark of E, tingensis used to make sectarial
marks on the forehead by the Hindus. The vernacular name, Kunkun,
Itis reference to the colour of the arillus, Kunku being the red powder
used to make a mark on the foreliead of the Hindus. E. Europeus
bthe common spindle tree ; the wood is used to make spindles.
Rhamnaoea.
The Boedi, buckthorn, Christ's thorn familyt
General Characters, — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves spiny,
3in ■ ernate or rarely opposite ; flowers small, perfect; stamens
p^ J3 ; petalb involute, sepals valvate ; fruits dfy, capsular
ficdliy and indehiscent ; seed erect, one io each cell ; albumen fleshy.
Ha Sitat. — U n i vc rsal-
Properiies. — ^Some plants have acrid and purgative properties, A
few are used in the preparation of dyeing materials. The bark in some
ol the species is highly astringent. In others it is bitter, Ionic and
febrifuge.
Rhamnua Frangula.
\\A..^ buckthorn, black alder, dog wood, Persian berries.
UtL — Europe, Holland.
/^ariused, — ^The bark.
158 RHAMNUS FRANGULA.
Characters, — Bark from the trunk and branches ; in small quilk,
smooth, of a purplish or of a greyish brown or black colour, with white
lenticles ; outer layer corky, with many whitish elongated transverse
markings; inner layer brownish yellow and fibrous. When chewed it
colours the saliva yellow; taste pleasant, sweetish bitter, no odour.
Gives red colour to lime water, yellow colour to cold water, and
brown to hot water.
Constttuents, — A glucoside — frangulin or rhamnoxanthin,emodin,
isoemodin, resin, tannin, ash 5 p. c. Frangulin, a glucoside. To obtain
it, macerate the bark in solution of carbon bisulphide, evaporate, add
alcohol and again evaporate. Occurs in crystals, of a lemon yellow
colour, without any odour or taste; insoluble in water, sparingly soluble
in alcohol or ether; identical with cathartin. With hydrochloric
acid it splits up into glucose and frangulic acid. Emodin. — Trioxy-
methyl anthraquinone, a reddish crystalline principle, a decomposi-
tion product of frangulin. Isoemodin or frangulic acid, is a bitter
laxative.
Preparations, — Extractum Rhamni Frangulae. Dose, 1 5 to 60 grs.
Extractum Rhamni Frangulae liquidum — Fluid extract of frangulae.
Dose, I to 4 drs. Trochisci Rhamni Frangulae, otherwise known as
aperient fruit lozenges. Syrupus Rhamni Frangulae. Dose, i to 4 drs.
Decoction (i in 40). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Ointment (i to 8 of lard).
Physiological action, — ^The bark is purgative ; when fresh it is a
violent gastro-intestinal irritant, producing vomiting, purging and
much pain. Dried bark is not irritant; a safe purgative, alterative,
tonic and diuretic.
Therapeutics. — Given in dropsy, in constipation of pregnancy, also
in chronic cutaneous affections, in rheumatism and in secondary
syphilis. Ointment is used for itch and parasitic affections. Frangulin
is identical with cathartin (the active principle of senna).
Remarks, — Emodin is also found in rhubarb root.
Rhajnnus Parshianus, B. P.
Habitat. — Pacific Coast of the United States, California.
. Part used, — The dried bark. Cascara sagrada or Rhamni
Purshiani cortex or sacred bark, B. P. chittem bark, Bearberry
Persiana or Purchiana bark.
Characters. — A small tree. The bark in curved quills or nearly
flat pieces, thick, brownish or greyish white externally, and whitish
within, easily separable, marked with spots of adherent lichen, without
any odour and of bitter taste. Dose of the powdered bark, 3 to 15 grs.
Constituents, — Neutral, bitter, crystalline, yellowi principle, resem»
bling frangulin; three resins : — Emodin, tannin, oxalic and malic acids,
and a white crystalline sublimate.
Preparations, — Extractum Cascarae Sagradae liquidum, Extractum
Rhamni Purshiani liquidum, B. P. — Liquid extract of cascara sagrada.
Dose, i to I dr. Extractum cascarae sagradae, B. P, Dose, 2 to
8 grs. Syrupus cascarae aromaticus, B. P. Dose, ^ to 2 drs. Elixir
RHAMNrs vvffVMTn.
159
sagnuja contains liquid extract of cascara 8, tincture of
^ 2, ulcohol I, cinnamon water 3^ syrup 6. Dose, ^ to 2 drs,
Ctsc^ra cordial contains cascara sagrada, Berber is aquifolmm root,
coriander seeds gr. 15, Angelica root gr. 2, oil of anise gtt. 10, oil of
01 10, oil of cassia gtt, 2j extract liquorice gr». 12, sugar 5
dr in constipalioD^ dyspepsia* haemorrhoids, and as an excipient
for Da ^ugs. Dose, i to. i dr. Cascara capsules J dr. of liquid
extract - , __.a or 3 grs* of solid extract. Some contain, in addition,
Euonymin. 1 gr, in each. Dose, i to 2. Cascara lozenges contain
^jv-.-x.r^ ^Jt>, 2 grs of solid extract in each. Pilula Cascarae
C' I. — Extract of cascara ij, Extract of nux vomica ^, alcoholic
cxtf-n.1 I'f belladonna I, milk-sugar 1, in one pill; a nice aperient ;
Syrupus Cascara Sagrada — Liquid extract of cascara 4 oZ!>., liquid
extract of Hquoricc 3 ozs., carminati%'e tincture 2 drs., syrup 20 ozs.
Dose, I to 4 drs. Tinctura laxativa contains liquid extract of cascara
sagrada 2^ aromatic spirit of ammonia 2, spirit of chloroform 2,
Itnaure of belladonna j, tincture of nux vomica i,mi5ciblc with water.
Dos>e, 20 I060 ins.» used as a laxative. Liquor cascara aromalicus
oontaiDS aromaticSf alcohol and saccharine. Dose, i lo 3 drs , used
la id adjuvant to constipating drugs.
Actions and nscs^^ The dried bark is purgative, tonic, and
fcbnfuge. In Inrgc doses cathartic. It improves the appetite and
di^ettioD* It promotes the gastric, hepatic and pancreatic secretions,
produces large, softg and painless evacuations. Useful in chronic
constipation due to torpor of the liver in catarrhal jaundice, and
aiooy of the stomach and intestines; after its disuse the bowels act
oaitirally. It acts best on an empty stomach and in a concentrated
form« Purgative action is due to the resins, and the tonic effects to
th< bitttr principle. Given as a tonic and laxative in habitual consti-
piatton, associated with haemorrhoids, dyspepsia, &c. It sometimes
cures goot or iheumalism where salicylate of soda has failed,
Rhamxiiis Wightil, R. Catharticus
haUtat, — Western Peninsala, Ceylon, Nilgiris
J^rts iii5/r/-— The bark and berries*
Fernacular, — Eng. — Buckthorn. Bomb. — ^Rukta Rohida. Guz.
<— Rakta Rohido. MaL — Rakla Rohida. Mar. — Ragatrora.
Characttrs.^V^^jk in thick hard pieces ; colour brownish red.
The texture tough and fibrous, bark from the young wood fragile
and soft; taste highly astringent ; berries black, siie of a p^a, 3 to 4
seeded; taste bitter and acrid. Dose, ^ to 2 drs.
C^nshtiients, — h crysiallioe principle ; resim, tannin, a bitter
p^ malic and cathartic acids, su^ar, starch, albuminous
fj aUs and ash The ash contains silica, alumina, lime, iron,
luagnesia, &c.
I^paraihns. — Fluid extract. Dose> J to 2 drs. Decoction (j in
I^)^ Dose, J to I 01, S>Tup. Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
y^i^i^
l60 ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, tonic and deobstruent, given in
relaxed condition of the system like cinchona bark. Combined with
@oedi chhala, it is given in bloody fluxes ; locally it is applied to
swollen glands and tumours.
Remarks. — The name Raktarohida properly belongs to Ampora
Rohituka, order Meliaceae. This name is popularly applied to several
astringent drugs.
Zizyphus J^juba. Z. Trinervla. Bhamnus Jujnba,
Habitat, — South of Asia.
Parts used. — The bark, leaves and lac.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Zruf, Ussli Suddir, Sidra Nabig, Unabe
Hindi. Beng. — Kul, Budri. Burm. — Hyi-bin, Hzee zugi. Can. — Elonji-
mara, Gub-mara. Cing. — Maha-debara, Duk. — Ber-chuni. Eng. —
Jujube tree. Guz. — Boedi, Bora, Goud. Hind. — Ber, Boer. Maleal. —
Elantha Perintpdali. Malay. — Bidara. Mar. — Bora. Pers. — Kumara.
Sans. — Wadari or Badari, Dir, Parni, Vanokoli. Tarn. — Ellendi. Tel. —
Regu-pandu.
Characters, — Bark scabrous, externally (like Babul chhal) darkish
brown and deeply and longitudinally fissured. Internally pinkish or
reddish, very tough and fibrous, taste highly astringent, odour rather
disagreeable ; leaves one to two inches long, short petioled, alternate,
three-toothed, oblong, obtuse, glabrous above and tomentose beneath,
margins serrated, thick, coriacious and very mucilaginous when bruised.
Dose, i to I dr.
Constituents* — The bark and leaves contain tannin and a crystalliz-
able principle, ziziphic acid and sugar.
Preparations, — Paste of leaves ; infusion of leaves (i in lo). Dose,
^ to I oz., and decoction of the bark (i in lo). Dose, i to i oz.
Actions and uses, — The bark is astringent, used in leucorrhoea,
diarrhoea and haemorrhagic fluxes, generally combined with Talabija.
The paste of the leaves, with those of Ficus glomerata, is used locally
for scorpion bites ; and as a poultice to promote suppuration of boils.
With catechu the leaves are given as cooling and refrigerant. The
root is used in fevers.
Remarks. — A kind of lac known as Bhuri lak or Bora lak, is found
as excrescence upon the branches. It is an ingredient in the prepara-
tion known as Lakha shadi tela.
Zizyphus Yalgaris.
Habitat.- ^India, Persia, China.
Part used. — The dried fruit.
Vernacular.— ATdh.—lJnmb. Bomb.— Unnab-khorasani. Eng. —
Jujube. Hind.— Fetni, Pitui. Pers.—Unnab, Sinjid-i-jilani, Sutlg. —
Amlai.
VENTILAGO MADRASPATANA. l6l
Characters^ — Fruit dry, oblong and of a red colour, in size resem-
bling small nutmeg or dried date ; surface smooth, shining and
wrinkled and presenting a small cup-shaped depression at its base, in
the centre of which a small stalk is attached ; pulp greyish yellow,
spongy, unctuous and lumpy to the touch. In the centre of the
fruit is a small stone, which is pointed on both sides and adherent to
the pulp; taste sweet, sub-acid and moderately astringent like that of
fresh apple. A fine gum lac is obtained from this tree.
Constituents, — ^The fruit contains mucilage and sugar ; the bark
and leaves contain tannin ; the wood contains a crystallizable acid
(ziziphic acid), tannin and sugar.
Preparation, — Decoction of the bark (i in 20;, Dose, J to i oz.
Acttovs and uses. — Similar to those of dried raisins or prunes.
The fruit is aperient, demulcent, expectorant and tonic ; used in
habitual constipation, rheumatism and chronic skin diseases. It is a
chief and constant ingredient in pectoral syrups and confections. The
leaves, when chewed, are said to destroy the sense of taste of disagree-
able medicines. The decoction of the bark is used externally as an
astringent wash to wounds and ulcers.
Yentilago Madraspatana. Funis Yiminalis.
Habitat. — Ceylon, Burma, and Southern India.
Part used. — The root-bark.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Ruktupita. Can. — Popli-chukai. Mar. —
Khandvel, Lokhandi. Sans. — Rakta^valli. Tam. — Vambadam. Tel. —
Surugundu, Erra-chiratali.
Raktavalli. — Red creeper.
Characters. — A climbing shrub ; root J to i inch in diameter,
rough and scaly ; colour reddish, of a metallic lustre.
Preparation. ^M^dLXQZttd oil. The powdered bark, with gingelly
oil.
Actions and uses, — Parasiticide. The oil is used locally for itch
and other skin eruptions.
Anaoardiaoe».
The Bhilamo or Cashew (Kaju) family.
Anacardiaceae, from ana, alike or according to, and cardia, the
heart, in allusion to the fruit, which is heart-shaped.
General characters. — Trees or shrubs abounding in resinous
gummy, acrid milky and sometines poisonous juice, which becomes
black on drying ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple or compound and
dotless ; flowers regular, often small and unisexual ; fruit indehiscent
drupe or nut-like ; seeds edible, without albumen.
Prrtperties. — Many plants contain a milky juice of a resinous,
gummy and acrid character. In some the juice is poisonous. In
pistachio nut the seeds are solitary, without albumen. Seeds of some
U
Ib2 ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE.
species are used as food. Theiuice of Kaju and Bhilama is acrid, cbrro-
sive and of a black colour. The mango (Amba) of India is a luscious
fruit. Some plants yield turpentine. Many furnish varnishes and dyes.
Anaoardiam Ocoidentale. Aoaiuba Ocoidentalis. CassnTiom
Pomiierom.
Habitat — An American plant, cultivated on sea-coasts of India,
Tropics. Imported from Goa.
Parts used. — Seeds or kernels (almond fruits). Bajk, tar, and
spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the torus.
Vernacular, — Amboyna. — Boafrangi. Beng. — Kaju Hidjii badam.
Bur. — ^The-ho-thayat. Can. — Gerapoppu. Cing. — Kaju-atta. Duk. —
Kajuki-Jutli. Eng. — Cashew-nut. Guz. — Kaju. Hind. — Kaju, Hijli-
badam. Mar. — Kaju. Maleal. — Parunki-mavah, Keppal Cherum.
Malay. — Jambu-monat. Pers. — Badam-i-Pharangi. Sans. — Bijara-sala.
Tam. — Kala-mavah, Kothai-mundiri. Tel. — Jedi-mamedi, Mamedi-
vittu.
Boa frangi — Portuguese fruit.
Characters, — Flowers sweet smelling, pea-shaped, yellow or red ;
peduncle or torus, enlarged and fleshy, containing a sweet and
astringent juice and used as edible fruit each peduncle having
at its end a small kidney-shaped nut (kaju). The nut is an inch
long, flattened on both sides, smooth and shining ; the pericarp
contains quantities of acrid, caustic and vesicating oily liquid. The
acridity is destroyed by roasting the nut, when it becomes edible, as
an article of food and as an ingredient in chocolate; hence, when ground
up with cocoa, the nuts make a good chocolate. The tarry, acrid, oily
fluid is obtained by heating the pericarp. From the fermented juice
expressed from the torus or thalamus, a kind of spirit is distilled.
The spirit has a peculiar flavour due to the volatile, aromatic principle
contained in the rind of the torus. It is similar to the fermented cedar,
but is superior to rum or arrack. A kind of astringent gum is exuded
from the trunk, which is a fair substitute' for gum-arabic. The gum
occurs in reddish, yellow or brown stalactiform masses ; with water it
forms glairy, turbid mucilage. The tar lis obtained from the pericarp
by roasting the fruit.
Cotistituents. — The tar contains anacardic acid 90 p.c. and cardol
10 p.c, to the latter the blistering property is due. The kernel
contains a sweet, bland, pale yellow oil, similar to olive oil, that from
the mesocarp is thick, brown and viscid. It becomes darker when
exposed to the air, and is soluble in alcohol and ether. The wood
contains catechin.
Anacardic Acid. — The pericarps are exhausted with ether and
distilled. The solution contains anacardic acid and cardol ; the residue
is next washed with water to free it from tannin. It is then dissolved in
alcohol. To the solution is next added oxide of lead, which precipitates
insoluble lead salts of anacardic acid. The acid thus obtained occurs
as white crystalline mass without any odour. On heating it is
BUCHANANIA LATIFOUA,
J 03
decomposed, producing colourless Buid oil of the odour of rancid fat
when Durned. Cardol. — To obtain it, the alcoholic solution of the
pem-4f p, after removing anacardic acid^ is next distilled ; to the distillate
;idd acetate of lead and sulphuric acid. The precipitate contains cardol
A5 a yellow oily liquid, insoluble in water» soluble in alcohol and ether.
Pre/farattons* — Infusion of bark (1 in 20), Dose, i to 1 oz,
Tinclura anacurdii (i in 10) of the pericarp. Dose, 2 to Jo minims ;
used as a vermifuge. Unguentum anacardii, — ^Blistering ointment
(i of the tar in 10 of ^-aseline).
Aciiom and uses. — ^The tar is a powerful irritants a good, rapid
and safe vesicant and a blistering agent* It gives rise to a dark-
coloured stain and an eczematous inflammation of the skin,
producing copious flow of serum* It is used in tuberculous
leprnfv* ringworra» corns, obstinate ulcers, piles, &c. The oil being
it! n} Uie fluid of the alimentary canal, 3 or 4 drops of it can be
s\\ 1 Hith iinpunity. It is also used to preserve wood from the
attack ot insects. The tincture is used as a vermifuge. The bark is given
in diabcteis insipidus. The spirit is a powerful diuretic and soporific,
given 10 promote secretion of urine. It is also used as an application
for rheumatism. Cardol is eliminated with the urine and fieces,
Bachanania Latifolia, Chirongia Sapida, Spondias Elliptica.
//aifttitt. — Hotter parts of India, Jumna, Ajmir, Panjab.
fitri used, — The seeds.
J' ir, — Burm. — Thitsai, Lambo. Beng. — Chironji^ Piyala.
Can*— Li, Noas Kool. Guz.— Charoli, Pia-Tal, Hind.— Piyal,
Charoh. Mar. — Charoli^ Panj. Mai. — Mura, munga, peru, Panj.^ —
Chirauli. Sans.*-Poyala, Chara, Tapasa-priya. Tarn. — Mowda, Aima.
Tel. — C h a r a - m a m i d L
Tapasa-pnya — dear to hermits.
C/tijrfirf^rs^^FTuit sub-globose, drupe, slightly compressed^ ^
if ' *r, colour deep purple; stone hard, 2 valved ; kernels
lit icssed, brovvn^ or mottled dark brown, 1 inch in length
and ^ 111 breadth ; cotyledons oily ; flavour agreeable and nutty.
C'iustitucfits. — Albuminoids 28 p.c., mucilage Ts p.c., oil 58 p.c,
and fibre and a:>h 3*; p.c. The expressed oil is straw coloured, of a
sweet Ustc and limpid. It congeals into a white semi-solid mass at a
low temperature.
/' ilsion, which contains almonds, dales without
stotit\ lt and scssamum, made into a paste, in tjiitk or
water. Dooet a lo 4 drs.
Atiiiits and n^scs, — Demulcent , nutritive and expectorant, givtn
in oough and in general debility. The oil is used as an application
for bilffnes^.
Mangifera, Indica, M. Montana, H. Domestica*
Uabitai% — E»iSt Indies and other tropical countries.
164 ODINA WODIBR.
Parts used. — The kernel, gum, resin, fruit, leaves, flowers,
bark, &c.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Maghzak Ambaj. Beng. — Ama, Amgachh.
Bomb. — Amba. Burm. — Siyapin, That-yat. Can. — Mavena. Chin. —
Mang-wo. Cing. — Amba-attamba. Duk. — Am. Eng. — Mango tree,
Guz. — Amba, Keri, Ambosi (dried raw decorticated fruit). Hind. —
Am, Amba-kaper, Ambosi Amchur Am khusk (dried fruit).
Mar.— Amachura, Amba. Maly. — Mushchi. Pers. — Darakhte Ambah.
San. — Ammara-chutu, Sahakara, Prajapati, Makau-lamu. Tarn. —
Manga-maram. Tel, — Mamidi-chettu.
Characters, — Fruit juicy, drupe of various shapes and sizes of several
varieties, differing very much in flavour ; stone compressed and fibrous.
The kernel is large and covered with a papery testa ; cotyledons two, plano-
convex, lobed and often unequal, bitter and astringent ; gum resin found
in pieces exuding from the fruit at the time of flowering and just before
ripening ; generally found deposited upon tender portions of the plant ;
leaves long, lanceolate, stiff and of a darkish green colour ; young leaves
very delicate and of a pale or pale reddish colour, of an astringent taste
and an acidulous aromatic smell ; bark dark-brown and longitudinally
fissured, inner part of a light, white, pale yellowish or reddish colour,
of an agreeable aroma and an astringent taste. A kind of spirit is pre-
pared from the mango. It is used for the same purpose as whisky.
It gives about 60 p. c. of alcohol. Dose of the kernel, 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — The dried unripe peeled fruit contains water 21
p.c„ watery extract 6i'S p.c, cellulose 5 p. c, insoluble ash 15, soluble
ash 1*9 The soluble ash contains alkalies as potash i, tartaric and citric
acids 7, and malic acid I2'6. The ripe fruit contains yellow colouring
matter, chlorophyll product, soluble in ether, bisulphide of carbon and
benzol, less readily soluble in alcohol. The bark contains tannin.
The kernel contains gallic acid and tannin, fat, sugar, gum and ash.
Preparation. — Fluid extract of the bark. Dose, S to 1 5 ms.
Physiological action. — The bark is astringent and tonic. The ripe
fruit is invigorating, refreshing and nutrient, also somewhat laxative.
The unripe fruit is acid, astringent and antiscorbutic. Ambosi is a
valuable antiscorbutic owing to its containing citric acid. The ashes
oi the leaves are applied to burns and scalds. Tender leaves, dried
and made into a powder, are used in diabetes. The kernel is astringent
and anthelmintic. Amba-no-chick, or the gum resin, mixed with lime
juice, is used locally in scabies. The bark is astringent,; anthelmintic
and used in nasal catarrh and for lumbrici. As an astringent it is
given in diarrhoea, also to check haemorrhages from the nose, stomach,
intestines, uterus, and lungs. It also checks profuse muco-pui ulent
discharges as leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, &c,
Odina Wodier.
Habitat, — Hotter parts of India.
Parts useci. — The bark and gum.
PISTACIA INTEGERRIMA.
J65
Fern/icuhr, — ^Beng. — Jival. Bomb. — Sbimpti* Burm.^Hnaubai
Nabhay. Can. — Sbimtee Poonu. Cing, — Hick-gass. Diik, — Besba-
TAm Kashmal. Guz. — Shembat, Jingna-gund (gum). Hind. — Sbimpti.
Kiniul^ — Moye-chhala. Mai. — Utbi. Malyal, — Udi maram. Mar.—
Magcer, moye. Sans, — Aja Shringi, Jiyal, Jingini Nelra-usbadhi.
Tarn.— Oaday maram, anicarra. Tcl. — Oddi-manu Garapina*
Aja Shringi. — Goat*shorn; Nctra-ushadhi, Netra eyes, and aoshad
mcdiane. It is a collyriuin for the eyes-
Characters. — Gum in large tears or stalactiform masses of a
yellowish tttigeor amber colour, very brittle and friable or in angubr
IMeces, each piece marked with fissures ; taste disgreeable and mucila-
ginous, one half of it soluble in water^ the remaining forming a slimy
or glairy and turbid mucilage on account of the oil it contains ; the
bark externally is ash -coloured, scabrous, fissured, fibrous and soft ; in*
li " he fibres are covered with a reddish powdery substance;
u itly astringent.
Constituents* — ^Thebark contains tannin and ash, the ash contains
considerable quantity of potassium, carbonate, and hence deliquescent.
I^efiaration. — Decoction of bark (i in lo). Dose, i to i oz,
Actmns and usrs, — Astringent, used as a gargle for the mouth; also
ms a lotion l^jr skin eruptions. The bark mixed with Morgosa oil
(Neem oil) is said to be a very useful application for chronic ulcers*
Til*' f^im beaten up with brandy is used as an application to sprains
;i i. The gum is given internally in asthma and as a cordial
to *>viuvif during lactation,
Plstaola Integerrima, Rhus Kakraslngl, Rhus Suoaedanea.
Habitats — Sub- Alpine Himalaya, Punjab,
Part used, — The galls.
Fifrii<ici»/ijr,*^Beng. — Kakara Sringi. Can. — Dushtapu-chattu.
Duk*^ — Kakada-singi. Eng. — Zebra wood tree. Guz. — Kakara-singi,
Sumak (the fruit). Hind. — Kakar-singi, Mah* — Kakada-shingi,
Sam.*— Kara«kata-sringi. Teh — Kakara -shingi* Tarn. — Kakkata*
shingi,
Characters.-^OdXls large» hollow, horn-like andcurved^ rough, pale
grceniih grey externally, single or sometimes lobed. They vary in size
aod shape, 5ome of them resembling bivalve shells, others obovate or
obco?' ncrally purse-like, cylindrical and tapering at either tnd,
Ncaf 1 or at the attached end is the midrib of the leaf, upon which
Ihe ^ led ; it appears to have split into two. Between
the li. lie, which is the passage for the insect ; surface
ATOOOth and here and there wrinkled, furrowed and marked with
toboxles. It is brittle, and breaks with a crackling noise. Internal
surface of the sac has bright yellow colour like that of dried blood ;
odour slightly aciduous ; taste strongly astringent, bitter and similar to
that of mmaja. Dose of the powder, lo to 30 grs.
Ifli
166 PISTACIA LENnscus.
Co;}^/r'/i/^f7/j.~-Tannin.
Preparations. — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, J to i oz.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, tonic and stimulant, generally
given with demulcents and aromatics in cough, bronchitis, phthisis,
asthma, difficulty of breathing, and as a tonic in fevers and want of
appetite. It allays thirst, difficulty of breathing and to check vomiting.
As an astringent it is largely used in diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, &c.
A paste of them is applied in psoriasis.
Pistacia Lentisons.
HahitaL — South of Europe, Asia Minor, Calcutta, Levant, Island
of Scio.
Parts used. — The bud, bark, leaves, fruit and a concrete resin-
ous exudation (mastiche).
Vernacular. — Arab. — Uluk-bagh-dame, Kinnak, Rumi-mastaka
(resin). Guz., Beng. — Rumi-mastaki. Eng. — Gum Mastiche. Hind.^
Rumimostike, Kundar-rumi« Mar. — Rumi-mastaki. Pers. — Kinnah,
Kinnoli. Tam.— Irumi-malait-taki. Tel, — Rumaroha Ramu.
Characters. — ^True mastiche obtained from the stem by incision
is rarely met with in the Indian market. It occurs as small, oval,
smooth, yellowish white tears, brittle, being usually covered with its
own dust, resembling gum resin, friable, of a vitreous fracture, soft-
ening in the mouth and becoming ductile when chewed, shining and
transparent ; larger tears of an inferior variety are found mixed with
bark and earthy matter; taste slightly terebinthinous; odour agreeable,
flavour weak and balsamic ; it melts at moderate heat and exhales a
sweet odour. Insoluble in water, soluble about 80 p.c. in alcohol,
leaving a substance resembling caoutchouc, which isdissolvedby ether.
It gives its name to the process of mastication, being largely chewed in
the East. Isasa or sveta kundola, is sometimes passed off as true
mastiche. Dose of the powder, 20 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — A trace of volatile oil, two resins, Alpha resin
or mastichic acid 90 p. c, and Beta resin or mastichine 10 p.c, also
an ethereal oil. Mastichic acid is soluble in alcohol. Mastichine
resembles copal, is insoluble in cold but soluble in hot alcohol and
soluble in ether.
Actions and uses. — It is a mild stimulant and diuretic, used in
catarrhs of the respiratory and urinary passages ; as an aphrodisiac
combined with salep it is given in genital debility ; also used as a
masticatory. It is used by dentists for filling cavities in caried teeth.
When kept in the mouth it perfumes the breath. The paste is applied
to the chest in catarrh, bronchitis or to relieve local pain.
Pistaida Yera, Pistaoia Khlnjok, Pistaoia Cabolioa, P. Poshtn.
* Habitat. — N.-W. India, Beloochistan, Sind, Syria, Persia,
Afghanistan.
Parts used. — ^The fruit, galls, husks and oleo-resin.
KSTACIA TE8EBINTHUS.
167
Vernacular. — Pers. — Darakht-i-Pistah ; the oleo resin, Saker,
(kundrune Taikh). Baluchi, — Kabul i mastaki. Bombay — Mastic,
Beng. — Pistan, Bomb, the nuts — Pistan. Eng.^ — Pistachio nuts. Arab. —
Fusiuk, Guz.— Pistam. Hind — Pistan. Ind.— Pisteh. Pers.— The
outer husk, Posti-pi^ta ; (the galls), Gul-i-Pisteh Buzgunj.
GuUi-pisteh means flowers of pista. The term is applied to the
gmlU of P. Khinjak and P. Cabulica. natives of Scinde, from their sup-
posed resemblance to the flov^ers.
Characters, — The fruit is of the size of an olive ; husk
reddish j taste astringent, and odour terebinthinate ; within the fruit
is a woody shell or nut of a brownish white colour, with hard, horny
and polished texture and ovoid shape ; the kernel or almond is of a pale
greenish colour and covered with a thin brownish red and brittle skin»
which can easily be removed by scratching* It contains much oil,
the taste is sweet and balsamic, flavour agreeable and resinous.
Gall \% a small, ovoid, fig shaped, spherical excrescence, of a
brownish red colour, about half an inch long and half an inch in
diameter at the apex, having a hole at the base communicating with
a hollow cavity within, thus resembling a small fig bud. At one end
of the gall is a scar, the remains of a fallen leaf. The walls are thin,
brittle and translucent ; taste acidulous and astringent ; odour lerebin-
thinous ; oleo resin is similar in appearance, characters and properties
to true mastiche, but more opaque and less clean. Dose of the fruit,
I to a drs. ; of the gatlSi to to 30 grs.
C^mHtuents,^GMs and husks contain tannic acid ^5 p.c, gallic
^e^in or oleo resin 7 p.c,| to which the odour is due. Kerne!
08 an aromatic oil, which soon becomes rancid. Galls are
toI^Ue in water 65 p.c, in spirit 75 p.c, and in ether 31 p.c,
Pteparatvm, — Confection. Dose, I to 2 drs,
Acttunx and uses. — The kernel is nutrient, demulcent and res-
torative. The galls are astringent and demutcenti used in diarrhcDai
dysentery and in excessive expectoration.
Platacla Tereblnthus, Terebinthua VuIgaHSt P. Atlantica,
P, Palestina.
Mji^^iM/. —Europe, South of France, Algeria* Asia, Mediterranean
Basin. Africa, Inland of Scto or Chio, and Cyprus.
Parts i/.K'f/.— The concrete oil ; liquid oleo-resinous exudation;
(terebinth ina chia) and galls*
Vernacular, — Arab. — (The oil) Butum, Ilak-el Ambat,
Kalingc-rumi (Galls^, Hab-ul Khizra. Afjghan. — Khinjak. Hind. —
(Oleo resin) Cabuli Mistaki. Eng. — Chian turpentine, Cj'press
tuqjcntinc, East Indian mastich. Pers,— Zunghari, Sukhur. Baluch —
G^ran.
Characters^ — The oleo-resin is a thick tenacious, greenish yellow
liquid, becomes hard by keeping, loses its volatile oil, and becomes a
concrete, soft, translucent mass or tears, with a fennel, citron or jasinine-
'nm'^rrt
l£m
Iktt^L
l68 RHUS AROMATICA,
like terebinthinate odour and faintly bitter, mastiche-like. agreeable
taste. It is free from the bitterness and acridity of turpentine. Galls
are small sacs found on the margin of the leaves, smgle, or three
or four combined, of a pink colour, terebinthinate odour and astringent
taste; used as an emulsion. Dose of the oleo-resin, 5 to 15 grs., and
of the galls. Dose, 3 to 10 grs.
Constituents — Volatile oil, resin, mastichic acid, and masticin.
Preparation. — Mistura Terebinthinae chise, contains 30 grains in
I ounce, emulsified with tragacanth and acacia.
Pilula Terebinth inae chiae contains chian turpentine 3, and
sublimed sulphur 2 in each. Dose, i to 2 pills.
Pilula Terebinthinae et zinci contains chian turpentine 4, zinc
sulphatis J. Dose, i to 3 pills.
Actions and uses.SxmWzx to those of Rumi mastachi. Its chief
use is, however, as a remedy for cancer of the female pelvic organs. It
is said to cause disappearance of the cancerous infiltration. Galb are
astringent.
Bhas Aromatioa, R. Aouminata.
Fragrant sumach, sweet sumach.
//ij^'/fl/.— United States, Cashmere Valley.
Part used, — ^The root bark.
Characters. — Shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, stems straight, branching
at the top ; flowers yellow, in spikes ; fruit irt clusters, red and
acid ; when broken the odour is very strong and fragrant ; root-bark
contains a volatile oil. Dose, 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — The root-bark contains several resins, calcium and
potassium salts, malates, tannin, a volatile oil, fat, mucilage, &c.
Preparations. — ^Tincture (1 in 5). Dose, 5 to 30 ms. ; fluid extract, not
miscible with water. Dose, 5 to 30 minims; solid extract, i to S grs.
Actions and uses. — Pungent, aromatic, astringent, tonic, diuretic
and stimulant, exerting its influence principally on the urinary organs.
Used in diabetes, cystitis, hsematuria, albuminuria; in nocturnal
incontinence of urine in children ; in hysterical eneuresis in adults ; in
involuntary painful micturition, where the urine is loaded with mucus
and pus or as is found in old persons due to loss of tone in the bladder
to retain the urine ; also given in night sweats, in haemorrhage from
the kidneys, bladder or uterus and in other passive discharges, as
leucorrhoea, atonic diarrhoea, dysentery, &c.
Rhos Goriaria.
Habitat. — Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, Mediterranean Basin.
Parts used. — The fruit, leaves and bark.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Sumaka, Tumtum. Eng. — Blue-leaved
Sumach, Star-leaved Sumach. Hind.— Tratraka. Panj. — Talri.
Pers. — Sumaka Mahi.
CORL^RIA,
169
Characters, — Fruit a drupe, small, flat, of the size of Guvara-bija or
lentil, hairy and of a reddish colour, surface smooth, shining and
fiitled here and there ; calyx small and of a brown colour ; epidermis
riigilc, so that thc^ seed escapes readily; seed greyish brown, very hard,
Aat^ rcnifnrm, and resembling a pea, having a white scar at the centre;
leaves about a foot long and pinnate, with 5 to 7 hairy leaflets;
dUpticalt woolly and serrate, Dose» 20 to 30 grs*
' fits* — The leaves contain a colouring matter, and tannm.
The \' latns bimalate of lime*
/^efarattom. — Decoction (1 in 10). Dose, ^ to i oz. Paste of
leaves; gargle; liquid extract, dose ^ to 1 dr. Infusion (i in lo),
Do^i ^ to I 02.
Actt^ms and uses. — A good substitute for Rhus aromatica,
fe^riccrant and astringent, used in scurvy, diarrhoea, dysentery, and to
check bilious vomitinc ; in catarrh of the stomach and bowels,
indigestion, cholera, in nsematemesis and in haemoptysis ; also used in
leucorrhoca. k strengthens the gums. Locally the paste is applied
over the pubes to check diuresis ; mixed with charcoal powder it is
applied to unhealthy sores and in piles A gargle is used in catarrhal
ancctions of the pharyuix and in ulcers of the mouth. The bark is a
powerful astringent. The liquid extract prepared by boiling the leaves,
isirk and fruit is given to check diarrhoea. Poultices of the leaves are
used as apphc;iUons to the abdomen in the diarrhcea of children.
/^r marks* — The leavus are used as a substitute for gall nuts in the
production of grey colours for dyeing and tanning leathers.
Rhus Glabra. -rStnooth sumach*
//til/ttaL — America, California.
I^dris used, — The fruit, leaves and bark.
Characters, — Bark smooth, greyish red, covered with scattered
Truit a drupe in clusters, of small crimson berries, sub*
t ly hairy ; seeds roundish or oblong and smooth. With*
«tlt St and of an acidulous taste Dose, \ to i dr.
L . ... ..;;/*. — The fruit contains acid calcium and potassium mal-
atc*, tannin 6 p. c* and colouring matter. The seeds contain a fixed
oil ; galU contain lannin 60 to 70 p.c
f^^aratj'ofts, — Infusion and decoction (1 in 20). Dose, i to a ozs.
Fluid extract, not miscible with water. Dose, 1 to 2 drs. ; gargle.
Actions and r/ses, — Astringent, refrigerant, diuretic, and antiseptic,
fiven tn catarrh of the stomach and bowels, in dysentery, gonorrhoea,
X.; also as a diuretic and refrigerant in fe%*er and diabetes. In catarrh
of the throat, in pharyngitis and other mouth affections it is used as
a gargle. The infusion is used as a wash for ulcers, wounds, &c.
Rhus Toxicodendron.
Trailmg sumach, poison ivy,
/&^fi!o/,— Canada, United Sutea«
I70 SEMICARPUS ANACARDIUM.
Part used. — The fresh leaves.
Characters, — Shrub, erect, leaves long, petiolate, trifoliate; lateral
leaflets sessile, long, obliquely ovate, pointed, terminal at the base,
wedge shaped or rounded ; leaflets entire, downy, glabrous and notched ;
dried leaves papery, brittle, without any odour ; taste astringent and
acrid ; applied to the skin they set up erysipelatous inflammation. On
incision the plant yields an acrid poisonous juice, which turns black by
exposure to the air. Dose of the powdered leaves, i to 4 grs.
Constituents. — A poisonous principle — Toxicodendric acid, tannin »
fixed oil, mucilage, and wax.
Toxicodendric acid. — To obtain it bruise the leaves with slaked
lime, macerate with water, add sulphuric acid and distil. The distillate
is an acid, which is a colourless solution, highly volatile ; almost absent
in dried leaves. The poisonous principle is also found in Rhuspumila
and Rhus diversiloba and Rhus venenata (swamp sumach). The last
is most poisonous.
Preparation. — Tinctura Rhois Toxicodendri. — Tincture of Rhus
toxicodendron (i in 2). Dose, 2 to 5 ms. Emplastrum Rhois Toxi-
opdendri.
Physiological action. — A cutaneous irritant ; locally applied, it
causes redness and swelling of the afiected part, with itching and vesi-
cular eruptions. It is also an irritant of the mucous membranes, causing
conjunctivitis, redness and tumefaction of the mouth and throat, great
thirst, nausea, vomiting often choking pain, worse at night, diarrhoea,
with bloody stools and diureris. In favourable cases desquamation
of the epidermis follows, lasting some time. It is given internally
in chronic eczema, in vesicular erysipelas, in typhoid fever, and even in
rheumatism. In affections of the fibrous tissue, in erythema, herpes
and pemphigus and in nocturnal rheumatic pains, the adminis-
tration of Kb us is attended with benefit. In paralysis, due to rheu-
matic diathesis or to exposure to cold and wet, it is useful. As a
local application it is used as a lotion in sprains, superficial burns,
bites and stings of in|ects.
femioarpaB Anaoardium.
Anacardium Latifolium, A. Officinarum — Marking-nut tree
(Eng.)
Habitat — Hotter parts of India, Ceylon, Burmah.
Parts used. — ^The fruit or nut and oil.
F^nwc«Ajr.— Arab,— Baladar (nut), Hab-al-kalb, Hatul-phahama,
Inkar-diya. Beng. — Bhela, Bhelava. Burm. — Khi-si chailem khyd.
Can. — Ghera-mara Giru Duk . — Bhilawan. Eng. — Marking-nut.
Guz.— Arushu Bhilamu. Hind. — Bhela, Bhilava. Mar.— Bhilamai
Bilba, Bibnava. Malyal. — Kanpura Cherun-kuru. Mai. — Sambiri,
Thembari. Pers. — Biladuro. Sans. — Bhallataka, Arshoghani, Bhella-
tike Bijama, Arush-kara. Sing.— Kiri Badulla. Tam. — Shayug cottay,
Sheran-kottai. Tel. — Bhallatamu-jodi, Chettu Tumnaoda Mamedi.
Arush-kara means causing sores.
SEMICAKPUS AKACA^DIUM.
I7t
Arshagani — Arsha or Harasha (Guz). piles and gni, to destroy.
Bhtlamo is a destroyer of piles, and hence the name. Marking-nut
ii so called as the nuts are used extensively for marking linen. It is
tliO tised in the preparation of a black varnish.
ChnracUrs, — Fruit, a nut resting upon a receptacle, the whole
in shape the heart of an animal. Nut obliquely cordate,
it u both sides, smooth, shining and wrinkled ; colour blacky
epidermis mmutely pitted with a small broad stalk at its base where
Ine receptacle is attached ; pericarp in two layers, the inner one hard
and ihe outer one leathery ; between these layers are cells which con-
tain a black resinous, viscid, acrid juice or vesicating oil, which
is known as marking ink. The oil can be obtained by boiling the
Yrhole nut without depriving it of its pericarp. The nut is prepared
for internal use by first boiling it and then washing with cold water.
Dose of the oil, \ to 2 ms.
0>nsHiuents, — The almonds contain a smallquantity of sweet oil;
the pericarp contains a vesicating oil 32 p.c., soluble in etheri which
blackens on exposure to the air. It resembles the oil obtained from
Atiicardium occidentale.
Preparation, — Paste, containing juice of marking*nut 1, plumbago
2)eylanica 1, baliospermum montanum
nertifolia
Used
Euphorbia
Asdcpias gigantea 1, sulphate of iron i, molasses i, mix.
an application to scrofulous glands of the neck.
Aeiifms and us^s. — The black thick juice of Bhilamo, is chiefly
used as a stimulant ; locally caustic and vesicant. As a local stimulant
It U applied for the relief of rheumatic pains, leprous affections,
ififlainmation of bones and joints, bruises and sprains- When applied
over the skin it causes intense pain and stvelling, its thin epidermis
causes deep bluish coloured vesicles and intractable sore. The mark
does not disappear for many months or even for life. The pain of the
application is best relieved by salines interna 11 v and lead lotion ex-
ternally J the whole fruit or the seed is edible, like that of the cashew.
It is boiled and then washed with cold water before use. The oil obtain-
ed from it, mixed with butter or oil » is used by the natives as stimulant,
narcotic, digestive, alterative and nervine tonic, and given in dyspepsia,
worms, nervous debility, asthma and epilepsy* As an alterative it is
given in scrofula, venereal diseases and leprosy, and to relieve asthmatic
attacks. Sometimes the fruit is heated in the flame of a lamp and the
oil allowed to drop in milk. This is given in cough due to relaxed
uvula and palate. Its internal use requires great caution. It is used
locally to procure abortion. The vapour of the burning pericarp is
applied to cold swelling and to cure piles* The mature receptacle
U fleshy and sweetish-sour ; boiled and eaten with cocoanut and
charonji as an aphrodisiac.
Remarks, — The natives mix Bilama in the preparation of mercurial
compounds under the belief that it counteracts the dangerous eSect
of mercury, namely, salivation.
asQis
172 SPONDIAS MANGIFBRA.
Spondias Hangifera.
Habitat — Throughout India,
Parts used. — The fruit, bark and gum.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Amrai. Burtn. — Gue-bin. Can. — ^Amate-
mara, Fundi. Duk, — Jangh'tam. Eng. — Wild manffo, Hog plum-tree.
Hind. — Ambra, Amra, Maryam Kaiphar. Malyal. — Ampazham.
Mar. — Ambada. Pers. — Darakhte Maryam. Sans. — ^Amrataka, Amrat,
Adhvaga-bhog3ra, Pitta- Vriksha. Tam. — Mare-man-chedi. Tel.—
Pita-vruk shamu, Toura-manudi.
Adhvaga-bhogya means travellers* delight.
Pittavriksha. — ^Bile tree. The bark is used to lessen biliousness.
Characters. — Fruit a drupe of the size of a pullet's egg, oval, fleshy,
yellow when ripe ; gum smooth, shining, reddish brown or yellowish,
m stalactiform pieces, resembling tragacanth ; with water it forms
transparent jelly, or incompletely soluble mucilage. Dose of the bark,
lo to 30 grs.
Preparation. — Decoction (1 in 10), Dose, J to i oz. Extract,
5 to 15 grs.
Actions and uses, — ^The pulp is astringent, stomachic and acid, and
used in dyspepsia. The bark and gum astringent and demulcent, and
used in dysentery.
BorseraoaB or Amyridaoa.
Myrrh (Hirabola) and frankincense family.
General characters. — Trees or shrubs, leaves compound, frequent^
ly dotted ; flowers small, perfect and rarely unisexual ; disk and
stamens perigynous ; ovary sessile, superior, from i to s-celled ; ovules
in pairs ; fruit dry, 1 to 5-celled ; seeds ex-albuminous, superior. The
plants secrete a fragrant gum resin or a resinous juice and turpentine.
Habitat. — ^Tropical regions of America, Africa and India.
Properties, — Some plants are bitter purgative and anthelmintic ;
others are tonic, stimulants and antispasmodic.
Balsamodendrons.
Trees of this family yield a gum resin similar in characters
and properties to that obtained from the trees of the Boswellian
family. The same remarks apply to the arrangement and classification
of the plants of this order as in the case of Boswellia.
Commiphora (Balsamodendron) Opobalsamiim, Balnaimim
Oileadense.
Habitat. — ^Arabia.
Parts used. — The balsam or oleo-resin, known as Balm of Gilead
or Balm of Mecca, fruit and wood.
Vernacular. — Arab. — ^Akulla Balasin, Habel-Balasana, Dhonul-
balsan. Bomb. — Roghan-i-Balsan, the wood Ud-i-Balasana. Duk. —
BALSAMODENDKON PLAYFAIRII.
1/3
ftlasan kmteb. Eog. — Balm of Gelead. Mecca — gum balsam tree,
Indian bdellium. Egypt* — Belasan. Hind. — Roghaii-i-Baisan, Ind. —
Dohnula BaI*Uhhana ; uleo resin, Roghaiie-bulsan.
Chiitacter$, — The balsam is collected by making deep incision
Ihrough the bark down lo the wood. Another method is to extract it
by boiling the leaves and wood in water. A greenish turbid balsam,
re^mblet copaiba in colour and consistence- The genuine oleo-resin is
greentsh lurbtd fluid, sinks in water. It burns like naphtha without
injuring the wood. Cotton dipped in it can be washed quite clean in
water. lis odfiur is similar to that of chini-kababa or oil of rosemary.
The ta^tc is acrid, aromatic and bitter. When rubbed on the palm of
the hand it Inscs its essential oil and becomes sticky. Hence, if kept
for some time, ft becomes 3*ellow and sticky. The fruit is ovate,
oblong or obovate, elevated on a very small stalk and with a ring-like
calyx at the base ; surface wrinkled and of a reddish brown colour.
There is a small projecting style at the top» from which four longi-
tudinal rtdgcs spread downwards and extend to the calyx ; pericarp is
brittle ; seed one* resinous looking ; oily and of a brown colour, taste
balsamic, odour resembling that of turpentine ; wood of a pinkish
colour and heavy, met with in pieces ; covered with layers of papery
bark ; bark yellow, tubercled ; odour fragrant ; taste oily. Dose of the
balsam, 3 to 15 ms,
C^^nstihtents* — The balsam contains a volatile oil 30 px,, hard
restn 64 p.c , soft resin 4 p.c, and bitter principles 0*4 px.
The volatile oil is mobile, without any colour and of a fragrant
^door, >c>|ublc in alcohol and ether ; sulphuric or nitric acid gives it a
deep red colotir and i>n the addition of water it is precipitated as a resin.
Resin is honey yellow, transparent and brittle, dissolves with
difficuky in alcohol and ether, dissolves readily by heat; also soluble in
oiK Soft resin is brown, very glutinous and without any odour or
laue.
Ptcfaratmt. — Decoction of wood and fruits (1 in 30). Dose, 4 to
8 drs. balsam and oiL
Athons and tats. — The fruit is carminative, stomachic, expecto-
rant, and stimulant, given in combination with gum acacia, in chrom'c
coughiii, diarrhuM and dysentery, A paste of it is locally applied to
" ' * ,ind on recent cuts or bleeding wounds. The balsam is
demulcent, given in profuse mucous discharges from
43 as goiiorrlura, glt.ct, Icucjrrhfxu aid chjc.ijic
ins. The wood has properties similar to those of
Balsamodendron Playfairiit
tfabitau — Arabia, N. Africa.
f^trt useii. — Gum rtain,
Vfrnncuhr. — Somalis — Hattai. Muscat — Dukh. Arab,— Dijj.
J 74 BALSAMODKNDRON MYRRHA| B. P.
Ckaracters.'^The gum resin resembles myrrh. It occurs in
irregular pieces of wax-like appearance, cracked in all directions^
externally yellowish brown or liver-coloured and incrusted on one
side with reddish sand ; inodorous and of a bitter acrid taste. Agitated
with water it forms an emulsion, frothy and milky. Dose, 5 to 15 grs.
Preparation. — Plaster.
Actions and uses. — Similar to those of other balsams, used as
plaster for the chest and limbs in rheumatic pain« Also as a stimulating
application to wounds, in coughs and as a suppository for piles.
Internally it is used as demulcent and expectorant.
Balsamodendron Hyrrha, B. P., Commiphora HyrrluL
Habitat — ^Arabia, Somali Country, Africa, Socotra, Yamen.
Part used. — The gum resin from the stem. Myrrha — myrrh, B.P.
Vernacular. — ^Arab. — Mukala, Murr, Habak, Hadee (Bdellium,
perfumed). Beng. — Bola, Bomb. — Bysabole, Bhensabole,Mhaisagaggul
(Indian Bdellium). Can. — Bola. Cing. — Gauda-rasa, Bolam. Duk.
— Bol. Eng.— Myrrh, Bole. Guz.— Bol. Hind.— Bal. Mar.—
Hirabola, Balata, Bola. Mahomedans — ^Batareh. Pers. — Bola. Sans.
— Vola Minaharma, Gandha Rosaha, Rasaghandhaha, Saindhava,
Samudra gugul. Tarn. — Vellaip-paam. Tel. — Balimtra-polam.
Bhensa means a buffalo, and Bola myrrh. It is called buffalo
myrrh, because it is given to buffaloes to increase the flow of milk.
Sindhava Gugula or Samudra Gugula means resin coming from
beyond the sea.
Characters. — Low bush or small tree. Trunk very large, branches
many, knotty, irregular and at right angles, terminating in sharp
spines ; leaves trifoliate and long, leaflets sessile, obovate ; fruit long
and pyriform. Gum resin is found in the bark and pith and may exude
spontaneously as a juice. It is soft, oily, yellowish at first, then
becomes roundish, irregular tears or hard masses of a brownish or
reddish brown colour, waxy looking ; odour balsamic ; taste bitter, acrid
and aromatic. With water it gives a brownish yellow emulsion.
With nitric acid a purple colour. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Varieties. — Turkish is the best. The Arabian, is called by the
Arabs " Mur " and by Somalis Hirabul or Mul-mul. The Indian
myrrh is called Bissaool or Bhesabol. It is very impure. Meena-
hurnia, another variety. It is of a yellowish white colour, very
opaque, like aramoniacum and of a bitter taste. It is used tib extract
guineaworms. It acts by poisoning the animal and making it
loosen its hold upon the tissues.
Constituents. — ^A volatile oil, also called myrrhenol or myrrhol, an
oxygenated etherial volatile oil 2 p.c, resin myrrhin, 25 to 40 p. c,
which by fusion becomes converted into myrrhic acid, gum 40
to 60 p.c, bitter principle — a glucoside, salts as calcium phos-
phate, and carbonate, &c.
BOSWfiLLIA.
»7S
The volatile oil^ obtained on distillation from m>Trh, is neutral in
reaction, and of the odour of myrrh. It is a pale yellow coloured thick
viscid liquid, identical in formula with thymol and carvoK
The resin, called myrrhin, which by fusion becomes r on verted into
myrrhic acid, is soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether. Fused with
potash it gives protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechin. The bitter
principle, obtained by exhausting the resin with warm water, is an
amorphous, brittle, brown substance, sparingly soluble in water, of an
intensely bitter taste. It is a glucoside.
The gum ii soluble in water. It is adhesive, making a stable paste.
It is partially precipitated by acetate of lead, and hence differs from
gum-arabic.
f^reparatiotK — Pilula aloes et myrrhae, B.P. {2 in 9). Dose, 4
to ^ grs, Tinctura myrrhae, B.P. Tincture of myrrh (1 in 5), Dose,
1 to I dr. Decoctum aloes compositum, B.P. Dose^ ^ to 2 ozs,
Ptlula rhei composita, B.P. Dose, 4 to 8 grs. Mislura ferri composlta,
B.P, Do^je, i to X oZt
Physio logical action, — D i s i n fee t a n t , ant ispas mod ic , era m e n ag ogu e ,
expectorant and tonic. Externally astringent and stimulant. In small
do6es as a gastric stimulant it promotes appetite and digestion* In
large doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant and causes nausea^ vomiting
and dtarr bora. It quickens the cardiac action, diminishes bronchial
secretions^ stimulates the uterus^ and is a good emraenagogue,
//ti-.— Given in fevers^ epilepsy, generally combined
with I . bitters; mixed with molasses it is given for anxmia,
amcnurrhu;a and bronchial catarrh, and to native women, for ii days
after confinement, for involution of the uterus. As stimulant to
mucous membranes it diminishes excessive secretion from mucous
surfaces of the pharynx, bronchi, vagina, uterus, and bladder, hence it
is largely used as expectorant in chronic bronchitis and phthisis ; also
in Icucorrhcca ; as an antispasmodic, combined with tonics, it is given
in hystcriai asthma, epilepsy. As a tonic it is given in fiatulencc,
L >n, and atonic dyspepsia. In diphtheria the tincture ofmyrrh,
L with glycerine, is given internally every one or two hours
uuh bcuctit. It prevents the hair failing oft* Lucally as a stimulant
to the mucous membrane of the mouth, it is used as a gargle for
^: urns, relaxed throat, aphthae and sore mouth; also as a
tj in loolh-powder ; as a stimulant and disinfectant its fumes
arc applied on sores and foul ulcers. Dissolved in asses* or women's
milk it i^ <1t in[>.jd into the eye in purulent ophthalmia.
Eoswellia.
The gum rcain — olibanum or fiankincense, is derived from species
nf thr? ^enus. These are found in Eastern Africa, Socotra, Arabia, and
ciesofthis family yield olibanum more or less similar in
; and properties. From the similarity of the vernacular name^
oft the gum resin Irom boswellia trees to the names of that obtained
from Balsamodendrons, some confusion has arisen, but it is of no practical
importance, because all have similar, if not identical, properties, and
176 BOSNVELLIA CARTERU.
are used for nearly the same purposes. Attempts will be made here
to keep the matter, as far as possible, clear of ambiguity. They will all
be described under three heads
BoBwellia Glabra.
A gum resin from Somali Country in Africa, Arabia.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Luban, Kundar. Burm. — Bringi-lobao.
Duk. — Farangi aud. Eng. — Indian frankincense. Malyal. — Koonthre-
Kuni. Pers. — Kundur. Tarn. — Kungli, Parangi Shambirani. Tel.—
Gugulu, Parangi Shambrani. •
BoBwellia Tharifera, B. Serrata, Ganaram Hirsatam.
Deccan, Konkan jungles, Belgaum, Ajmir, East India.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Zuchir, Guj Kundur, Yakar. Bombay
Market. — Laban Meyeti, Pandhri Esesh, Pandhri Loban, Dhup.
Beng. — Kundro, Salai-gund. Cing. — Kundrikam. Duk. — Luban
Kundur. Eng. — Olibanum. Guz. — Gujar-gugar. Hind. — Gugal,
Awul, Kundur, Dupsalai Sukha, Bizoza, Chandel-ghar, Ganda Biroza.
Indian. — Guggul. Mahometan. — Mukul. Malyal. — Kundurukkan.
Sans. — Kundurya-salaki-neryasan. Tel. — Kunduruk Kam-pishin,
Anduga pisunni.
BoBwellia Carterii, B. Floribunda, Boswellia Papyrifera.
The gum resin from Abyssinia.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Bastaja, Kishar, Kundur, Koshfa. Bomb. —
Esesh- Visech. Eng. — Frankincense, African or Arabian oHbi^num,
frankincense tree. Guz. — Isasa. Hind.^Seta Kundura, Selagonda.
Mah. — Visesha. Sans. — Kundari or Sveta Kunduru.
Characters, — Olibanum. According to the native classification
there are several kinds. Kundura zakara, male frankincense, is
in reddish white or deep yellow and circular tears. Kundura
Unsa^ female frankincense, is yellowish white, translucent or in pale
tears. Madahraja Kundur^ artificial spherical tears made by shaking
the moist exudation in a basket. Kishar Kundur or Dhupa
(India Bazaar) or Kashfa-resin, in flat and scaly pieces, obtained
from the bark of the tree, which is coated with the exudation or scurf,
known as Dhupa. The exudation in powder is known as Dukok Kundura
or dust of olibanum. Dhupa (Guz.) is used in the Indian temples as an
incense. Visesha^ olibanum, the gum resin obtained by making
incisions in the bark when the gum is exuded resembles Babula
gunda or Kera gunda; has the colour and consistence of Canada-
balsam. It occurs in large, clean, detached, yellowish tears or flat pieces,
globular or pear-shaped, and often translucent. Papery bark is
sometimes found adherent to flat pieces, colour whitish, pale yellow or
brown, and unctuous to the touch ; before the flame of a lamp it burns
very readily and is reduced to a black mass; does not emit much
smoke ; odour rather disagreeable, balsamic and terebinthinate ; it
softens in the mouth ; soluble in ether and spirit of wine ; taste
slightly pungent and bitter and terebinthinate ; kept for a time in
CANAmUM COMMUNE.
J77
, Vftt^T} It turns into a milk-white opaque and sticky mass^ a soft
%faitt$h pulp, and then rubbed Into a mortar, it forms an emulsion,
Gaindha Biro2;i, which is frigrant and transparent, is prepared from the
gum resin as soft ductile pieces of a greenish or white colour, similar in
appeirsince to Venice turpentine. Dose, lo to 30 grs,
Constiiuents. — Olibanum contains volatile oil 4 to 7 p. c, mostly
(otibene) resin, s6 to 71 p. c, guro 30 p. c, a bitter principle and
ash 3 p, c,
Prtpar&tmt. — Olibanum ointmeDt<^olibanum, sesamum oil and
white wax, equal parts, melted together* Lepa or paste, EniuJsion,
ptasier or fumigation.
A€ih$is and uses* — Properties similar to those of the products of
pinci and firs as Burgundy pitch, &c.; stimulant, expectorant, demul-
cent, cmmenagogue and discutient. As a discutient Visesha, or
Gunda^biroza is applied to indolent swellings, buboes, &c,; as stimu-
Ian! expectorant, chiefly used in chronic pulmonary affections, in
bt , bronchorrhcea and chronic laryngitis, pharyngitis, &c. As
SI nt it is used in bloody fluxes; an oil distilled from Gunda-
btfoza u given in gonorrhoea. Native women take it to increase
menstruation. As fumigation it is much used in bronchitis and fevers,
Itf lepa or ointment is a useful stimulant application for sprains,
bruiites, dislocations, carbuncles, boils and ulcers.
Ciuiarium Commune, Bursera Paniculata.
Balfttmodendron Zeylanicum.
Haffi'tai^^Pemngn Moluccas, Mauritius, Ceylon, Southern India,
MaDitla.
Part ti$cd, — The concrete oleo resin, which exudes by excision—
Elemi.
Feraacuiar. — Eng. — Java Almond. Elerai tree, East Indian
Ekmi. Hind. — Jangii badam. Malay. — Kanart.
Characters. — Bark yields a concrete resin in conical tears or large
piece* hanging from the trunk and branches. At first it is a limpid,
oily liquid, while and sticky or soft and yellowish, but
soon becomes thick, wax-like and yellow. It readily softens when
hi id has the odour of fennel and lemon or terebinthinate ;
t: T. and pungent. Kernels or almonds are three-angled ; seeds
limU -c o* Pistacia tcrebinihus. They yield a bland oil and
tome of an agreeable sweet taste, and smell of turpentine,
C^miUuenis, — Volatile oil 10 p. c. and resin (brein) 60 p.c, resin
(amyrin) 25 p. c„ bryoidin, breidin, and clemic acid.
/V^/<trtf/K^*r,— Unguentum elemi (1 in 5) ; emulsion of nuts or
seeds, and oiL Dose of the emulsion, 4 to 8 drs.
Aci$ons a$td usts.^ Demulcent, stimulant and expectorant, given in
gonorthcra, gleet, and leucorrhcea. The emulsion of the kernels i$
used as n substitute for Mistura amygdala. The ointment is used as a
sitmiulant application to ulcers and chronic skin diseases.
178 CANARIUM STRICTUM.
Canarium Bengalense^ Darjeeling Gokal Dhup, a native of
Sylhet. Resin exudes from fissures or wounds in the bark. It is
dear amber-coloured and soft; after a time becomes hard and brittle ;
resembles copal.
Gardenia cancamum is a gum resin obtained from a Gardenia.
It is fragrant like myrrh, and used for fumigation. Medicinally it is
g'ven in corpulence and to reduce spleen ; also used as an emmenagogue.
is locally applied to cure toothache.
Canarium Striotom.
/?tf3//a/.— Western Peninsula, Tinavelly, Malabar, Philippine
Islands.
Part used. — Resin.
Vernacular. — Beng. — K^la-damar, Manda dup, Gugal, Dup.
Duk.-*Kala dammar. Eng. — Black dammer. Guz. — Kalo-domar.
Hind. — Kala dammar. Maleal.— Canari, Thelli-mara. Tam. — Karrapu*
damar, Kongalam-maram. Tel. — Nalla-rajan.
Characters. — Dammar, an oleo resin, exudes from incisions or is
obtained by lighting fire at the base of the tree till the bark has
become charred, when the resin begins to exude in large stalactitic
mass, of a shining colour when viewed en masse ; it is deep red-brown
when held between the eye and the light ; odour strong, terebinth! n ate
and resembling fennel and lemons, taste bitter and pungent. Insoluble
in cold, partially soluble in boiling alcohol on the addition of camphor.
Its powder is readily soluble in oil of turpentine. When burnt it
emits a more resinous smell and burns with more smoke than white
dammar. It is chiefly used in the manufacture of bottling wax^
varnishes, &c. ; a good substitute for Burgundy pitch.
Constituents. — It contains volatile oil and resin. Used as plaster
and ointment.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant to the skin ; used as an ointment in
chronic skin diseases, as psoriasis, ptyriasis, dec.
Remarks. — Vateria Indica is the white dammer tree.
Commiphora HakaJ, C. Atricana.
Balsamodendron Mukul, B. Agallocha, B. Pubscence, B. Rox*
burghii.
Habitat. — Indigenous in Sind ; W. Himalaya, Central India.
Part used. — The gum resin.
Vernacular, — Resin : Arab. — Moql, Aflatunum Kundur. Beng.^
Goobdee, Gugala. Bomb. — Athaisa gugula. Can. — Guggala. Cing. —
Gugula, Rata Dummula. Duk. — Gugula. Eng. — East Indian myrrh,
Indian and African Bdellium. Salaitree. Guz.— Gugala. Hind. —
Gugal, Gubdee, Mukul Athaisa Gugala, Salai-gogil. Mar — Guggula.
Pers. — Bae-ja hudan, Muql. Sans. — Guggalaha-sallake, Drava-Sihla-i-
Guggula. Tam. — Gukkul, Kukkulu. Tel. — Maisakshi^ Gobgula.
GARUGA PINNATA.
Characters. — Gugal occurs as yellowish, viscid, brown tears,
or in fragrant pieces, mixed with hairs, stems, pieces of bark, &c,; colour
brownish dark or golden yellow. Each piece is translucent. It
hardens very slowly, and resembles Gulakanda. It is more oily than
Himbola and burns very readily. With water it forms a milky emul-
sion. The odour is that of olibanum, or terebinthinate, but fainter.
The ta^te is bitter. Mhaisa Gugal is in vermiform pieces and thrck^
colour lighter and greenish pieces with papery bark attached to tbeni.
Cons ft tu aits, — Volatile oil, gum resin, bitter principle,
Prepnratim. — Unguentum gugalae (i in 8), tinctura gugalse
(i in 5), Dose, \ to r dr. Compound pill, known as Yogaraja Gugala^
contains Gugala 25, Triphala 15, Suntha, Pipali. Chavaka, Pipali-mula^
Chitraka. Htnga, Ajamoda, Sirasa, Jirun, Shahjirun Ranuka-bija,
Indra-java, Pahada mula, Baberang, Kutaki, Atisha, Bharingi,
Vckhanda, of each i, Moravela 2, mix and make a pill mass. Dose^
3 to 5 grs. To be given in decoction of Gorakhamundi (Sphoeranthus
Indicus). Used as an alterative in syphilis, chronic gonorrhoea, piles^
fistglaet scrofulous skin diseases, chronic rheumatism, consumption and
lcpro*y^ Kanchanara Gugala contains Gugala 12, Kanchana-chhala
I <>• Triphala 2, Trikatu 1, Vayavarana i, Elachi, Taja, Tamala-paira,
oich |, Madha q. s. Mix and make a paste or a pill mass. Dose,
4 to 6 grs. To be given in -decoction of Triph^l, or infusion of
Khcra-chhala. Used as an alterative in enlarged glands in the neck,
chronic rheumatism, dropsy, gleet, &c.
Actifjtts and uica* — Alterative, demulcent, stimulant, tonic, anti-
ipasmctdic and emraenagogue, often combined with aromatics and given
in rheumatism, scrofulous affections, and nervous diseases ; locally the
ointment is used as a stimulant to indolent ulcers, to painful joints, com*
bined with sulphur, catechu and borax,
Rfmtfrks. — It is confounded with salaigond obtained from Bos-
weJlia Glabra and B. Serrata.
Oaro^a Pinnata.
HahiiaL — India, Madras and Bengal.
Ar/f HSid. — The fruit and juice.
Vernacular, — Beng.— Toom. Burm. — Khyong-youk, Hind. —
Gbog-'O', Kharpat. Mar, — Kaoghur, Kuruk, Kusar, Panj. — Kharpal,
Tmn* — Kjivi-vcmbu maram. TeU— Garuga-chettu, Kalu*gudu,
rkAtti^rJers. — Fruit greenish yellow, of the size of gooseberry^
rom the leaves gummy and resinous, greenish yellow and
L, generally in small mamiliform masses.
0>mhhirnts, — Gum resin contains 76-5 p.c- of gum, 13*9 of rcsin^
e, including volatile oil. The gum is ptecipitaied by
i IS similar to that of myrrh ; resin is neutral, soluble in
A
I So
AfiRUS FRECATDRIUS.
Pteparation* — ^Elixir containing the juice of Garuga Pinnatai
Adhaloda vesica, Vitex trifolia, mixed with honey.
Actions and uses* — The fruii is eaten and is cooling and stomacbic*
The juice is expectorant* given in asthma and coughs* Dose of the
juice, I to a drs.
Leguminoan or Fabaoese.
The Aghathia, pulse, and Babula family.
Legumen, from legere, to gather. That which may be easily
gathered by the hand and not cut.
Trees, herbs or shrubs ; leaves pdioled, altematet usually stipu-
late, simple or variously compound ; flowers of various colours, ofieo
papilionaceous or globose ; fruit sometimes a tomentum and rarely a
drupe, usually a legume ; hence the name of the order ; seeds arillate,
one or more sometimes attached to the upper or ventral suture. Tbe
albumen is absent or present. The cotyledons arc leafy or fleshy^
Properties. — Numerous species are greyish coloured and most
graceful plants. Generally this order is poisonous ; a few are used as
nutritious food by men or animals. In tnem the poisonous properties
are replaced by sugar or starch. The gum exuded by most plants is
generally demulcent. The leaves are aperient, and some are used as
dyes ; the wood is used as timber,
AbruB Precatoriae. A. Minor. A. Pauolflorai.
Habitat — Indigenous in India, wild in tropical countries^ West
Indies,
Parts tised. — The seeds, root and leaves.
Vernacuiar, — Arab. — Ain-eddik. Beng. — Kunchgula, Guiijucin.
Burm.— Khyen^rwce, Yove-si. Can. — Gul-ganji. Cing.— Olinda.
Duk. — Gumchi, Eng. — Bead seed tree, Abrus, Jamaica wild
liquorice, Indian or country liquorice, Jumble beads, American seeds,
Jequirity, prayer-bcadi, Guz. — Lal-chanothi. Hind. — Gunch-rutli*
Malay. — Dan-sot-ga. Malyal. — Kunnl-kuru. Mar. — Guu^ha. Pcrs,—
Khak-shi, Chasma-khuros. Sans. — Gunja, Kaka*chinchi*bajama. Tanu
Gundumani. Tel. — Guruvenda, Yashti Madbu.
Ain-ed-dik, cock's eye. The seeds resemble cock's eye.
Characters. — Leaves 2 or 3 inches long; leaflets many. Saudis
linear and oval ; taste sweet ; root woody, hard, much bnmchea and c-
an acrid odour and taste; seeds albuminous, small, globose, of abrUIiant
scarlet colour, with a black (scar) patch on the hilum Three varieties:
red, white and black ; red seeds bright scarlet, polished, as large as pets
and egg-shaped, having black spot containing a white scar at one end,
which indicates the place where they were attached to the pods; white
seeds (which are used medicinally) larger than those of ^' - ' " -ly^
ivory-white, very hard and highly polished, having a v ch-
meat at the hilum. The black seeds are never used meaicmaily ; odour
of the seeds disagreeable.
ACACIA SENEGAL
l8S
Constituents, — The seeds contain some fixed oil, arabic add, two
protctd poisons, called a-phyt-aJbuminose and paraglobulin, closely
allied to principles found in snake venom, like ncin and to proteids
COQUtned in papaw juice. The root, leaves and branches contain
iugar» and glycyrrhizic acid.
Prff^arations.—Utd'xQZi^d oil, ** Gunjtel/'— Boil together Til-tel 4,
and the juice ofBhangro 14. and addGunj 2 (i in 10). Infusura Abri.—
lofusion of Jcquirity (i of the seeds in 12^), for external application.
Actions and uses, — The seeds are harmless when eaten^ hut
poisonous when a paste of them is applied to open wounds. Applied to
the eyes they set up inflammation^ cedenia of tne lids and ulceration of
the cornea. The face and neck become swollen and the maxillary
glands enlarged.
Internally the seeds are demulcent, expectorant like liquorice ;
nsed in cough, and gonorrhoea. The fresh leaves are chewed with cubebs
and ^ugar 10 relieve hoarseness of voice as in sore throat and aphthae
in the mouth. In spermaiorrhcea with bloody discharges, the white
abru» leaves and henna leaves triturated with the powder of the root of
holoslemma rhecdit with cumin seeds and sugar are given internally.
With chitraka mula the paste of the leaves is applied in skin diseases as
Icucoderma, and also recommended as a cure for baldness over the scalj).
The infusion of the seeds should be used fresh, as in a short time it
decomposes and swarms with bacteria. Boric acid may be added to
prevent decomposition. It is used as application for the eyes for the
cure of pan n us and old granular lids. Its use should be followed by
weak solution of alum or borax. When applied to the inner surface it
produces artificial purulent ophthalmia, varying in intensity with the
h of the applications. It is also used for the cure of lupus and
11 ulcers. The paste of the seed (1 in 4) is used as a rubefacient
i: 1^ Stiff shoulders and paralysis ; the oil is used in remoxing
^. he scalp* in prurigo, in exuberant granulations and proliferat-
ing 1 1 I js. The dried roots are made use of in the same manner
as tht ; e root. Being sweet like liquorice root, it is called
liquorice by the Indians.
The Lai Gunza is used by jewellers and goldsmiths as Ratti
weiglitStto weigh gold, diamonds and pearls* In some parts of India
the natives use the paste of the seeds to kill bullocks to obtain a supply
of hides- Thev prepare small spikes of the paste of powdered seeds bv
drying tli v the sun and use them after the manner of a drivers
^oad. Ti are called sui (needles) or suitari (awls).
Aeauia Senegal, B. P. Acacia Arabica. Mimosa Arabica.
//^3/A!i/«— India, Arabia, Abyssinia, Africa,
/ •/. — The bark extract and leaves, gummy exudation
from J and branches. Acaciae Gummi, gum acacia, B. P.
Verttacular, — ^Arab. — Amghantan Akakia (extract), Mughilan,
ighi arabi (gum)» Beng. — Babular. Bomb. — Kalo-bavala, Maswai-
ind, Makiai gond (gum). Burm.— Nan-lung-kyen. Cing. — Andere,
Can, — Kare golbale mara. Duk. — Kali-kikar. Eng. — Indian gum
tree, Babul bark. Guz. — Kaio, Bavala-kikar, Oomravare-gund (g^um).
Hind. — Kikar, Babul. Mar. — Babli^ Tamra-gond, Malyal, — Karu-
vebkam. Pars. — Kharo, Mughilan. Sans, — Kala-babal. Senegal. —
Red gum. Tarn,— Karu-veL Tel. — Nalla umona.
Bark fissured, scabrous, tough and woody ; colour dark^rcd
externally and pale*red within. Whole bark can be easily sepamtcd
into layers ; taste astringent, Gtim^ an exudation from stem and
branches, a result of the transformation of tell contents under the
bark where the gum remains in pouches, obtained by making
incisions into the bark ; occurs in irregular or broken tear&i of pale
yellow or deep reddish brown colour, of various sizes, agglutinated or
stalactiform masses and angular fragments or pieces. Thick picccjs
opaque, thin ones transparent; each tear about \ an inch to an inch in
'diameler ; gum brittle, breaks with a glassy iridescent fracture ;
tasle bland and mucilaginous, without odour, entirely soluTile In water
and insoluble in alcohol.
Makai or Maklai gund is brought from Aden, is of the best
quality, colourless, in large round tears ot twisted, or in vermicular
pieces, of a white-yellow or reddish colour, allied to gum Senegal.
Ataswai gund is of inferior quality, heavy, hard, fissured and in
angular pieces, shining, )eilowish rea or straw-coloured or brownish
yeUow or black with a tinge of white, of agreeable odour and
mucilaginous and astringent taste, soluble in water, forming a
sticky solution. It is free from fungus, Seeds in a single row
along the whole length of the pod ; on both the margins of the
pod and between each seed there is a constriction. Pod about 4
to 5 or 6 inches long, compressed and of a grey, glaucous colour,
containing the pulp (Akakia), in which are embedded several seeds,
Akakia (extract) is yellowish white mass, resembling Sardaceous pus.
AVhcn dry, of a bottle-green or daromer colour, heavy, hard and eauly
pulverizable, having the smell of Rajama, It sticks between the fioger»»
Generally prepared from the juice of ^^ra^, the fruit of A. Ni lot tea
and A. Vera. The juice is left to thicken in the pods, which are
steeped in water for the purpose, and then pressed and dried in the sua.
Dose of the gum ad libitum of the extract^ 2 to 5 grs.
Comtitumts, — Gum contains arabic acid, combined with caJctuni
magnesium and potassium ; also small quantity of malic acnd, sugar,
moisture 14 px., ash 3-4 px*
Preparation* — Mucilago acaciae B. P. Mucilage of gum acacti
(a in 3), Decoction of bark (i in jo). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Poultice of
leaves* Mistura glycerrhiz^ coniposita. Dose, i to 4 drs Ptilvis
cretse composiius ; Trothisci cubeb<e ; Trochisci glyccrrhirac ct opii*
Actions and uses ^ — The bark is astringent and tonic, a su1»^«'^*'«» for
oak bark. The decoction is used as a gargle in sore throat, in < 1 i-
vatioD, and as a wash for ulcers; externally applied it all'iV^ nii;*uun
of excoriations of sores and ulcers by formmg a coaimg. The gum ii
used as food for diabetic patients, as it is not convertible
into sugar. In pharmacy it is used to suspend heavy insoluble*
ACACIA CATKCUV.
183
powders ia mixtures and in making pills. Akakia is astringent, styptic
mnd tonic. A paste of it, with the white of an egg, is applied to burns
and scalds and to relaxed condition of the mucous membrane, and as
a collyrium for the eyes in conjunctivitis. It is also used to
arrest haemorrhages. Powdered bark with gingelly oil is used externally
in cancerous affections. Pods are given in cough* Leaves are local
stimultnti poultices of bruised tender leaves are applied to ulcers with
saniotis discharges. The gum is also demulcent emollient and nutritive
and ttsed for irritated condition of the mucous membranes^ as ia
cough, sore throat, catarrh of the stomach and intestines, as diarrhoea,
dysentery* leucorrhaea, cyfititis, urethritis^ &c.; also in irritant poisons.
Acacia Cateoho. A. Walliohiana. A. Polyaoantha.
Uimosa Cataohu.
Habitat — India, Cutch, Ceylon, Malabar, Bengal and Pegu*
Parti used. — The bark, extract prepared from the wood, catechu
ni^mm, gum, and khairsala.
Acacia. — From Akakta, a thorn, i.e. a tree studded with thorns.
Catechu^ from cuth, "Kaitha, *^an Indian name for extract or the juice.
Vernacular* — Beng. — Khair (wood). Bomb. — Khera-sara. Burm. —
Shta-dza, Sha-shi, Shazibin (wood). Can. — Cuth-k3nli(wood). Cing, —
Kiheri, Khadir (wood). Duk.^ — Kath. Eng. — Red catechu, black China
oitcchu. Guz,— Katho, Kheriogund, Hind, — Khera-sara, Kath.
Mar* — Khadir, Khair. Malay. — Kachu, Gambia, Kadaram* Panj.—
Kwarech. Sans, — Khadira-sara, Mekashaha, Khadi-ramu (wood).
Tam*— Wodalai, Kashketti. Tel. — Khadi-ramu.
Characters. — Bark rough, of a dark -brown colour externally,
imooth and reddish within. It resembles Bavala chhala* In some
specimens the bark is smooth, of a yellowish colour, rather thin,
extrrnal surface here and there denuded of its epidermis; taste highly
asT Catechu — an extract prepared by removing sap, wood and
bai .e a decoction of these, strain and finally evaporate to the
coni3stejice of jaggary and pour into clay moulds. Divide into
squares by string and dry in the sun. Similar product is obtained by
boiling Wiiler Irom the unripe pods or twigs.
Ktimir-sala or Khairsar is a natural catechu, obtained from cavities
in the wood of acacia catechu. It is of a pale brownish colour, and
an astringent taste. It occurs in small irregular fragments mixed with
chips of reddish wood* It is found by persons who split the wood. It
has a sweetish but feeble astringent taste. It is also found in the WiX>d
<rf callophyilum tomentosum. Gum Kerio-gunda is of a light yellow
or ■ lour, and resembles the commtrcial inferior gum. It is
mc I spheroidal teats or agglutinated masses. The tears are
hriltk ajid porous* It occurs in minute needle-shaped crystals, and
does not dissolve in cold water, and forms thick pale-coloured mucilage,
Commercial catechu is often adulterated with fragments of leaves,
matSy clothe, ferrous carbonate ; or artificially prepared by roasting
powdered mahogany ^ walnut and other coloimed woods and then boiC
tog and evaporating the decoction. Dose^ 5 to 15 grs. of catechu.
l84
ACACIA
Comtitttents. — Catechu tannic acid 35 p, c., catechuic acid of
catechinf catechu red, gum, quercetin and ash*
Catechu Tanmc Add, — Mix catechu with cold water and evaporate
the solution* It is a dark, reddish brown powder oxidising in the air
and insoluble in ether.
Catcchin or catechuic acid — make a hot solution of catechu ^
strain and allow to settle. Another method: — Dissolve caterfm in
dilute alcoboU shake the solution with ether, evaporate and ci ,
Occurs as white needles or crystals ; taste sweetish ; soluble 1
On heating it isconveited into catechu tannic acid. On dr) di^ >
it >nelds pyrocatechin or catechol, phenol and acetic acid. Fused i>itci
potash it gives phloroglucin and proto-catechuic acid.
/>r^^m/?'o«.— Infusion (i in 30). Dose, i to 3 fl, ozs. Kaihhai, —
A combination of catechu and myrrh. Kathhn, — A confection con-
taining khairsal, rose buds and sugar. Tmctura catechu ci t
nigrum (i in 5). Dose, ^ to i fl. dr. Pulvis catechu camft:. ,4
in to), Dose» 10 to 40 grs. Catechu ointment (i in 8). Trockisct
€al€ckt*^ I gr. in each*
Actions and uses. — Powerful astringent stronger than kino,
antiperiodic and digestive. Its action is due to the tannic add it
contains. It is a powerful astringent to the mucous membranes, gtvcii.
in dyspepsia attended with pyrosis, and also in diarrhoea in children, if
dysentery, intermittent fever and scurvy; as a gargic in hoarienesff^
of voice and sore throat. Locally as a dusting powder to hypertrophicd
relaxed tonsils, ulcerated and spongy gums ; as a gargle in fiaJivatio
and as an injection in leucorrhaa and to control passive hacmorrhat
The ointment is used in chancres, sore or cracked nipples and
eczematous eruptions on the skin ; also leprous indurated ulcers* Its
powder is used as a snuff in epistaxis, Kher-sal is a stimulant^ J
expectorant and astringent, given to promote expectoration and taf
check internal haemorrhages as haemoptysis ; also in diarrhoea aiid"
dysentery. Kathbal ts a tonic and galactogogue, and given as si
tonic to women after confinement. KathaUn is used by parturient
women after delivery.
Varieties. — The black catechu, Khadira, is in circular flat
cakes or round balls, of a dark. brown or reddish colour, with a
shining fracture and of a granular appearance. When in inesular
masses or square cakes it is known as Box catechu. It 1% liard
and brittle. The granules resemble those of Htra*dakhnna. Tlie
taste is highly astringent. It sticks to the tongue. It is u»edj
for industrial purposes. The pale or pinkish brown catechut Papr
khar, prepareci from nuts of areca catechu, used as a masticate
for chewing with beteMeaf* In preparing this, instead of evaporating
the decoction till it solid iBeSt the inspissation is stopped at a
certain point and the liquor allowed to cool. It is next all<
coagulate and crystallize over twigs and leaves thrown into 1
for the purpose* It occurs in irregular
porotis earthy appearancei with a lamioai .
ACACIA COXCINNA*
i8s
of alight pinkish brown colour. It is less astringent and less sticky
than the black catechu* C/nnai Kath or pale caiechu. The extract from
the leaves and young shoots of uncaria gambier, prepared at Malacca,
Singapore and Penang. There are two varieties, known as true and
false. The true Chinai Katha or Gambier catechu is imported from
China, and is an earthy-looking substance, of a h'ght brown colour,
consisting of cubes, more or less agglutinatedr They are dark, reddish
brown externally and of a paJe cinnamon hue within and porous,
friable, and marked with ridge. The taste is bitter and earthy, also
aiighlly astringent, becoming subsequently sweetish. It has no odour.
The false variety is not imported from China. It is disc-like or resem-
bling lozenges of a pale white colour, and chiefly composed of Mulatani
Mati flavoured with catechu water. Vadino Katho. — Like Chinai Kath,
if met with in two forms, true and false. Both occur in irregular
lampis of about an inch in diameter. The true form is dark-brown
aba\'e and pale within* The false is pale or pinkish above and earthy
within, Cnaki-no-katho. — It oceurs in quadrangular squares, of a
reddish or pale brown colour above and pale white within ; the taste
rei«inbles that of clay.
Aoaoia Conoinna.
A. Rugata, Mimosa Saponaria, M. Concinna*
fjabitat. — India, Burmah, Nepaul, Assam,
Pari used,— The pods.
Vemacuiar, — Seng. — Banritha. Bom. — Sikekat. Burm. — Ken
Chou-se. Can. — Shige-Kayi, Duk. — Sikekai. Eng. — Soap acacia.
Hind.«-Ai[a« Rassaul. Malyal. — Chinik-kaya. Mar. — Shika, Tela-
ibenga. Sans* — Saptala, Charmakasa. Tarn. — Shika. Tel. — ^Shikaya,
Gogu.
Charmakasa. — The word is derived from charnia, the skin, and
kasato injure* It means, skin-injurer. The pods have numerous thorn-
like projections, which injure the skin when handled roughly.
Chiiracien, — Pods or legumes, long and flat, colour darkish or
brownish red, surface rugous and highly wrinkled, from 4 to 5 inches
in length, and about i to t^ inches in breadth* each pod is bi-valved ;
valves much wrinkled, marked by a transverse depression on both
surfaces and much contracted between the seeds ; odour aciduous ;
tasfe astringent, sourish and nauseous, and resembling that of kokama
or soap-nut **Aritha;" seeds numerous, separate^ shining, dark
coloured, small and ovaL
< its. — Pods, freed from seeds, contain saponin 1 1-2, malic
icid 3 in J, glucose 13*0, gum and colouring matter ii'S^
crude bbre a 2, and ash 375.
Pteparathm. — Mucilage; infusion (i in 20), Dose, i to fj or,
Achons .^nd uses. — Pods are used by native women as a detergent
and a wash for the head* M an expectorant and cholagogue the
-^ I - U .IJ
|86 ACACIA PKNNATA.
infusion is given in torpid liver, jaundice and other biliary complaints.
It is used by the natives as an adjunct to other purgative medicines.
It does not cause griping in the bowels as senna.
A. Faniesiaiia.
A. Indica, Mimosa Indica, M. Farnesiana.
Habitat. — Panjab, Sind, Assam. Bengal.
Parts used. — The bark, gum and extract.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Guh-babul. Burm. — Nauloon-mien, Can.—
Jalli. Duk.— Ghu-kikar. Guz. — Gu-baval. Hind. — Ghu-babul, Iri-
babul. Malay. — Pyvelam, Mar. — Iri-babul. Panj. — Vialayeti Kikar.
Sind. — Baver. Tam. — ^Vaday-vulli maram, Kampa-tumma. Tel. —
Naga-tumma.
Ghu-baval, Ghu-kikar.— Ghu, means human ordure. The fresh
bark, wood and gum having the smell of ordure.
Characters, — The plant contains yellow sweet-scented flowers.
The baik exudes a large quantity of gum. The gum is met with in
spheroidal tears or in stalactiform masses, of a pale-yellow or dark-
reddish brown colour. With water it partially dissolves, forming a
gelatinous mucilage.
Preparations. — Decoction of bark (i in 20). Dose, 4 to 8 drs.,
and mucilage.
Actions and uses, — Gum is demulcent and emollient ; other pro-
perties similar to those of A. Arabica. The bark is astringent. Dose,
of the powdered gum, 10 to 30 grs.
Acacia Modesta, Amritsar or Binhori gund, similar to Acacia
Arabica or Acacia Farnesiana— occurs in small tears, angular fragments
Or vermiform pieces, marked with transverse lines. The colour is
yellow or it is translucent. With water it forms a soluble mucilage of a
pale colour.
Aoaoia Pennata.
Habitat, — India.
Parts used, — Bark and leaf juice.
Vernacular. — Can. — Arar. Hind. — Biswul. Mar . — Shemb.
Characters, — Scandant shrub, numerous prickles ; leaflets 30
in pairs, narrow, linear, glabrous ; bark in strips, 3 feet long.
Cofistituents, — Tannin 8-8 p.c.
Preparation. — Decoction of bark (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 4 drs. Juice
of leaves. Dose, a teaspoonful.
Actions and uses. — Leaf juice and bark are astringent and alterative.
The juice is civen with milk in diarrhoea with green stools in
children. In bleeding from spongy gums, the leaves, with cumin and
sugar, are chewed. In dysuria the pulp of leaves, with cow^s milk,
cumin and sugar, is given wiUi benefit.
.ALBIZZfA LEBBEK.
187
Agati Orandiflora.
iEschymomene Coccinca, Sesbania Grandiflora.
//ahtiat^W eslcrn India.
- Jhi/is used, — ^The bark, flowers, leaves and gum,
Vernacular, — Beng. — ^Bak. Can, — Agashi. Duk, — Agasthu
Gtfi. — ^Agosthia. Hind, — Basna* Mar.— Agashta. Sans, — Sthula-
pushpa, Vranari Vaka^ Agasti. Tarn. — Agatli. Tel — Avisi.
C^<fr/jr//'rjf.— Leaves pinnate, oblong ; taste slightly acrid a.nd
astringent ; flowers large and fieshy» of a white pale-pink or purplish
coloury and acidulous bitterish taste ; bark fissured longitudinally and of
a jEfeyish brown colour externally; gum in tears, adhering to the bark,
of 1 Clark-brown colour and resembling Damula Akhavcna, for which it
i&a good substitute. It merely softens in cold water ; is insoluble in
boUtog water and also in alcohol, but soluble in dilute alkalies*
Conshiucfits, — The bark contains tannin and gum.
Preparation, — Decoction (1 in 20). Dose, 4 to 8 grs.
ActiQfts and uses. — The bark is tonic and astringent, given in
dcbUtty« dyspepsia, diairhoea, &c. The juice of the leaves is poured
iatu iKe nose in nasal catarrh with headache ; poultice of leaves is a
popular remedy for bruises and sores. The root is given with honey
in catarrh of the respiratory passages.
iUbizzia Lebbek. A. Odoratigsima. A. LatifoLia. A. Serissa. Aoacla
Speciosa. Mimosa Sarissa.
HabitaL — Throughout India, Travancore, Coimbatore,
Parts iisfdn — The seeds, bark, leaves and flowers.
Verttaculars. — Beng* — Sirish. Burm. — Seet, Tseek-the. Can. —
Sirasala, Bengha. Duk. — ^Sirish. E"g* — Sirisas tree. Gut. —
Siris. Hind. — Siriss Bussa Kapitana, Bisniar. Jabelpore — Sarin.
Mar. — Sinsha, Chichva. Malay, — Chichva, Viln vakc. Sans —
Seri^ha, aihuka-priya, Muridu-pushpa. Tarn. — Kattuvagai. TeK —
Poddadu cherram.
Shuka-priya — dear
flowerY.
to parrots. Mridupushpa — having soft
O^irrtc-//-/!.— Seeds oblong, flat, smooth, of a reddish brown colour,
Tcry hard, like those of Cassia Fistula, but smaller in size, resembling
Turanj-bin, Botli surfaces marked by a depression in the middle, the
depression is limited by a distinct, narrow, obloitg, broken ring; testa very
hard; cotyledons yellow; smell of the cotyledon disagreeable; taste bitter-
iih sweet ; flowers large, globular yellowish white on short pedicles*
The bilk is yellowish brown ; suber in large flakes, much pitted and
fis^ttredy on separating the suber a red surface is exposed. The bark is
hard and gritty, externally red and ivhiie within, taste acidulous and
astringent; leaves bipinnate, in 4 pairs, obtuse, oval^ glabrous and
uneqtol. From the trunk a kind of gum, Kuruna&*seras-gond, is
188 ALHAGI NAURORUM«
Eroduced. It occurs in stalactiform masses; colour light to deep reddish
rown, translucent and with a smooth and polished surface ; very little
soluble in water ; the mucilage swells into a gelatinous mass. Dose
of the seed, 5 to lo grs.; of the bark, 10 to 20 grs.
Albizzia Porcera. — The gum, is in granular or warty masses or in
tears or vermiform pieces, colour reddish brown, transparent and
polished ; water completely dissolves it, and the mucilage is thick and
gelatinous.
Albizzia Stipulata produces gum, which is tough and dark-colour-
ed ; water dissolves very little of it. It swells into a cartilage-like mass.
Albizzia Odoratissimus. — The gum is in large transparent tears
and superficially fissured. The colour is like that of amber, very
little soluble in water ; it swells into a tough colourless mass.
Constituents. — Bark contains tannin, resin 7.5 p.c., and ash 9 p.c.
Preparation, — Decoction of bark (i to 10). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
anjana.
Actions and uses. — ^The seeds are astringent, tonic, and used in
diarrhoea and in seminal debility. Leaves are used as poultices over
boils, skin eruptions and swelling. The powdered bark is used as
anjana in eye diseases. A decoction of the bark is used as a gargle in
sore mouth. Internally it is a tonic and alterative.
Alha^ Manroram, HedyBaram Alha^. A. Cameloram.
Habitat. — Khorasan, Concan, N. W. Provinces.
Parts used.^-The plant, juice and manna.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Camelthorn. Arab.— Unani Farakeyun or
Athariyun, Shonkul-Jamal, Algoul. Beng. — Javasha. Guz. — Algaul,
Javaso, Turaujlein (manna). Hind. — Juvansa. Pers. — Khare Shutar,
Ushtar-khar. Sans. — Dura-labha, Yavosa (manna). Tel. — Giri-karmika.
Khare Shutar, camel's thorn. Duralabha — Dur, distant, and
alabha, diflScult to lay hold of. The plant is found in the wide desert
of Persia, Syria, Egypt.
Characters. — The plant with hard spines, leaves oblong, obtuse,
coriacious and of a reddish brown colour ; an oil is obtained from
the leaves ; the pod is constricted ; flowers reddish, flower-stalks thorny.
Manna or sugary exudation in lump or in small whitish and saccharine
granular powder mixed with thorns, pods and leaves ; colour dirty-
white, smell sugary ; taste sweet, afterwards slightly acrid and bitter.
Constituents. — Manna contains mannite and cane-sugar.
Preparations. — Decoction (i in 10), Dose, ^ to i oz., fresh juice.
Manna. Dose, 1 5 to 40 grs. Extract obtained by evaporating the
decoction. It is called ya\^sakara, and is of a bitter sweet taste.
Actiofts and uses. — The plant is laxative, diuretic and expectorant.
The manna and the extract is laxative, cholagogue, aphrodisiac and
demulcent ; given in coughs. The fresh juice is diuretic, and given, in
combination with aroma tics, in the suppression of urine ; also used
ARACHIS HYPAG^AS.
189
m " ' s of the cornea, and snuflfed up the nose in migraine,
A , c of the plant or its fumigation is used in the cure of piles.
The pUiu is smoked with black dhaturay tobacco and bishops-weed
seeds in asthma.
Andira jUraroba, B« P.
Habitat, — Br az il ,
Part used, — A powdery deposit in cavities in the trunk, Araroba
Goa powder, crude chrysarobin B. P. is obtained by cutting down the
tree ind scraping the powder from the clefts. The powder is rough,
tawny*coloured and bitter.
Constituents, — Goa powder contains chrysarobin about 80 p.c,
gum 7 p.c, resin 2 px., bitter extractive 7 p.c, woody fibre 5 p.c,
Hah 05 px.
Chrysamhinum^ B, P. commonly, but erroneously, called chry-
sophanic acid, obtained from crude araroba by extracting it with hot
chloroform or hot benzene, evaporating to dryness and powdering.
It h a crystalline, yellow or pale orange or ochre coloured powder,
hcconiing brown or dark on exposure to the air» It is without any odour
or tastCf entirely soluble in hot benzol, hot alcohol, hot chloroform, ether,
lolution of alkalies, sulphuric acid, hot oil of turpentine ; partially so in
petroleum spirit, amylic alcohol, collodion, and various hydrocarbons*
aoltible in water 7 px*, benzene 80 p. c.
Pteparations. — Unguentum chrysarobini, B. P, (i in 25), chry-
$2irobtn ointment. Pigmentum Crysaro&im(i in 10 of liquor Gutta
Ptrcha or collodion).
Oxidized Crysarobine. — Obtained by the action ©f sodium
peroxide on chrysarobin suspended in boiling water ; used in eczema
of tin: face, genitals, &c., where chrysarobin is contra-indicated.
Piaster Mulls ^V ^^ \ ^' in every square inch. The Goa powder
should be mixed with lime juice or vinegar.
Physiological actiom. — ^Parasiiicide. It is a gastro*intestina] irritant,
pfoducmg large watery bilious stools and vomiting. It irritates the
skin and sets up dermiiiiis and follicular inflammation. Ihetapeniics. —
As a parasiiicidc the ointment is used in superficial skin diseases of
vegetable origin, as ringworm, herpes, circinatus, cloasma and inter-
trigo ; also in dhobie*s itch, psoriasis and in haemorrhoids ;
Remarks* — Chrysarobin is incorrectly termed crysophanicacid. It
discolours the skin and nails dark yellow ; but the stain can be removed
by benzene md by chlorinated lime or by potash solution.
Araohla Hypagsea*
HahitaU-^lti&\^^ Africa.
Parts used* — The seeds and oil (oleum arachis),
Verfmcniar, — Eng.— Ground-nut, pta-nut, monkey-nut, Beng. —
Chioi-badam. Burm. — Nubi. Can. — Nilagale, Nelakadali, Cing, —
Baia Khaju. Duk. — Bhui Sing. Guz* — Chmia badam, Bhui chana,
I90 ASTRAGALUS SARCOCOLLA.
^he oil) Mithun tela. Hind. — Bhui Sing, Mung-phali, Gror teL
Malay. — Nelak Katala. Mar. — Bhoi-chane. Bhui Sing. Sindh.*-
•Bhui Mung. Tarn. — Verk Kadalai. Tel. — Varu Shanaga Kaya.
Chinai Badam. — Being first introduced from China. Gortd^
Mithun-tel — Gor, mithun, sweet ; tel, oil.
Characters.— The fruit when mature is a pale yellow, wrinkled
and oblong pod often contracted in the middle and containing 2 or 3
seeds of the size of hazelnut ; seeds brownish red ; testa papery ; kernel
white and sweet ; cotyledons plano-convex and more pointed at one
end than at the other. The seeds when pressed yield an oil known
as Arachis oil, which is used as a substitute for olive oil. The oil is
limpid, clear, of a pale yellow colour, of an agreeable odour and olive-
oil like taste. It is a non-drying oil. The nuts yielding from 40 to
50 p.c. of the oil.
Constituents. — The oil contains glycerides of palmitin and olein^
hypogseic and arachidic acids. The seeds contain, besides the oil,
nitrogenous substances, starch, phosphoric acid, potash, magnesia, &c.
Actions and uses, — The seeds are eaten like nuts ; the oil is a
good substitute for olive oil ; used as demulcent and emollient in
burns, scalds, cracks and fissures ; also used for soap making.
Astragalus Sarcooolla.
Habitat, — Persia, Western Asia.
Part used.^—A gummy exudation*
SarcocoUa, from sarkos, flesh, and kolla, a glue, from the colour of
the gum being like that of the flesh.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Gujara, Anzeruta Kohl-ktrmani. Jahu-
daneh. Ispahan — Kunjad, Agardhak. Bomb. — Gugara. Eng. —
SarcocoUa. Hind. — Gujara. Ind. — Lai. Lat. — SarcocoUa. Pers.—
Runjudeb, Guzhad. Kohl-Farsi, Persian coUyrium. Shiraj. — Kunderu.
Characters. — The gum is highly adhesive, like powdered
frankincense, of a colour varying from deep red to yellowish white^
becoming grey when powdered ; met with in agglomerated friable
grains, which are opaque or semi-transparent, without any odour and of
a bitter-sweet taste. When heated it swells and emits a heavy smell of
burnt sugar. Dose, 5 to 20 grs.
Constituents, — SarcocoUinc 65, gum 4*5, gelatinous matter 3*5,
woody matter 27. Sarcocolline is soluble in 40 of cold and 20 of
boiling water.
Preparation, — Compound dusting powder, contains Gujar, white-
lead, each one part and starch 6 parts.
Plaster or Z^.— Lepa (a native plaster) contains various stimulant
gum resins, anodyne and adhesive ingredients, namely : Gfijar 9, jadwar
I, aloes 16, alum 8, isas 8, medalakdi 4, Singa-puri dammar 4, frank-
incense 7, ambahalad 7, gamboge 1 2. To be mixed intimately in
Mohvra spirit; used by the bone-setters as plaster for fracture, dis*
location, subluxation, contusions, sprains, &c.
ASTRAGALUS QUMMIFER.
in
Actions and uses. — Styptic, anthelmintic and alterative, used as
dusting powder in wounds and ulcers. It is non-irritant. The com*
pMnd powder is used to check purulent discharges from the eyes-
Roasted with onions, its juice is dropped into the ear in otorrnoBa
and earache. It is internally given to children as an anthelmintic
and aperient, and also as an alterative to adults in rheumatism* It acts
besi when combined with trikatu and nishota.
Afltragalua Gummifer, B. P.
Habitat^ — Asia Minor and Persia.
Part used, — A gummy exudation obtained by incision from the
stem. Tragacantha B, P.
Asiragaius, from osteon ^ bone ; and gala, milk. The milky
exudation S(X)n becoming horny or bony, or from the seeds being
squeezed into the shape of vtrttbrte, Tragacanth, from Tragos, a goat;
and acantha, a thorn— pl;inu thorny, like goat's head* Hedges made
of chb plant resist the onslaughts of the goat.
C^iir<3cf^f5.— Semi-transparent flakes, or contorted bands, dif5cult
to powder, without any odour or taste, insoluble in alcohol or ether,
sparingly soluble in cold water, swelling into a thick gelatinous
mucilage. It also contains a little starch. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — Tragacanthin 30 p. c„ calcium compound of
giimmic acid 50 p. c, starch, cell fragments, moisture 14 p, c,^ ash
3 p.c* containing calcium carbonate.
/^ttarati'on. — Glycerinum tragacanthie B, P. (t in 5), a trans-
, homogeneous jelly. Mucilago Tragacanihas, B. R, mucilage
icanth (6 grains to i ounce). Dose, i to 2 02S. Pulvis Traga-
cmnthx Compo^itus. B> P., tra^acanth, gum acacia and starch, each
Oae part, i^ugar tliree parts. Dose, 20 to 60 grs<
Attt^ns and uses, — Tragacanth is demulcent and nutritious, like
o:' T*, but mostly used to suspend resin, heavy powders,
ai. emulsions and mixtures. In large doses it is a vehicle for
a^ i in gargles. It is given in diarrhoea and dysentery;
ab . . cj-ngles in pharyngitis.
Aatrajalas Heratensis. A. Strobilifero.
Mi^//;^/.— Persia,
Ihiris f/i^//.— Gummy exudation ; country tragacanth or gum
Katira.
KmM<rw/<yr.— Arab — Miswak-elabbas, Samagul-kasad, Kathira.
Hind. — Katera.gond. Per*, — Katcra, Zalzada, Gabina. Tam.^
Bodam-piihm* Tel — Bodjm Bunka,
CAiitactcrs, — It is similar to English tragacanth* Katera-gund
is nut s.mply the dried juice uf the plant, but is produced by
metatnorphosLs of the cell membranes. The stems, when cut trans-
J9S .BAUHINIA VARtEGATA.
versely, exhibit tough, concentric annual layers»i which tear length*
wise into filaments. These enclose a central column containing hard
translucent gum-like mass. The gum consists of different layers,
spirally twisted, or of tear-like masses or of broad bands, made up
of several strata* When in the shape of leaf it is known as flake
tragacanth or leaf gum. The superior quality is white and more
translucent. It is chiefly imported from Persia. The vermiform
tragacanth, also called vermicelli gum, is in string-like pieces. It is
very hard, tough, difficult to powder. Inodorous and tasteless.
With water it forms a jelly-like mucilage. Dose, 20 to 60 grs.
CotisHtuents, — Contains an insoluble gum or bassorine, a soluble
gum, a little starch and ash.
Bassorin is an isomer of starch. It forms sugar when bolied
with dilute acids and mucic acid when heated with nitric acid.
Soluble gum. The gum is different to arabin, being rendered
turbid by acetate of lead and jelly-like with alcohol.
Preparation.— 'lAucWzge and a compound powder.
Actions and uses. — Demulcent and emollient, used in diarrhoea
and dysentery, in which it is generally given in curd (Dahi) ; other
properties similar to those of official tragacanth.
BaptiBia Tinotoria.
Wild or false indigo.
Habitat, — North America.
Part used, — The root, bark or the whole plant.
Characters, — Plant 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, succulent, glaucous ;
flowers yellow, branches knotty, odour disagreeable. When bruised,
taste bitter, acrid and nauseous. Dose, 3 to 10 grs.
Constituents, — Baptisine, acrid and poisonous. Baptisin, a bitter
glucoside. Baptin a purgative glucoside, a brownish powder, soluble
in alcohol.
Preparation, — Infusion and decoction ; Extract um Baptisiae liqui-
dum. Dose, 3 to 10 ms. Baptisin. Dose, i to 5 grs. Tinciura
Baptisiae (i in 10). Dose, 5 to 30 ms.
Actions and uses, — In small doses alterative, stimulant, em-
menagogue, tonic, antiseptic and mild laxative. In large doses
a powerful emetic and cathartic, leading to gastro-intestinal
irritation and inflammation. Given in amenorrhcea, hepatic disorders,
scrofula, diphtheria, scarlatina, and dysentery ; in continued fever or in
the early stage of typhoid fever ; cataplasm, or the decoction is used
locally in obstinate ulcers and gangrenous sores. Baptisin in small
doses is tonic and astringent. In large doses purgative. Given in
dysentery.
Baohinia Yariegata. B. Porporeaoenflu B. Candida.
Habitat. — India.
Parts used. — The bark, buds and gum.
BAUHINrA RACCMOSA.
J93
Vemacuiar, — Can. — Sheinpag, Kauchivala. Hind. — Kuchnar*
Kuvidarat Sona-kauraj. Mar. — Kanchana (the gum Sem or
Semla). Malay, — Chovana-numdari. Saos, — Kuvidara. Tarn .^-Segapu-
McnOuri, Bcng. — Kanchan, Bedat. Burm.— Mahahloegce-ni.
GBr<rri?<:/«T^*— Bark of the trunk scabrous and tuberded, darkish
brown externally and tough, fibrous and reddish iniemalJy, On the
branches the bark is smooth, of an ash colour externally, and very tough
and green or white within ; taste feebly astringent, resembling that
of babula bark. The gum (semla gum) is in irregular broken pieces,
of amber colour. It sparingly dissolves in water, but soon swells
forming a mucilage, which is turbid, milky or jellyUike, containing
starch or other insoluble substances.
C^nsUtuents, — The bark contains tannin,
/Vd^/ora/ibif,— Decoction (i in lo). Dose, 4 to 8 drs,
Actions and m€s — The bark and buds are alterative and astringent*
The decoction of the bark is given in leprosy, scrofula, skin diseases and
ulcers. In scrofulous enlargements of the cervical glands, the bark,
with suntha and rice-water, is given as an emulsion, or in combination
with Boswellia scrrata, myrobalans, and a number of aromatics. A
gargle of the bark with pomegranate flowers and akakia is used in
aofe throat and salivation. A decoction of the buds is given in
menorrhagia, hemorrhoids and bleeding from the mucous surfaces.
A decoction of the buds is giv^en in cough, bleeding piles, hxraaturia
and mcnorrhagia.
Bauhinla Racemosa. B. Panriflora. Piliostigma Racemosa.
Habitat. — Konkan, Mysore, Bengal, Assam.
B^is iwi*^.— The bark, leaves and dry extract.
Femnculan — Bcng. — Bauraj, Burm, — Bivai-gin, Hpa-lan. Cing.
— ^Alyla^ Hind. — Mawil-Ghila, Matu. Mar, — Apta, Patwa, Pan],—
Murta. Sans.— Vannaraj, Apta. Tarn.— Atcha maram. Tel. —
Patwa, Adavt Avi&a.
CharacUrs^^A climber; leaves cordate at the base, glabrous above
and pubescent below. Leaflets roundish or broadly ovate ; flowers in
degant fe&toons ; bark reddish brown ; gum in purplish red fragments
roscmbtiDg kino in appearance and properties ; soluble in water and
partially so in spirit.
ConstiUnrnts, — The gum contains tannin and glucose. Dose, 5 to
iCgTS.
PnefarattQtt^ — Decoction of bark (i in 10). Dose, a to 8 drs.
Actions and mes^ — Astringent, given in chronic dysentery and
diarrlioHi^
13
194 BUTBA FRONDOSA.
Banhinia Tomentosa.— Yellow bauhinia.
Habitat — Ceylon, Malabar.
Parts used. — The leaves, bark, seeds and flowers.
Vernacular. — Burm. — Ma-ha-hloe- ga-wa. Can. — Shempage.
Cing. — Petan. Eng. — Wild ebony. Malyal. — Kahchana. Sans.^>
Usa*maduga. Tarn. — Kat-ati. Tnviat-putrara,
Kat-ati. — Kat, dark«coloured, and ati, wood. The wood is strong
and black, like ebony.
Characters, — Flowers large and sulphur-coloured ; leaves ovate or
roundish at the base, under surface villous ; leaflets oval and obtuse ;
peduncles 2 flowered ; calyx spathaceous, 5 toothed ; petals oval ;
legumes flat and lanceolote ; seeds 5 or more.
Constituents. — ^Tannin .
/Reparation. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent ; given in chronic diarrhoea and
dysentery ; the decoction of the bark and seeds is given as a tonic in
hepatic congestion. Bruised bark is applied to tumours and wounds.
Botea Frondosa. B. Soperba. Erythriiia Monospemuu
Habitat. — Plains of India.
Parts used. — The leaves, flowers, seeds and gum.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Palasha-kinaka, Kamarkas. Burm. — Ponk-
uway. Can. — Muttaga-mara, Chhiul-mootr. Cing. — Kaliya. Duk.
^Palasaka, Chinai-gond, Kinya-gond (gum), Palas-papado (seeds).
Eng. — Bastard teak, Bengal kino (gum). Guz. — Palas-papdo (seeds),
Khakro, Chinia-gond. Hind. — Dhak, Palas, Kamarka (gum). Malyal.
— ^Murukha monum. Mar. — Palasha-kakra. Panj. — Chuchra. Pers.
— Palah. Sans. — Palasha, Lakshataru Kin^nka. Tam. — Murukkam,
Palas muram. Tel,— Maduga, Kimshuka. The flowers. — Guz. — Palas
phul. Hind. — Kesurina phul (flowers).
Lakshataru. — The lac tree. The branches contain lac in large
quantities.
Characters. — Leaves ternate, from 9 to 12 inches long, leathery,
shining above, and hairy below ; floweis large and irregular, fresh
ones of a btrautiful, deep yellowish -red colour, and shaded with silver-
coloured down, when dry becoming paler in colour ; seeds flat, each
about 2 inches long and about i^ inches in breadth, in shape resembling
shell lac ; surface shining, colour of dried blood or reddish ; testa
very thin and containing a yellowish brow i. -coloured leafy cotyledon ;
taste somewhat acrid. The inspissated juice obtained from the stem by
incision constitutes Bengal kino. Gum when pure, is either translucent
and in tears, or in small, flat or irregular fragments ot a brilliant •ruby-
red colour, softening between the teeth, and highly astringent.
Generally mixed with numerous small pieces of corky bark, of a light
grey colour; not freely soluble in water and alcohol.
CASSIA ABSUS.
m
ConstHuettts. — ^Tlie gum contains kino, tannic and gallic acids
50 p. c, mucilage and ash 2 p, c; on dry distillation it yields pyrocate-
chifi. The seeds contain a tasteless oil of a yellow colour ; wax, or fat
1$ p. c, albuminoid, gum, glucose, organic acids, metarabic acid and
phlobapheue, cellulose, ash 5 p. c.
Preparation — Of the giimp compound powder containing 5 p. c,
of opium. Dose, 5 10 20 grs* Tincture (i in 10). Dose, ^ to 2 drs.
Of the leaves and flowers, decoction (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 fld* ozs.
Infusion ut Howers (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 fid. ozs. Decoction of the
seeds (1 in 10). Dose» I to 2 ozs. Paste^ — Take the roots of butea
aitperba, nyctanthes and woodfordia floribunda, the seeds of cassia
tum and vernonia anthelmintica, the stem and juice of trichosanthes
palmtta. Make a paste in water and apply in bites and slings of
animals.
Actions and uses, — Leaves astringent and alterative, used m
dtarrha^a, pyrosiss, sweating of phthisis, diabetes, menorrhagia, worms
and colic. A hot poultice made of leaves is used to disperse boils and
pimples. The decoction is used as an injection into the rectum in
diarrhoea, dysentery, and into the vagina in leucorrhaa ; also used as
A gargle in sore throat and ulcers of the mouth. The seeds are aperient
ind anthelmintic, used with success in tape-worms and round-worms.
A decoction of teeds and infusion of flowers is used with nitre as a
diuretic in dysuria and in retention of urine. Externally the seeds
are irritant^ and used with lime juice in dhobie's itch, ringworm,
indolent ulcers, and fistula* Gum. — A powerful astringent and a good
substitute for kino^ and may be used for all the purposes for which
kino \* lifted. The natives use this gunii combined with rotk^^alt and
ti nls» in pterygium and opacities of the cornea. Flowers
ill igent and diuretic. Varalians of flowers are applied to
the pub» in dysuria and retention of unne and to promote menses,
Casala Absus. Senna AbsUB.
Nah'tat.^^W, Himalaya, Ceylon^
Part used, — The seeds.
Vernacuiar, — Arab. — Tash Mezaj, Kushnu Zunk, Habek Sudan.
Cing.-"K»lu-Kallu, Bu-tora. Duk.*— Cha-kuta. Guz. — Chinol.
Hind. — Chakasu (seeds). Egypt. — Allakalis. Malyal.— Karin-killa.
Mar — Chamada, Kankuti, Chime. Pers. — Che^mak* Chast-migah.
Tam,^KaTunkanum-kalLukkoK Avarai-pattai. Tel.— Chukuddi-pal.
Sam^^-Chaksu.
Chaka&u is a corruption of the Sanskrit word chakihu, which
means an eve.
Kalu-KaUu means black horse-gram. The seeds are black and
bear resemblance to horse-gram.
Characters, — Seeds black, fl-^t and highly polished, in size resem-
bling big-!»ued bugs, shape obliquclv ovate and flat on both surf**ccs ;
test a horny, lough and ti)ick ; cotyfedona yellow ; taste bitter. Dose,
10 to xo grs.
19^
CASSIA ALATA.
ConsHiuents. — The seeds contain a trace of manganese, extractive
matter, resin and ash*
Prtparatirm. — Powder. Confection, Dose, ^ to I dr.
Actions and HSts.^Seeds very bitter, aromatic and mudUigiiioas,
As an aphrodisiac they form one of the ingredients of methtno*bdu
and vakerio-ladUi The seeds, wheJi baked and reduced to powder, are
applied under the eyelids in purulent ophthalmia.
Cassia Alata« C, Bracteata. C. Herpitica. Senna Alata.
/T^^iVtf/.— Travancore ; cultivated in India,
Pari lised. — The leaves*
Vernacular. — ^Beng.— Dadmurdan* Dadmari. Burm, — ^Sim-Do-
maiza-li. Can, — Shime-agase. Cing. — Attora. Duk, — V^elaiti-agali.
Eng. — Ringworm shrub, winged cassia. Hind» — Daomurdan. Malay,—
Shima-akatti. Sans.--Divipagustia-Dadrughua. Tarn. — Simai-agattL
Teh — Sima-avisi.
Characters. — Handsome shrub ; flowers in racemes and yellow ;
leaves 2 feet long, petiole triangular ; leaflets 8 to 14 pairs, obovale,
oblong, obtuse, mucronate and glabrous ; legumes long and enlarged
sideways ; taste like senna, but less nauseous.
Preparation, — Extract of leaves. Dose, i to 4 grs. Tincture (i
in 5). Dose, J to 2 drs.
Actions and uses, — Aperient, general tonic and parasiticidei used
like senna ; extract of leaves is a good substitute for extract of
colocynth- Externally the juice of the leaves^ with or without lime
juice, is applied to ringworm and to poisoned bites. Internally given
in venereal diseases.
Cassia Acutifolia, B. P. Alexandrian Senna.
C. Angustifolia, B. P.
Indian or Tinnevelly senna, C* Officinalis, C, Lanceolau, C,
Oborata, Jungle senna, C. Elot^ate, Mecca or Bombay senna.
Habitat. — Africa, India,
Part used. — ^The leaves.
Vernacular, — Arab — Pero-sana-e*Hindi. Beng. — Shon-pat. Dok. —
Nat-ki-sanapat. Eng. — S<fnna. Hind., Guz, — Sona-njukhi. Tam.—
Nela-ponna. Tel. — Nela Tanged u.
Leaves of Solenostemma argel, Tephroaia appoUinea, and coriarit
myrtifolia, are often substituted for senna leaves,
Acutifolia — Acutus, sharp; and folium, leaf. Leaves sharp- pointed.
AngusiifoUa — Angustus, narrow; and fulium, leaf. Leaves narrow.
Characters. — Alexandrian senna. Leaflets pale ^ n
and brittle, size f to i\ inch in length, mostly r,
entire, unequal at the base, surface finely pubescent, veins distinct ;
epidermis hairy, odour characteristic, nauseous and faint ; taste
mucilaginous and somewhat unpleasant, nauseous. Senna Indies
or Tinnc%'elly senna, one to two inches in length, lanceoljitfl
CASSIA. ACUTIFOtlA.
197
aqd acute, unequal at the base, thin, entire, yellowish green,
and smooth above^ somewhat duller beneath, glabrous or pubescent;
taste and odour nauseous. Senna pods or legumes 7 to S
lines broad at the base, style prominent on its upper edge ; seeds
obovate, cuneate ajid compressed. Dose of the powdered leaves
I to 2 drs.
Conw/i/^i^fi/i*— The fruit contains cathartic acid^ but no resin or
oil. The leaflets contain an active principle cathartin — a combina-
tion of cathartic acid with one or two earthy bases* Also
s^maptcrin ; a peculiar unfermentable sugar — cathartomannit or
senna sugar or sennit, a trace of volatile oil ; setmacroi ; colour «
ing matter allied to chrysarobin — chrysophani ph^oretin ; mucilage^
vegetable salts and ash 10 p* c.
Cathartic acid. — An amorphous glucoside. To obtain it, precipitate
concentrated infusion with alcohol. Dissolve the precipitate in water,
add hydrochloric acid to separate the albumen, purify and filter and
precipitate the 6ltrate with ethen It is formea of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur ; a brown powder, soluble in water and
quite insoluble in spirit. Decomposed mto glucose and cathartogenic
acid by mineral acids* Does not possess nauseous or griping properties-
Do6e, 4 to 8 grs.
Senna ^icrith — Bitter principle (glucoside), insoluble in ether.
Sennacro/. — Acrid resinous principle (glucoside), soluble in ether^
causes griping. The nauseating and griping properties of senna
leav^ arc due to the presence of this resin and of an oil which have
no purgative properties,
Cathartomannit. — To the concentrated infusion of leaves, add
alcohol and precipitate. Dilute the residue with water, add
OTiide of lead and evaporate and crystallize. Colourless, rhombic
CTy$tab, mosily spheroidal, with curved sides, of a sweet taste, soluble
in water (i in 2), alcohol (j in 450), ether (1 in 10).
Preparation*^Oi the leaves. Liquor senna: conceniratus^ B» P,
(1 in I), concentrated solution of senna. Dose, \ to i dr. Confectio
SeuNor, B. P., Electuarium Lenitivum, contains senna eaves 7 ozs.
coriander fruit 3,025., figs 1 2 ozs., tamarind 9 ozs., cassia pulplg ozs., prunes
6 CZA., extract of liquorice t oz,, sugar 30 ozs., water sufficient to
make 75 ors. in weight. Dose, i to 2 drs. { i in 11) Infusum Sennce
B. P. (I in 10). Dose, ^ to i oz. Mtstura sennet compositus^ B. P.—
Black draught — magnesium sulphate 5 ozs, liquid extract of liquorice
f oz., cx^mpound tincture of cardamoms 2 fid, ozs., aromatic spirit of
ammonia i dd. oz.^ infusion of senna to make i pint« Dose, t lb 2
oil. (i in 10). Syrnpm senna: B. P. (i in 2), contains senna 40 oz, oil»
of coriander 10 ms., alcohol 40 ms,, sugar 50 oz., alcohol (20 p.c.)
g\OZ, Dose, \ to 2 drs. Tine tura senna: comfiosita^h^F. (f in 5).
ose, i to I df , Piiivis Glycerrhisce compositus^B, P. compound
liquorice powtler, contains senna (1 in 6). Dose, 60 to lao grs.
Elixir sennas, — Dose, i to 3 drs. In this the cathartic acid is preserved
in its full activity, and the nauseating and griping properties are
'19^ CASSIA AURICOLATA.
•obviated. Extractum senna fluidum^ fluid extract of senna. Prepared
by maceration and pressure and flavoured with aromatics. In it the
^^athartic acid is unoxidised and resin left behind. Dose, 2 drs.
Extractum Senna Fluidum Deodoratum. Exhaust senna with alcohol
to remove the resin and oil, dry the solution and exhaust the dried mass
with water to dissolve cathartic acid. Dose, i to 2 drs. Preparation.'^^
-Of the legumes. Extractum senna: leguminum liqutdum. — Contains
cathartic acid, but no resin or oil. Dose, ^ to i dr. for children.
The Arabians prefer the pods as a sure and safe purgative as they
do not gripe. They contain more cathartic acid than the leaflets*
.and no resin and no volatile oil.
Physiological action. — Eflicient and safe cathartic, acting on the
•small intestines, and producing copious yellow stools with griping and
.flatulence, generally given combined with carminatives to lessen grip-
ing. In small doses it is non-irritant, acts on the intestines, increasing
peristalsis and secretions. It does not cause constipation as its after-
efiects. Given in large doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant, sets up nausea,
vomiting and purging with great flatulence and severe tenesmus. In
women it increases the menstrual flow. It often causes purging in
•children when' suckling mothers take it. Some people have an
idiosyncrasy for senna, and even the smell of the drug causes nausea,
vomiting or purging. It is a very safe cathartic when prompt evacuation
of the bowels is required.
Therapeutics, — It is given in constipation, determination of blood
to the head, biliousness, gout, haemorrhoids, fissures in the rectum,
fevers and rheumatism. It produces soft and easy motions. It
should not be given alone, as it causes nausea, griping, flatulence and
depression of the pulse. It is a stimulant of the abdominal and
pelvic viscera, and as such acts on the small intestines and increases
peristalsis and their secretion. It is less powerful than scammony and
gamboge, more irritating and stronger in its purgative efiects than
salines and rhubarb. Unlike rhubarb, it is devoid of tonic properties.
It should not be given in inflammatory conditions of the alimentary canal,
if there is tendency to intestinal haemorrhage, in haemorrhoids, men-
orrhagia, threatening abortion and prolapse of the uterusor of therectum.
The natives take the leaves with betel leaves, coriander, tamarind
manna, fetmel, Epsom or Rochelle salts as a corrective and aromatic.
Cassia Aorionlata, Senna Anricnlata.
Auriculata. — In allusion to the shape of the seeds resembling the
auricles of the heart.
Habitat. — Ceylon, Madras, Dekkan, Western Peninsula.
Parts used, — ^The bark, leaves and seeds.
Vernacular, — Can. — Tangayree, Avara Taravada. Cing. — Rana«
wora. Duk. — Tarvar, Aval. Eng. — Mature tea tree. Guz. — Avala.
Hind. — Tarwar-aval Dantvan (sticks). Malyal. — Ponna-viram, Avar.
Mar. — Taravada. Sans. — Mayhari, Talopodo. Tam. — Avarai. Tel. —
Tangadu Avar-gidda.
CASSIA FISTULA.
199
Datavaii, from dant, tooth» and van, stick — native tooth sticks, are
msde of the stems or wood of this plant, which are as thick as the little
finger*
Characttrs. — Bark in pieces or quills, folded like pancakes, in size,
colour and form resembling cinnamon. Each piece 2 to 3 or 4 inches
long* External surface dark-brown and slightly tubercled. Internally
cf a reddish colour, surface rugous, very bittle ; taste astringent and
sweetish ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets oblong, about an inch long and from
3 to 4 lines in breadth^ short petioled, upper suface of the leaves
smooth, under surface hairy ; colour dark-brown when dry ; flowers
>'etlow; legumes compressed and straight, thus diflfering from those of
mendhi aN^ala, which are curved like sheep's horn ; seeds heart-shaped,
smalLf flat, obtusely pointed at one extremity, and of a dark-brown
colour, without taste or odour.
ConsHiuents.^'The bark contains tannin 25 p.c. and ash 5 px.
Preparation. — Infusion of leaves (1 in 20). Dose, 4 drs. to 2 ozs,
^Compound syrup contains the flowers mixed with mocharas and
BUiaparilta. Dose, 2 to 4 drs* Decoction of root (i in 20). Dose, a
to % drs.
Actions and uses. — The bark is tonic and astringent ; the powder of
the seeds is blown into the eyes in ophthalmia. The infusion is used
as a cooling drink in fevers. A powder made with all parts of the
Elant is given in diabetes and chyloserous urine, and also used
y Gujanti women to check excessive menstrual flow. A compound
syrup is given for nocturnal emissions.
Cassia Fistula B. P* Cathartioarpus Fistala*
' iiaL — Asia, America, Egypt, W. Indies, Africa,
nts used* — The fruit, the pulp surrounding the seeds — ^Cassise
pulpa. B. P.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Katha-el-hinde, Asl-e-Kheyarsambar.
Bcng. — Sondhali, Honalu. Burm — Gnoogyee Nusi* Cing, — Ahilla.
Can.— Kakke-kaye, Kunare. Duk, — Girmalah-amaltas, Eng, — Purging
cassia, Indian laburnum (pulp), drumstick, pudding pipe. Guz. —
Garmatu, Hind. — Amaltas, Bhawa« Kathel Mai, — Konnan. Malay. —
Mcntus. Mar, — Bhava Baya. Pers. — Khiya-chambar. Sans. — Arag*
budha, Suvarnuka. Tam. — Rajataru or Nripadruma Mambala-konnai.
Tel. — Suvamamu Kayalu.
Khiyar Chambare — chambara, a necklace, in allusion to the
structure of the pods, which resembles ** a necklace/' Katha-el*
Hind means Indian cucumber, the pods having some resemblance, in
shape, to fresh and young cucumber,
Asal-i-Khiyara Chambara. — Asal means honey. The pulp of
^Khijrara Chambara tastes like honey. Suvarnaka, from suvern-gold 10
Ilu340u to the golden-yellow flowers, Rajataru — Raj means royal; and
J, a tree, the tree being uncommonly beautiful when in flowers,
CharacUrs^ — Pod cylindrical, of a dark^brown colour, about 2 feet
in Length and i to i| inch in diameter ; stalk short, but woody,
blunt end or the apex is contracted into a point ; within the pod are
200 C. OBOVATA.
numerous cells, arranged one upon the other transversely ; each cell is
thin, membranous, flat on both surfaces, and contains a seed, which is
oval, flat, and of a reddish brown colour and surrounded by pulp which
is soft, glutinous and of a dark colour, in smell and taste resembling
Khajura. It becomes mouldy and sour by keeping.
Constituents. — ^The pulp consists of sugar 60 p. c, mucilage, astrin-
gent matter, gluten, colounng matter pectin, calcium oxalate and ash.
Preparations, — Confectio sennae, B. P. Dose, i to 2 drs. Decoc-
tion (i m lo). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Compound decoction — ^known as
Aragbadhadi— <:ontains cassia pulp, picorrhiza kurroa, chebulic
myrobalans, long pepper-root, and cyperus rotundus. Used as a
cathartic. Dose, 4 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Laxative — pulp seldom used alone, as it causes
colic, griping and flatulence. Used as an adjunct to other purgatives.
When given for a long time it tinges the urine dark-brown. The
pulp is employed to adulterate essence of coffee. The seeds are emetic
Therapeutics. — The bark and leaves, mixed with oil, are applied
to pustules. The root is a strong purgative. The pulp recommended
to persons of dyspeptic habits. Dose of the pulp as a laxative, 30 to
80 grs.
Cassia Obovata. C. iBthiopioa. C. Obtasa.
Habitat. — Punjab, Sindh, W. Peninsula. Mysore, Egypt, Arabia
Senegal, Jamaica
Part used. — The herb.
Vernacular. — ^Arab. — Senna-baladi. Burm. — Puve-kam-yoe.
Can. — Nela-varike. Cing.^-Sena-kela, Nilavari. Eng. — Italian senna,
jungle senna, Jamaica senna, Tripoli senna. Guz. — Mendhi-
avala, Surtisunamukhi, Bhui Taravara. Hind* — Bhui Taravara.
Mar. — Mulkacha Shona-makhi. Malayal. — Nila-vaka. Tam. — Nila-
vagai.
Senna baladi. — Wild senna. The plant is said to grow in wild
places. Mendhi-avala. — Mendhi, a sheep ; and avala (C. Auriculata),
a name of the plant, in allusion to the [shape of the pods
resembling the horns of a sheep.
Characters. — The drug consists of pieces of stems, flowers, pods,
and leaves; stems slender, hairy, and of a greenish brown colour ;
pods curved, resembling the horn of sheep (Mendhi) ; leaves
pinnate ; leaflets from 4 to 6 pairs, obovate, glabrous above and dark
beneath ; colour darkish green ; taste and odour of the leaves
resembling those of sonamukhi.
Preparation. — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Leaves purgative ; other actions and uses
similar to those of senna. The whole plant is used locally as an
application in pityriasis, psoriasis, &c.
CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS.
Caatifli Occidentalis. S«niia Occidentalism C« SopherE.
/fo^i7<?/.— India.
PifrU used,— The leaves and seeds.
Venmcuiar, — Eng, — Negro coffee, round-podded cassia. Beng,-^
KaU'kasunda. Bomb. — Kasonda, Hikala. Burnt, — Mezalt, Can.—
Dodda*(agase. Cing, — Peni-tara, Uru tora. Duk. — ^Kasundi, Gajarsag,
Gufc^— Kasundi. Hind* — Kasa-niurda, Bribat-chitra-kasundi, Gajar
sag. Mar. — RonU-koIa, Hikalabija, Malyal. — Peya-vera, Ponnam
Takiira. Sans. — Kasa marda, Sourna May harie. Tarn. — Ponna verai,
Naltam Gokarai. Tel. — NutiKosinda, Kush-mardha.
Kasa Marda, Kasa, Khaus, meaning cough, and marda, destroyer.
Destroyer of Cough,
Ciaraciers, — An herbaceous plant or a small shrub, 3 to 5 feet
high, leaves pinnate; leaflets in 3 to 5 pairs, obliquely oblong or
lanceolate, finely pointed, green, glabrous abo%'e and pale beneath. On
bruising the leaves the smell is very foetid ; taste pungent and very
acrid ; root tapering^ fibrous^ of a brownish white colour and very
bitter ; smell aromatic, musk-like ; legumes linear, turgid or glabrous
and many-seeded ; seeds horizontal with cellular partitions. Dose of
the seeds, 4 to 10 grs. in children f of the leaves, I to 2 drs.
CmntittutiU. — The root contains a resinous substance ; a bitter,
DOO*alkaloid principle. Leaves contain cathartin, colouring matter
and salts* The seeds contain tannin, sugar, gum, starch, cellulose,
chrysophanic acid, calcium sulphate and phosphate and fatty matter
(olein and margarin )| malic acid, sodium chloride, magnesium
sulphate, iron, silica, &c.
Pttf^araUffU. — Infusion of root (i in 20). Dose, 4 to 8 drs*
Deeoction of whole plant (i in io)« Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — The whole plant is purgative, alterative and
escpectorant, given in liy>teria, anct whooping cough. The seeds are
pur^tive and given to children with cow's or human milk in con-
iruJsions. The root is ant i periodic, and given in fevers and neuralgia.
The whok plant is used in cutaneous maladies, as ringworm, scabies,
pityriasis and psoriasis ; also as an application over boils and carbuncles*
C. FcBtida, C. Obtasi folia, Senna Tora.
Cante Tora, C* Tajara,
//ioAiV^/.— India.
Partt used. — The leaves and seeds.
Vermtiutar. — Sans. ^ — Prabh unai ha, Chakramarda, Dradr ugna ,
Arab*— Kul-kul, Sanji, Saboyah, Aines-saratin, Beng. — Takola» Cha-
kondia. Burm.— Dan-ky-wai* Can.^ — Takkarike. Cing* —Tora, Duk. —
Tarotah. Guz, — Kowaria. Hind. — Chakaund, Pan war, Dadmardan.
Malyal.— Takara. Mar. — Tankli, Tarota. Sans, — Chakra marda, Pra-
Kunata, Pranunada, Uranakeha. Mahometan — Sanjasoboyah, Pers —
[ulkul-sanji. Tam» — Takaruni, Ushit Tagaria. TcL — Tantepu chettu*
Chakra-marda — Chakra, a ring or wheel, Murda to destroy. Des-
troying ringworm, and Aines-saratin, crab's eyes*
:S02 CiESALPINIA BONBUCSLLA.
Characters. — The leaves generally close at night time. They are
in three pairs, the uppermost pair heing largest and longest ; leaflets
obovate and obtuse ; taste mucilaginous and nauseous ; seeds greyish
brown or darkish. They are of various shapes, some cylindrical and
pointed at one end, others roundish or ovate, others again rhomboid,
m size resembling methi, but somewhat larger ; surface tubercled and
marked with yellowish or greenish yellow narrow stripes, the stripes
occupying the upper and lower surfaces of the seed.
Constituents. — The seeds contain a glucosidal substance similar to
emodin which agrees with crysophanic acid in most of its properties.
The leaves contain a principle similar to cathartin and a red oelouring
matter as in senna leaves ; also mineral matters.
Preparation, — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, 4 to 12 fld. dfi. Paste
contains Cassia tora 6 parts, psoralia corylifolia 4 parts, and carrot
seeds 2 parts. To be soaked for 8 days and then locally applied in itch.
Actions and uses, — It has a great reputation as an alterative in all
kinds of skin diseases accompanied with induration, as leprosy, cheloid,
psoriasis, &c. The juice of the leaves is applied to relieve cutaneous
mflammation caused by bhilamo. The seeds, mixed with karanja-
tela (pongamia glabra), are used locally as an application for ring-
worm. With sour milk it is used externally in eczema. A paste
of the root with lime juice is used for ringworm, also for buboes in
plague. The decoction of the leaves is aperient and given to children
during teething. Locally they are used as a poultice over boils to
hasten suppuration.
Remarks. — Lately the seeds have been used as a substitute for
coffee.
CsBsalpinia Bonduoella.
Syn.^ Bonducella Guilandina.
Habitat. — India, tropical parts of Asia and Africa.
Parts used. — ^The kernel of the seeds, oil and leaves.
Vernacular. — ^Arab. — Akit-makit, Bonduk-i-Hindi. Beng. — ^Nata,
Koranja, Jhagra-gula. Bomb. — Sagura-ghota. Gajaga-kakachia.
Can.— Gajaga-kayi. Cing. — Kumburu-atta. Duk. — Gajga. Bng. —
Bonduc-nut, Nicker tree. Guz. — Sagara-gota, Gajga-atchka, Kaka-
chia. Hind. — Kat-karanj, Kat-kaleja, Karaijo Sagargota. Malay.—
Kalan-chick-kuru. Mar. — Gajra, Sagaragota. Pers. — Khaya-i-Iblis.
Sans. — Kubarakshi-phalami Keti-aranja. Tam. — Kazhar-shikkay.
Tel. — Gach-chakaya.
Khaya-i-Iblis — Khaya means testicle, and Iblis the devil. It
means the devil's testicle, from the resemblance of the seeds in shape
and appearance to human testicles. Bonduc. — The Arabic word
Bondaka, or the Persian Funduk, means a ball of earth or a filbert.
Characters. — Seeds globular, very smooth, shining and of a dull
grey colour ; shell thick and bony; surface traversed by minute
brownish coloured stripes, cotyledon, or the kernel dull white, wrinkkd
C/KSALPmiA CORURtA.
2as
1 hard" taste bitter and rather mucilaginous ; leaves large, pinnate
prickly ; leaflets small, glabrous and of a dark-green colour. The
ot] i^ obtained by expression of seeds.
Consittu€nts> — The kernels contain a non-alkaloidal bitter principle^
guibndina* The cotyledons of the seeds contain a fixed oil z^y bitter
^principle or resin 2, sugar 6, salts 3, albuminoid matter 20, starch 35,
ind tannin. Bitter principle, — A white bitter powder without acridity,
entirely soluble in essential and fatty acids, in alcohol, acetone, chloro-
^forro and glacial acetic acid ; very little soluble in ether, bisulphide of
carbon ; almost insoluble in petroleum and water.
ffion, — Pulvis Bonducellse compositus. Compound powder
cam, undue 2 parts, black pepper 1 part, and pipli i part. Dose,
5 to io gr5.
f^//. fTv and ma\ — ^The kernels are bitter tonic, antiperiodic
istic. The juice of fresh leaves is febrifuge and used in
cbruri. JtNcis. The seeds, powdered and mixed with black pepper
\ arc febrifuge and alterative tonic and are given in general debility to
cV ' irhagcs, and in quotidian, tertian, quartan fevers. As
:itic the kernels, mixed with leaves and flowers of butea
31^4 and with flowering lops of Artemisia maritima are given
intestinal worms. The fixed oil is emollient and used as an
lion and to remove freckles from the face and to stop the
_C6 ffom thcear ; sagaragota, with powdered cloves, is given
to relieve the pain of colic and vomiting*
Jiemarks, — The seeds are worn as necklaces by pregnant women
lEider the belief that it prevents abortion.
The soap-nut ^Sapindus triphatus) is also known by the name of
.Bunduk-i-liindi, with which bonducella should not be confounded.
CttsaJplnia Coriaria, Poinciana Coriaria*
Syn, — American sumach — Divi-divi or Libi-dibi (Eng,)
Habitat^ — H imalaya.
Par^ tistd. — The legumes*
Vtmacular ,^~T\\x\i. — Amriqka Sumaq. Pers, — Shumage-amriqah
.Tani.--Shumak.
Characters. — Dried pods oblong, compressed, somewhat obtuse,
3r\*cd laterally; externally of a dark-brown colour, Undetneath the
loutcr skin of the pods and between it and the inner layer is an astrio-
iX matter, an impure tannin of a light yellow colour. Dose, 30 to 6d
Comtitutntt. — Pods contain 60 p. c* of -tannin, starch, gum and
wocxiy Ebre.
/^ijrir/ibff*— Decoction (i in 40) as injection*
Actions a9id uses, — The powder is antiperiodic, and given in inter*
inittent fevers. Tlic decoction of the legumes is astringent* and used
as an Injection in bleeding piles and for prolapsus ani in children.
:J04 CiESALPNIA SAPPAN.
toftalpinia Di jyna.
Habitat, — Himalaya, Ceylon.
Paris used, — The root.
Vernacular. — Vakeri-mula.
Characters.— The, root is tuberous.
Preparation, — Infusion (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Actions and uses. — Alterative and astringent, given with milk,
cumin, sugar and ghee, in diarrhoea and other chronic fluxes ; also in
phthisis and scrofulous afiections.
CcBsalpinia Sappan.
Habitat. — E. and W. Peninsula.
Part used, — The wood.
Vernacular, — ^Arab. — Bukam. Beng^Bokom. Duk., Guz.
Hind., Mar., Bomb. — Patanga. Burm.— Tainniy. Cing.— Patangi.
Eng. — Sappan wood. Bookum or Bukhum wood, Brazil wood.
Malyal. — Chappannam. Pers. — Bakam. Sans. — Patong. Tam.—
Vartangi, Vpttekku. Tel.— Okanu katta, PaUng, Bakaup chekka.
Can • — ratanga-chekke.
Characters, — ^The wood hard, heavy, of a light reddish colour,
here and there sprinkled with a reddish resinous substance ; taste oily
and acrid ; odour acrid ; often used as logwood.
Constituents. — Red colouring matter — sappan red or brazillin, gallic
and tannic acids. Sappan red occurs in colourless rhombohedron
or monoclinic prisms. It resembles hsematoxylin, and, like it, i»
soluble in ether, alcohol and water ; contains carbon 67*11 p.c, hydro-
gen 5*43 p.c„ and oxygen 27*46 p.c.
Guiala or red powder contains patanga and phataki, mixed with
tavakhir (arrowroot), cheap aniline dyes are now used instead. The
dry powder of Gulal is used by the Hindus during the Holi festival
and in other religious ceremonies. It is also used by a sect of Hindus
for teka mark on their forehead.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, given in intestinal and pulmonary
haemorrhages and in menorrhagia ; also in diarrhoea and dysentery. A
decoction of it is a good substitute for logwood, and used for the same
purposes as Rakta-chandana. Guiala is used as a dusting powder in
otorrhoea.
Cioer Arietinum.
Habitat, — Warm climates, India.
Parts used, — Seeds, acidulous water or acid exudation.
F(ff7iiicttZ!7f.— Arab.— Humuq. Beng. — Chana, But-kale, Batoola.
Bomb. — Harabara-chana. Burm. — Ku-lo-pan. Can. — Kadali. Duk. —
Harbarah. Eng. — ^The Bengal gram, common chick-pea, parched gram
(the pulse). Guz. — Chaya, Channa, Chuna-no-Khato (acidulated
water). Hind.^Chana, fiuroarmani. Italian — Cece. Mar. — Herbera^
CLITORIA TERNATKA.
aos
Ch^na. Pan]. — Nakbud. Pers. — Chola. Sans, — Chana-kamal,
Chennaka. Tam. — Kadalai, Tel. — Sana-galoo-chanaka.
Spurious chanano khato is merely sulphuric acid diluted and
tinged with kimiaja*
Characters. — An annual small plant ; leaves pinnate; stems covered
lith glandular hairs, containing oxalic acid and acid oxalates. With
_liedew these exude and hang in drops, ultimately forming crystals ;
leaflets amall and hairy, of a greenish grey colour and of an acidulous
taste ; seeds or pulse gibbous, mucronate, of a yellowish or reddish
brawn colour ; testa brittle^ containing yellow cotyledons. Chana-no*
Khato or the vinegar is an acid liquid of a dull, dirty colour — an
nidation from the hairs» stem, leaves and other parts of the plant.
lie vinegar is collected by spreading white cloth upon the plant
luring the season of dew, when the exudation becomes mixed with the
fc! •* t *1 is taken up by the cloth and finally wrung out in a vessel*
iulaied water, when evaporated, is known as Chana-no>Khara,
lUrnKH lA a white powder, which exists in fine needle-shaped crystals
[id has an acidulous taste*
Consti/ueft/s^ — The fluid contains water holding in solution oxalic,
Icelic and perhaps malic acids. The husked seeds or the pulse con-
iins water 1 1*5, albuminoids 21, starch 5g, phosphoric acid i, oil 4,
2t fibre 1, &c* Nitrogen per ounce is 14 grains.
Actions and uses* — The vinegar is an acid liquid similar to thai
found in Kamarakha, bilambi, &c. Jt is used as stomachic, refrigerant
and laxative in dyspepsia and to promote digestion and to remove
flatulctice and costiveness. The juice of leaves possesses' similar pro-
perty:; ; medicated vapour baths, prepared by adding the plant to
.vaicr» are used to relieve dysmenorrhoea, A poultice of the
1. . apptitd to sprained and dislocated limbs. The seeds are as-
tnngcnt» and given in dysentery. Ghana is the most favourite pulse
with the natives. It is taken raw or parched, in green or ripe state.
CUtoria Ternatea.
HabifaL—lndx^^ Ceylon.
Paris used, — The root and seeds.
Ventacuhr. — Arab. — Buzrula, Mazariynne-hindi. Beng, — Kalizer,
Shavct-upurajita, Vish-mi-karanti. Burm.— Oung-maiphyoo, Can.—
Karnike. Cing. — Nil^katarodu. Duk* — Gokarna, Phiki kijar Ghutti,
i^Eng.— Wingcd-l^ved Clitona- Guz.^Garaoi, Hind, — Gokaranai
ijtta. Mar. — Kajali, Gokarana* Maleal. — Kaka-valli, Pers, —
Itebikhe'hayat. Mazeriyun-i-Hindi (Indian rnezereon). Sans. —
{hcria, Aparjita, Ashphota« Vishnu Karanta Gokarna. Tam* —
4nan-kodi. Tel. — Tella-Dintana.
Ckaracters.^^ooi white, tapering, branched and fleshy; taate acrid
bitter; root-bark soft and thick; seeds generally black or greyish
irn, minutely mottled green and black, oblong, round or nearly
jTraiilbrm, with a white scar at one margin, sHghtly compressed near the
^e4gOit The &!i^^ of some seeds are smooth as if cut off by a knife; testa
206 . COPAIFERA LANSDORFII.
brittle, containing two cotyledons, which are full of granular starch,
thus resembling sena-bij ; taste oily, acrid, bitter and disagreeable.
Constituents, — The root-bark contains starch, tannin and resins^
The seeds contain a fixed oil, a bitter resin, which is the active princi-
ple, tannic acid, glucose a light-brown resin, and ash 6 p. c.
Preparation, — Infusion (i in 8). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Alcoholic
extract. Dose, 5 to 10 grs. A compound powder containing clitorea
seed I, acid tartrate of potassium 2, ginger i. Dose, ^ to i dr.
Actions and uses . — The root is demulcent, diuretic and laxative,
apd is given in fever, croup, chronic bronchitis, ascites, dropsy, and
enlargements of the abdominal viscera. As a demulcent the infusion
is used to relieve irritation of the bladder and urethra, and also given
in bronchitis. The juice of fresh root is blown up the nostrils in
hemicrania. The extract is a brisk purgative — a good substituter for
kala-danah, gulbas bija and jalap.
Copatfera LansdorfU, B. P. C. OflScInalis.
Habitat, — Brazil, Amazon Valley.
Part used. — The oleo-resin obtained from the trunk — Copaiba,
Copaiva, B.P.
Characters. — The exudation is thick, brown and viscid, generally
translucent, of a characteristic aromatic odour and bitter acrid
taste. Entirely soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene,
fixed and volatile oils, in petroleum spirit (i in 4) ; insoluble in water.
Dose, 30 to 60 ms. It is erroneously named balsam ; it does not
contain cinnamic or benzoic acid.
Constituents, — Volatile oil, bitter principle and resin. The resin
contains capaivic acid. The volatile oil — Oleum copaibae, B. P.,
oil of copaiba. To obtain it, distil the exudation with water or
steam. A colourless or pale-yellow oily liquid, with the aromatic,
bitter, nauseous taste and odour of copaiba; soluble in absolute alcohol
(I in i). Dose, 5 to 20 ms. Resin copaiba. — A residue left after
distilling off the volatile oil from copaiba, A yellowish body, brittle,
of acid reaction. Soluble in amylic alcohol, and benzol. It contains
copaivic acid, which is crystailizable, and a trace of viscid resin.
Dose, 1 5 to 20 grs.
Preparations, — Mistura copaibas composita — compound copaiba
mixture. Copaibas i, spiritus aetheris nistrosi i, Liq. potassae ^ ;
mix and stir. Then add Tinct. lavandulae Co. i, syrup 2, water 8.
Dose, I dr. Emulsion, pills, capsules, electuary.
Physiological action, — Laxative, expectorant, diuretic, and stimu*
lant of the genito-urinary organs. Taken into the stomach it causes
heat, acid eructations, loss of appetite, heaviness and diarrhoea.
The urine is increased in quantity and loaded with solid constituents*
In large doses it irritates the skin, stomach, intestines and kidneys.
It causes gastric catarrh and nephritis. The urine becomes scanty.
CROTALARIA JUNECA.
■ior
Mastan-pat.
Can. — Pundi-
Eng, — Sun
Mar, — Taga,
Pulivanji. Tarn. — Wakkoo-
a fibre obtained from
stainiDg albumen casts and even blood, with pain in the loins ;
m the skin it produces itching and even eruptions, as psoriasis,
inicaria* &c. The oil and resin are soon absorbed into the blood.
rhe>* are eliminated by the excretions and may be found in the
urine, breath* milk and perspiration,
Th^raptuiics^ — As a diuretic it is given in ascites, not depending
upon :^Jhumrnuri^, Chiefly used in gonorrhoea after the acute symptoms
\ itcd, in acute and chronic bronchitis with excessive expec-
t and in heemorrhoids, Jn cystitis in the female it may be
injected into the bladder* In chronic skin diseases, as psoriasis and
urticaria, it is used with great benefit. The volatile oil is good for
throat affections, while the oleo-resin is used for diuretic purposes.
Crotalaria Jtmcea, C. Bengalensis, C. Fenestrata,
C. Tenul folia,
^fe^ito/.— Throughout the plains of India.
Parts ustii. — The seeds, leaves and fibres.
Vernacular, — Beng,— Shonpat, Ghoresun.
Bomb.^-^Maesta-pat, Taag-ambharee. Burm.^ — Paisan,
nartt. Shana-bina. Cmg,— Keshia. Duk. — Janab,
or Bengal hemp. Gur. — Sun, Hind, — Sann» shunum.
^Sooalla, Sam. Malay — Jenapa-vcra,
^gana-pam, Shanambo,
Sun is often confounded with sunnee.
Hibiscus canuabinus.
Characters. —Seeds compressed, markedly reniform, of a light or
^fTMvJ^h brown colour ; surface shining, glabrous and slightly lubercled ;
!!!> hard, bony and yellowish red ; taste and smell like that of
|n**»>c i^uii mungo.
Cmistituentt, — ^The leaves contain abundance of mucilage, a little
solid fitf and a resin soluble in ether.
Pr€pitr&tiun.^^\w\yx%\K>xi (i in lo). Dose, I to 2 ounces.
Actions and uses. — Refrigerant, demulcent and cmmenagogue,
" in fevers and in skin diseases, such as impetigo, and psoriasis. As
fiemmcnagogue it is used to increase the flow of menses ; sometimes
tbcy cause abortion. Dose of the seeds, lo to 30 grs.
Remarls.—Ttih plant furnishes a coarse fibre called Sana, Taaga,
or Bengal hemp. It ts used for making oakum and surgical tow.
Cylifita Scarioaa.
Habitat* — Concan, Ori^s^» Deccan,
I\srt used. — The roots.
Vemacu/an — Con can — Rangheuad.
Ran-gevad Ran, wild ; and Ghevadas a kind of Dolichos*
tabbb. u resembles Dohchos.
Characters, — Root tapering, woody^ upper portion 2 inches in
diameter^ dark brown and covered here and there with circular
206 DERRIS ULIGINOSA.
light-browD scars; on section, the central portion is pithy, surrounded
by medullary rays of a light colour ; the woody tissue is porous and
red; taste astringent and bitterish.
C(mstituents. — Tannin, starch, and soft yellow resin but no
alkaloid.
Preparation. — Decoction of the root (i in lo). Dose, 4 to 8 drs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, given in dysentery and leucorrhcea.
Applied externally to reduce swellings.
Dalbergia Sympathetioa. D. Yolubilis.
Habitat^^Vf . Peninsula.
Part used. — The plant.
Vernacular. — Goa. — Titabli. Mar. — Pentgul, D. Volubilis, Alei.
Characters. — A scandent shrub, stems covered with thick, large,
blunt thorns ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets obtuse, silky beneath ; flowers
axillary, in cymes ; calyx, silky ; corolla yellowish white, pod one-seeded
and obtuse. *
Preparation. — Infusion of leaves (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Decoction of root (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Actions and uses. — The leaves are alterative, and used in syphilis and
rheumatism. The bark is stimulant and used locally to remove pimples.
The juice of the leaves is used in aphthae as a gargle in sore throat.
The root is demulcent. Internally the juice or decoction bf the root
is given with cumin seeds in gonorrhoea.
Derpis Uliginosa.
Habitat. — E. Himalaya, Ceylon, W, Peninsula.
Part used. — The Bark.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Panlata. Mar. — Kajarvel, Kirtana.
Kirtana. — Worm creeper. It is a poison to worms and their
larvae creeping in the fields.
Characters. — The bark dark-brown and scabrous, thickly studded
with corky warts. Taste astringent and acrid.
Constituents. — The bark contains a neutral crystalline principle,
wax, two resins, two colouring matters, an alkaloid, an acrid glucoside,
allied to saponin, gum, and mineral matter 8 p.c.
Preparation. — Decoction (i in 20), Dose, 2 to 8 drs.; a medicated oil.
Actiom and uses. — Alterative and insecticide; the bark is used as a
fish poison and also as a poison to kill worms and insects which infest
leaves and flowers; as an alterative, it is given in rheumatism,
chronic paralysis and dysmenorrhoea combined with asafetida, garlic,
plumbago root and used externally in rheumatism.
DESMODIUM GANGETICUM.
f09
Deemodiam Oangetioum,
Habitat — India. Burma, Ceylon.
I^rts used. — ^Tbe root and bark.
Fernacu/ar, — Beng.— Salaparni. Guz. — Salavan, Hind,— Sari van.
Mar^^^^alparni^ Diiye, Sans. — Daye, Shalparni,
Shalparni. — Having leaves Hke the Shal (Shorea robusta.)
Characters.^ Plant sub-erect ; stems angular, from 5 to 4 feet high^
mad largely covered at the top with short grey hairs ; leaves oblong,
from 3 to 6 iDGht^?», long, rounded at the base and narrowed towards the
point; flowers pale and purple; legumes 6 to 8, jointed and compressed-^
joints small, rather roundish or kidney-shaped, and covered with minute
hooked hairs ; fresh root of a light white colour ; taste of the root-bark
astringent ; odour slightly aromatic.
Constituents — The root contains extractives, resin, oil, an alkaloid,
ash 6 p.c, containing a trace of manganese*
Preparation, — Decoction (i in 16). Dose, 2 to 6 drs. Compound
dccociion. Dasamula de Kvatha. — Dasa, ten ; mula, the root j and
quath. a decoction A decoction often plants. Containing: Salavan k
Pithvan 1, Bhui*ringani i, Dorali-mula i, Chotta Gaklioru i, Bcia j,
Tctu mula I, Shevana I, Patola 1, Takla 1. The first five plants are
known as minor plants, called Hrasva pancha-mula or Laghu pancha-
mula. The la« five are called Vrihat pancha-mula or the five major
planti». Doi^e, I to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses^ — Febrifugep alterative and tonic. Given in fever,
derangements of thc'bile, during convalescence from chtonic fevers;
also in remittent and puerperal fevers, inflammatory diseases of the
lungs, and in diseases of the brain; also in catarrhal aflfections, vomiting,.
cou^h» asthma and dysentery.
Ormocarpum Sennoides,
ifalfiiMit, — Western Peninsula, Ceylon,
Vernacular. — Can,— Kadunugge. Tarn.— Katmorunga. TeL—
Adai-imunaga.
Characters, — A low shrub, young shoots and flowering parts are
hairy and of a pale yellow colour, and covered with glutinous secretion.
Leaves pinnate, alternate* oblong and obtuse ; flowers 3 to 6, yellow ;
racemes short and axillary ; pods jointed, pendulous, muricaced and
glminous.
PrtparaiiQu, — Decoction of the root (i in 10), Dose, 4 to 6 drs.
Linimeot.
Actitmi and mes* — ^Tonic and stimulant. The liniment is used in
paralysis and lumbago.
D^amodlom Trifloram. D. Heterophyllum* Hedysarum
Triflorum.
Mahiiat, — Bengal and Peninsula India*
flfW med, — The plant.
14
no DOLICHOS BIFLOftUS.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Kulalaia. Hind. — Kadalaya. Mar«— Ran-
methi. Tarn.— Senipullady. Tel. — Moonoodoo-moordoa
Characters. — Stems procumbent ; leaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate
or obcordate, pubescent or hairy ; peduncles axillary, solitary, i to 3
flowered ; legumes hispidly pubescent, 3 to 6-jointed ; joints truncated ;
flowers, small and blue.
Preparation. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Actions and uses. — ^The leaves with milk are used as galacta^ogue.
iand as carminative they are used in diarrhcea and convulsions in
children. The fresh plant bruised is applied to indolent ulcers.
DoliohoB BifloPOB.
Habitat. — India.
Part used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Kulthi, Kultho-kuUe. Can. — Hurali.
Eng. — Madras horse-gram Guz., Hind.— Kulthi. Mai. — Muthenif
Mxdiri. Sans. — Rahitha, Culutu ; Mar. — Kulitha, Kultha. Tarn. —
Kollu. Tel.— Walawalli, Ulava.
Characters.^Tvro varieties — red and white. The seeds are of
different colours, varying from light red to dark red and black. Those
which are light red are mottled green or dark. In size they resemble
chaksu, are highly polished and shining, having a white scar about the
middle of the margin ; testa very thin and brittle ; cotyledons whitish.
Cofistituents. — Albuminoids, starch, oil, ash and phosphoric acid.
Preparation, — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, 4 to 8 drs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, diuretic and tonic The decoction
is used in urmary diseases and menstrual derangements. Parturient
women luse it to promote lochia ; also given to check profuse
leucorrhoea and menstrual fluxes. Like Ankola powder, a powder
of these seeds is applied to the skin to check cold sweats.
Entada SoandenB, Aoaoia Soandens, Mimosa Entada.
IfoAitat.'^TTopics,
Part used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. — ^Bomb. — Gardul , Beng. — Gila-gach. Cing.— Pus
wael. Duk. — Gradul. Guz. — Suvali-amli. Hind.— Garabi. Mar. —
-Garambi, Gartdul. Maleal. — Parin-kaka-vuUi. Panj. — Kastori-kaman.
TeL — Gila-tiga. Sikkim Pangra. Lepcha, Takdokhyen.
Characters. — Legunies several feet long and 4 to 5 inches broad,
surrounded with thick, firm, polished, entire rim ; joints 10 to 30, one-
seeded, ligneous, swelled in the centre and transversely furrowed ; seeds
very large, each ab6ut 2 inches in diameter, flat or compressed* and
roundish or heart-shaped ; surface very shining, smooth and of adark«
red colour, having a blackish scar at thehilum; testa of a reddish colour
and thick ; cotyledons two, like that of Bhui-singa ; taste slightly
KRYTHRINA INDICA,
biltertsh ; a drop of water placed on it becomes milky owing to the
escape of oil globules and granular matter.
Camiituents^ — Contains a viscid^ turbid oil 7 px., and a little
saponin.
Actions and uses* — ^Irritant and emetic. A paste of them is applied
to relieve inflammatory glandular swellings in the axilla, known to the
natives as Kakha Bilari. It is applied to swollen hands and feet in
cases of general debility with marked relief. The seeds are used as
soap to wash the hair.
Erythrophlcaam Guinense, E. Jadloiaie.
/Af^iY/f/. — Central and Western Africa.
J^rt used* — The bark.
Vtrrniaiiar- Eng.^ — Casca bark, doom bark, sassy bark, ordeal
bark.
Characters, — The bark has an astringent, acrid, bitter taste, and
when powdered excites violent and persistent sneesing,
CoHsdiiitnts — ^An active glucosidal principle.called Erythrophlc3eine.
Erythtophlcsina; Hydrochloridum — yellowish white granular,
crystals, soluble in water. The solution has an acrid, bitier taste«
Dose, ify 10 ij gr,
/V^<jrtf/Sib«,— TincturaErythrophloei, (i in 10)* Dose, 5 to 10 ma
Pkysmhgical achmts. — Cardiac tonic, sedative, hydragogue
and diuretic. In large doses emetic and narcotic, producing nausea,
vomitrnj^, intense htadache, narcosis ami death* Erythrophlceinae
hydrochloridum combines ihe actions of Diuitalin and ^icrotoxin* It
strengthens and slows tl»e heart's action, contracts the arterioles and
incrtM[*e*^ the secretion of urine. It is not cumulative. It is given in
mi' tse and cardiac dropsy ; also ftiven in diarrhcea, dysenteryj
int \i fever, colic, &c. Some believe it to be a local anseuhetici
cveii superior to cticaine.
Remarks. — The bark is used by the negroes as an ordeal in trials
for witchcraft.
Erythrina Indjoa. E* Corallodendron.
HabiiaL — Throughout India,
Parts used. — The leaves and bark.
Moochy wood tree. Indian coral tree (Eng.)
Vertmrular, — Eng. — Moochy wood tree. India coral tree.
Beng>- oandar* Burm. — Katheet, Kasi. Can. — Paravalada-
mara, i a« Warjippe* Cing.— Erabadu. Duk. — Pangra, Hind.
& Sian — Pangrai Furrud. Sans. — Parnata, Parijalaka, Mandara,
Tarn* — Kaltyana, Murukku, Teh — aad-chippa-chettu. Malay. —
lCalyaiia*murukku.
C4</rtfc/rf J.— Fresh bark covered with smooth, grey suber and
having »mall| corky and Assured lenticels ; outer portion of the bark
granular and brittle ; odour very disagreeable ; leaves pinnatdy
Uifoliatc ; leaflets entire.
212 PLEMINGIA TUBKROSA.
'Constituents. — ^The bark contains two resins and a bitter alkaloid
erjrtherine.
Preparation. — Infusion of leaves (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Decoction of bark (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Actions and uses. — The leaves are alterative, laxative, diuretic,
galactagogue and emmenagogue ; used in syphilis, fevers, in amenor-
rhoea, &c. With cocoanut milk they are used as galactagogue. The
bark is astringent and tonic, and given in dysentery, fevers, &c. The
leaves made hot (varalians) are applied to disperse buboes. Erytherine
has actions antagonistic to those of strychnine, and may be used as an
antidote.
Flamin^a Tuberosa.
Habitat.— Tht Concan.
Part used. — The tubers.
Vernacular.^ Mar.— Birmova.
Characters. — Small herb in grassy places; leaves trifoliate, studded
with minute golden elands ; flowers small and pea-like ; pods rounded,
containing a single black seed ; roots tuberous, ovoid, oblong and
tapering at the lower-end ; skin dark-brown and smooth externally,
white within ; the tubers yield a sticky juice when injured ; taste
sweet and astringent.
^ When boiled the taste of the tubers resembles that of chestnuL
Constituents. — Yellow resin 1-5 p. c, sugar and ^m 25 p. c^
asparagin 4-3 p.c, tannin a trace, starch 40 p. c, albuminoids 13 p.c.,
and ash 3-5 p.c.
/Reparation. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent. The tubers are used in dysentery
and leucorrhcea.
Flamin^a Grahamiana.
Habitat. — Nilgiris, Concan, Canara.
Part used, — The glands from the pods, (wars)
Vernacular. — Arab. — Wars. Hind . — ^W ars.
Characters. — Fruits are covered with peculiar garnet-coloured
glands. Wars is obtained by drymg the pods and rubbing them
together over leaves.' It is a granular mobile powder ,* colour
deep purple-red, without any odour or taste. It ignites like lycopo-
dium. It is insoluble in water, soluble in ether, > warm alcohol and
caustic alkalies.
Constituettts. — A trace of volatile oil, of the odour between that of
carraway and lemons ; resinous colouring matter 72 p.c, the resinous
matter is of a brittle consistence, soluble in ether, alcohol, benzol,
chloroform, carbon sulphide, acetic acid, alkaline solution and
alkaline carbonates ; also soluble in lime, magnesia. Diluted alcohol
separates resinous matter into 2 resins. It also contains ash 6 p.c.,
albuminous matter 8 p.c.y cellulose 9*5 p.c.
CLYCYRRHJZA GLABRA*
213
Yeparatton, — Dusting powder.
Actions and m€s, — The same as those of lycopodium, used to
cure scaly eruptions of the skin.
Glyoyrrhiza Glabra, B. P., 0. Olandulifera.
Sweet wood, Italian juice root, Spanish juice root,
Glvcyrrhixai from Glykys, sweet, and rhiza, root, from the sweet
taste of the root. Glabra, from Glaber, smooth, without hair or dowii«
leaves ire smooth on both surfaces. Glandulifera — Glandula, a gland j
^Jid ferro, 10 bear. The pods are covered with thick glandular spines.
Mahitair^ Northern Asia, Arabia^ Persia, Punjab, Sindh, Southern
EuropCi Candia, China.
Faris used, — The peeled root and peeled subterranean stem—
Glycyrrhizae Radtx^ Liquorice root, B.P.
Vemaculur. — Arab. — Asl-us-sus, Kobesus. Beng. — Jaishtomodhu.
Burm — N*wy-K'hye, Shinbo-noegiyu. Can. — ^Ate-madhura, Duk. —
Milhi-Iakri. Eng, — Liquorice root, the juice, Spanish juice, Italian
juice. Guz.— Jethi-Madh. Hind. — Jathi raadha. Mar, — Jeshti-
madha, Irkisus. Pers* — Bekh-Mekeh. Sans — Yashti-matJhu-kam,
Madhu ytshttkam. Tarn,— Ati-madhramu. Tel- — Yashti-madukam,
Malay, UriLhmadhuram, Cing. — Atimaduram, Velmi,
Characters. — The roots abound in saccharine and mucilaginous
matter, which is slightly bitter and readily soluble in water. It
is brown on the surface and yellow within j occurs in cylindrical
branched pieces of various sizes, of the thickness of a finger. It is tough
md friable ; the taste is sweet at first, after a time it becomes somewhat
mucilaginous, acrid and bitter ; the odour is earthy and rather sickly ;
when peeled and sliced, the pieces are yellow and smooth, the fracture
b coarsely fibrous. Dose, of liquorice root, 15 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — The glucoside — glycyrrhizin 6 p. c», glycyramarin,
su^r, starchy resin, gum, mucilage and asparagin.
Glycyrrhizin. — The sweet principle of liquorice. To obtain it heat
cold infusion of the root^ add sulphuric acid, when albumen will
copulate; to dissolve the precipitate add alcohol and ether, filter and
evmporate. An amorphous yellow powder, of a strong bitter taste and
acici reaction, soluble m water and sparingly so in spirit and ether. In
hot water it fotms a jelly* It is precipitated on the addition of acid or
solution of cream tartar or of neutral acetate of lead. By boiling with
dilute hydrochloric acid it resolves into glyc)Tretin and an uncrys-
Uliixable sugar of the characters of glucose.
Glycyrrhizin combined with ammonia forms ammoniated glycyr*
rhizin nr glycyrrhizic acid. A glucoside prepared by treating liquorice
root '' "T and ammonia and precipitating with sulphuric acid and
^edi^^ ^ dilute ammonia and allowing it to dry. Dark brown or
red gai ucL coloured scaltrs^ taste sweet, soluble in water and alcohoU
One ^rain flavours six ounces of water; the sweet taste of the root is due
to this glucoside. Dose, ^ to 5 grs.
A^
^^id
114 HARDWICItIA PIKNATA.
Preparation. — ^Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus, B.P. Compound
diquorice powder.
Senna 2« Liquorice root 2, Fennel i, sublimed sulphur I, and
sugar 6. Dose, 60 to 120 grs. For constipation and hepatic disease.
Extractum Glycyrrhiza B. P. extract of Liquorice. Dose ad libitum.
Extractum Glycyrrhiza liquidum. B. P. Fluid extract of glycerrhiza.
Dose, i to I fld, dr. Decoction (i in \o\ Dose, 4 to 12 fld. dr.
Mistura glycyrrhizaeComposita— Compound mixture of Glycynrhiza.
'Brown mixture — Liquorice extract 3, Syrup S, acaciae 10, Tinctura
opii camphorata 12, Vinum antimoniales 6, spirit etheris nitrost 3,
water 100. Dose i to 4 dr.
Action and uses. — Demulcent, expectorant, and a mild laxative,
also local stimulant. When chewed or sucked it increases the flow of
saliva and mucus, hence acts as a throat emollient. It stimulates the
mucous membrane, especially of the air passages where its action is
more local than general. It; is given in inflammatory affections,
catarrhs, cough, hoarseness of voice, asthma, and in irritation of the
.larynx, bronchi and of the urinary passages. The compound powder is
used as a laxative in constipation. Glycyrrhizic acid is used for flavouring
decoctions, also covering the taste of nauseous drugs in a liquid form
as quinine, chloride of ammonium, sulphate of magnesia, senna, senega,
hyoscyamus, ipecacuanha, aloes &c. The powder is used as an exci-
pient in pills.
Remarks, — ^The Indian liquorice is the root of Abrus Precatorius,
Sab-us-sus ; kubas-susa (Arab.) ; the inspissated juice of Glycyrrhiza
Triphylla is sold in the bazaar in the shape of black pencils. It is
an ingredient in various laxative powders, confections and lozenges.
Hardwiokia Pinnata.
Habitat — Ghats of Canara, Travancore and Carnatic.
Part used. — A dark red balsam.
Vernacular. — Can. — Yenne. Mai. — Kalla, shurale. Tam. —
Madeyan, Sampirani. Tinnevelly — Kolavu.
Characters, — The tree yields an oleo-resin — a black or yellowish
transparent viscid fluid of the smell and taste of copaiba. A deep notch
is made into the heart of the tree, and after a time the balsam begins to
flow. Dose, 20 to 60 ms.
Constituents^ — An essential oil 25 p. c. similar in composition to
that obtained from copaiba, and 2 resins, of which one has acrid pro-
perties — does not contain any copaivic acid.
Actions and uses. — Demulcent, stimulant and expectorant ; like
copaiba, used in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhcea, bronchorrhoea, etc*
Ebunatozylon Campeohianum, B. P.
The Logwood tree. —
Syn. — Black wood, campeachy wood.
INDIGO FERA TINCTORIA.
315
Haematoxylon from Hsenia, ** blood,** froin blood like colour of
the heart wood ; Logwood — wood being imported in logs.
^abiiaL^^W. Indies, Jamaica, India.
Parts used. — The Heartwood-^H^matoxyli Lignum, B. P.
Ckamcters, — Wood in chips or coarse powder, thick, heavy and
hard, externally of a purplish red colour^ iniernally reddish brownish,
marked with irregular concentric rings, odour faint and agreeable, taste
■ttringent and sweet. Dose of the powder, lo to 30 grs.
Constitnent^. — Hiematoxylin, 12 p. c. volatile oil, tannin, fat,
resin* Hicmatoxylin.^ — To obtain it mix powdered extract with sand
And exhaust with ether, add water and crystallize. A crystalline
principle^ pale yellow, sweet like liquorice, soluble in alcohol and ether,
Pteparations. — Decoctum Hsematoxyli B, P. (i in 20), Dose, ^ to
a fld« oZ!». Logwood chips 50, cinnamon bark 8, and water tooo^
boiK Givtfn in diarrhoea and hiematuri.-!* Extraclum Haematoxyli
Uauio e, I to 2 drs. It contains Hematoxylin, hiematein and
ollici nt properties of the wood unchanged.
Actions and uses, — Astringent and tODic ; under its use faeces
becomes dark and urine blood red and sweet. Given in chronic
diarrhoea, dysentery and hemorrhages ; also in atonic dyspepsia,
Indigofera Tlnctoria, Indigo fera Sumatrana, Indigofera Indioa.
HabttaL — \V. India, Bengal, Madagascar,
f^tri used, — The plant and the expressed juice.
F'tmacular^'^Asab, — Nilaj. Beng. — Nil Guli. Burm.— Mai
may. Shan — May. Can.— Nili. Cing. — Nila. Chin.— Lan-tian
Duk.^NiL Eng. — Dogbite shrub. Guz. — Gali, Nil. Hind, — Nil.
Mah.— Nili, Guli. MalyaL— Nilam, Ameri, Tarun. Pers — NilaJu-
Ausiralienil, Sans. — Nilam Banig Bandhu. Tam. — Nilam Avari-ckli
Tayura. Tel. — Nili-mandu. Aviri. Panj. — Wasma, Basma.
Shrub 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves pinnate j leaflets in pairs, cuneate at
the ba»e, rather pointed towards the apex, of dark green colour. On
Squec^ring a dark green juice oozes out ; flowers many, of a pink or pur-
ple rose colour ; legumes nearly cylindrical deflexed and curved up*
wards ; seeds truncated at both ends. Dried juice or extract met with
in hard pieces of an indigo colour. When mixed with water it
forms a mixture of blue and purple. To obtain Indigo. — The plant is
cut, steeped in water, and kept or allowed to ferment till the liquid
becomes charged with the colouring matter. The liquid on evapora-
tion i.s mixed with air with the result that oxidation takes place and
the indigo is set free^ which is next collected in shallow wooden boxes
and moulded into small pieces one inch square. Dose, 1 to 3 grains*
f fits. — Indican (a glucoside).
^m. — Decoction of the plant (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 8 drs,
id uses. — Plant stimulant, alterative and purgative ; used
in eiil ^ Ml of the liver and spleen, dropsy, affections of the lungs
aad kidneys, whooping cough and palpiutions of the heart.
'«l6 INDIGOFERA TRIFOLIATA.
Indigo is given in epilepsy and erysipelas and also in amenorrhcea. The
natives apply indigo to the navel with castor oil in constipation also to
the pubes and hypogastrium in relieving retention of urine. A poul-
tice of the plant is used to relieve haemorrhoids. Indigo is a soothing
application to burns and scalds, and the juice of the leaves is used as a
ploultice externally and given internally as a prophylactic against bites
of venomous animals and hydrophobia.
Indigofara Aflpalatboides. Aapalathus Indions. Lespedeza Jonoaa.
Habitat. — Ceylon, Carnatlc.
Parts used, — The plant.
Vernacular — Maleal. — Manili, manneli. Mar. — Shiva nimb«
Sans. — Shiva nimba. Tam. — Shevenar vaymbu.
Characters. — A low shrub ; branches slender, one flowered ; leaflets
pale green, oblong and lanceolate. Pods straight, glabrous, turgid, 6
to 8 seeded. Flowers, rose coloured.
Preparation, — Decoction of the plant (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 fld. ois.
Oil extracted from the root. Paste and ashes.
Actions and uses. — Cooling, demulcent and alterative. The paste
of the plant is used to reduce oedematous swellmgs. The ashes of the
burnt plant are used to remove dandruff" from the hair. The decoction
is used in cancerous affections and leprosy. The root is chewed to
relieve toothache and aphthae. The oil is used in erysipelas.
Indigofera Trifoliata.
Habitat, — Ceylon.
Part used, — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Guz. — ^Vekari.
Characters. — Seeds oblong, very smooth, shining and beautifully
mottled with dull red or black points; colour varying from yellow to
dark red or pink. In size they resemble mustard seeds ; cotyledons of a
yellow colour ; taste that of Maga-ni-dala (Phaseolus mungo).
Preparations. — Confection i to 2 drs. and decoction (i in 10).
Dose, 4 to 12 fld. drs.
Actions and uses. — Tonic and restorative. A confection of these
seeds with other mucilaginous drugs is used in rheumatism, lumbago,
general debility after delivery, in seminal weakness and leucorrhcea.
The decoction is used for relieving pain in the back and waist
Indigofera Pauoifolia.
Habitat, — Bengal, Madagascar.
Part used, — The plant.
Vernacular. — Tam. — Kuthekar, summattee.
Characters. — Leaves covered with a hoary pubescence ; root small
and twisted.
Preparation, — Decoction, (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 os«
LUPINUS ALfiUS*
217
Acthns and uses. — Alterative, antiphlogistic, antisyphilitic and
deobstrucnt. The decoction is used locally to foraent the joints and
Intcmaily in rheumatism.
Jonesia Asoka.
J, Pinnata. Saracalndica. S. Arborescens*
HahiiaL^\{\mii\^y^t Ceylon, East Indies.
I^iris used, — The bark.
P'tfftacuMir, — Beng. — Jasundi, Asoka, Burm, — A-thau-ka-pho,
Can. — Asoka, ashunkar. Cing. — Diya-rat mayL Chin, — Wu-yu-wha,
Eng. — The Asoka tree, Guz, — Asupila. Hind. — ^Jasundi, Asok.
Mar — Jasundii Asoka. Sans. — Asoka, Gundapushpa, Kankelif
Anganapriy^ Tarn. — Ashogam.
A&hok;i — a ** without/* and **5hoka/* sorrow or pain, meaning free
Irom pain, Gundapushpa — Gundh smell or odour, and pushpa flowers.
It mcjins odor»3us flowers. Angana-priya — dear to women. It is an
embkm of love,
CAaracltrs.^B;kTk externally smooth, of a dark brown or ash
colour. Internalty fibrous and of a pale reddish colour. Tastet
astringent.
Constituents. — Tannin and catechin.
fyiparatton. — Decoction (] in 10} made in milk. Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent ; the decoction with a number of
aromatics h mvcn m uterine affections. Chiefly in menurrhagia.
Remarks* — Jasundi is the name for Hibiscus Rosa sinensis» for
which it should not be mistaken.
Lupinus AlbiiB,
Habitat — Egypt, Italy, Sicily, and Mediterranean countries.
Parts used. — The seeds.
V<rnacutar, — Arab, Hind. — Turmus, B^ila^t-misri, Zurmish,
Eng, — WhMc lupine, Horse beans. Pers, — Tira niisha.
Characters. — Seeds white outside and yellow inter najly, globiUar
and bard, with a depression at the centre of both surfaces. They have
a hole on the top, taste bitter. Dose, to to 15 grs.
Constituents, — Mah'c, oxalic and citric acids ; a golden yellow oil 5
px, and wax containing a liltle phosphorus, no starch, no inulin, but a
peculiar jnubstance related to dextrine (a white hygroscopic powder
soluble in w.«ter and insoluble in ether). Gal act ane, a hydrocarbon, a
principle similar to galactifie obtained from Lucerne ; also a hydrocarbon
Parai^alaUine — which is soluble in water; atid when boiled with acid
it is convertrd into galactose. The albuminous portion of the seeds
consists of cunji^1utin« legumin and vegetable albumen, also three
alkaloids, uamuly, lu^ininc, luzanine and lupulidinol. Germinated seeds
contain asparagin, phenyl ami do- propionic acid, amido -valerianic acid,
Jeudne, tyrosin, xanthine, hypoxanthine, lecithine, peptone, argininei
aiKi choline, also vanillin.
91 8 MIMOSA PlTbiCA.
Preparation. — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Acttons and uses. — Carminative and emmenagogue. The decoction
with rue and pepper is given in fever, loss of appetite and nausea«
also in leprosy. As an emmenagogue it is given in disordered mens-
truation ; boiled in vinegar the seeds are applied to disperse swollen^
scrofulous or parotid glands.
Vida Faba.
Habitat — Persia.
Part used. — The beans.
Vernacular, — Eng. — Field bean. Pers. — ^Bakila.
Constituents, — The beans contain proteids, phosphoric acid, also
amylaceous and saccharine matter.
Actions and uses. — The beans are nutritive, tonic and expectorant.
The root is diuretic.
Mimosa Pudioa.
Habitat. — Hotter parts of India.
Parts used. — The leaves and root.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Sensitive plant. Beng. — Lajak, Lajiwant.
Burm. — Hte-ka-yung. Can. — ^Mudugudavre. Hind. — Lajftia, Lajuk,
Lajwanti. Mar. — Lajri. Sans. — Khaderi, Anjali-Karika. Tam. —
Totavadi. Tel. — Attapatti, Pedda-Nidra-kante.
Anjali-karika — ^Joining hands as in prayer or worship ; the leaves
join together on the slightest touch.
Characters. — Flowers purple or pale pink ; root fibrous ; leaves
pinnate, falling off on the slightest touch. Taste pungent.
Constituents. — The root contains tannin 10 p.c. and ash 5.5 p.c.
Preparations, — Infusion of leaves (i in 20). Dose, 4 to 8 drs.
Decoction of root (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Alterative given in torpor of the liver, fever,
piles, aud jaundice. The decoction of the root is given in urinary
diseases.
Maoona PrarienB, M. Frarita, Doliohos Pniriaiui.
Habitat. — India, Ceylon and Burmah.
Part used. — The seeds and hairs covering the pods.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Cowage or Cowitch. Beng. — Bichhoti,
Alkusi, Kam^ch. Bomb. — Kuhiii, Kavacha. Burm. — Khwae-lae, Khu-e-
le. Can.— Nasa-guni-Turichi. Cing. — Achiryi. Duk — Ktoch-kiiri.
Guz. — KAv^nch. Hind. — KAwicha. Mar. — Kuhiii, Kavacha. Pers.
— Hub-el-Kulai, Sans — Atma^upta, Kopikach-chhu, Vanary. Mai. —
Nayi, Karona. Tam. — Puna-Kali. Tel. — Pelliadugu Kaia, Dulagondi.
At ma Gupta — Having hidden properties, Kapikachchhu—
monkey's itch. Vanari — monkey plant.
ItTTCUKA MOKOSPERMA.
21^
i?cf/rr.— Pods curved like the letter / 3; or 4 inches long,
rith rigid »brown hairs and filled with brown matter which
soon penetrate the skin and irritate it if handled. Skin of the pod hard
id of a dark colour ; seeds 3 to 5, dark brown or dark coloured, kidney-
baped« compressed, shining anci smooth ;5ome mottled on the surface
ich having large white oblong ring, wrinkled at the margin and
ccupying the hilum ; testa thin and brittle ; cotyledons greyish- whit e>
rd ; of a disagreeable smelt and taste.
ConstiiuenU, — Resin, tannin and fat, and a trace of manganese.
Preparatiom. — Hairs of the pods or powder. Confection (i in 2),
[ucuna seeds boiled in milk, then decorticated pounded and fried in
^arified butter, and made into a confection with twice the weight of
ijgar and aromatics. Dose, 60 to 180 grs. A compound powder,
Cavacha Pushtika — contains' M ucuna seeds, Tribulus Terrestris, root of
^hite silk tree. Asparagus adscendens^ Emblic myrobalans^ Tinospora,
irch, sugar candy in equal proportion. Dose, 10 grs. in milk
3r spermatcirrhcea,
Actmm and wj^^.— The seeds are nervine tonic, emmenagogue and
phrodisiac, used in leucorrhcea, menstrual derangemc^nts, and
iralysi^. The confection is given in paralysis and seminal
ability. The hairs of the pods are vermifuge and given in round
fi». They work mechanically by injuring the worms and promot-
^^ bcir expulsion. When applied to the skin or to the mucous
ciembrane, the hairs produce a painful irritation and eruption, and
Bocc arc very dangerous if left in the intestines. In such cases their
Imintstration should always be followed by a purge of calomel and
Dose uf the hairs, I to 3 grs.
Httouna Monosperma.
ffabiiaL — Eastern Himalaya, tropics, Western Peninsula, Ceylon,
f\irt used. — Tlie seeds.
Vernacular. — Mar. — Songaivi, Mothtkuhilt« Tam.— Thelukodi^
Characters, — The seeds are large, flat and circular; testa rough and
*L colour. The whole convex margin is occupied by the hilum ;
f-seeded, semtovat, and armed with bristly hairs of a brown
Used as paste*
Actians and uses, — Expectorant and sedative, given in cough
asthma ; externally as a sedative it is applied to painful jointa.
lljFOxyloQ Pereirs B« P. Tolnifera Pereirai*
jffahiiat^CGuirdl America (Salvador.)
Part used. ^h balsam exuded from the trunk after the bark has
ecn beaten and scorched. Balsamum Peruvianum, Balsam of
^eru, B. P., Black balsatnp Balsamum Indicum.
Characters, — It occurs as a thick^ viscid, brownish liquid of a
benzoin and vanilla odour, and persistent bitter taste. It is black when
in bulk, but in thin layers it is deep orange-brown or reddish brown
«20 MYROXYLON TOLUIPBRA.
and transparent. Insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform and alcohol
and in spirit (i in 5). Dose, 5 to 15 ms. in emulsion.
Constituents, — Cinnamein, Metacinnamein, a crystaliizable solid*
Resins, cinnamic acid, styracin (which is cinnamate of cinnyl), &c.
Cinnamein or benzyl cinnamate obtained by treating the bakam
with potash, is a colourless aromatic oil, known as Peru balsam oil ; on
dry or fractional distillation the oil yields benzyl alcohol, benzylic
benzoate, benzylic cinnamate, all colourless aromatic oils. With potash
it saponifies and yields benzalcohol 20 p.c. and cinnamic acid 40 p.c.
Preparation. — Syrup, emulsion, solution, ointment.
Actions and uses.^ln small doses antiseptic, disinfectant, vascular
and nervine sedative, tonic, expectorant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. It
stimulates the mucous membranes. Its action closely resembles that
of styrax and benzoin. In large doses it causes nausea, vomiting,
stomach pain, intestinal colic and diarrhoea.
Therapeutics. — As a disinfectant stimulant and expectorant it is
used in catarrh of the mucous membranes, as in chronic bronchitis,
asthma, phthisis, gonorrhoea, gleet and leucorrhoea ; used externally as a
stimulant in chronic skin diseases, to relieve jtching in indolent ulcers,
eczema, sore nipples, freshly-made wounds, also in otorrhoea and
alopecia.
/Remarks. — The balsam partially covers the odour of iodoform.
Myroxylon Tolnifera, B. P.
Habitat. — Central America, Carthagena, Mountains of Tolu.
Part used. — The balsam, obtained by making incisions in the
trunk. Balsamum Tolutanum, Balsam of Tolu, B. P.
Characters. — It occurs as a soft, tenacious solid, in thin film of a
•yellowish brown colour and transparent. Becoming harder and
brittle on keeping ; odour highly fragrant ; taste acid and aromatic ;
soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water. Dose, 5 to 15 grs.
Constituents- — Styracin, cinnamic acid, resin, and a volatile oil*
Resin — amorphous, black, brittle, soluble in alcohol.
Preparation. — Syrupus tolutanus, B. P., syrup of balsam of Tolu
(i in 38). Dose, J to i dr. Tinctura tolutana, B. P. ^i in 10), Tincture
of balsam of Tolu. Dose, J to i dr. An ingredient m the preparation
of Tinctura benzoini composita. Dose, ^ to i dr.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, and expectorant, used, like balsam of
Peru, in bronchial affections, catarrh, coughs, &c. The syrup is used
in cough mixtures.
Remarks. — ^The syrup is used to cover the taste of chloral
hydrate.
OKMOCARPinvf SENNOIDES,
Ui
Tel
Ormooarpmn Sennoidea.
HahitaL — Western Peninsul.i, Ceylon.
P^rtuifd, — YouDg shoots and flowering parts.
Vernacular. — Tamil. — Katmorungi, Can, — Kadunugge*
Adavimunga.
Ckaracten. — Young shoots are covered with soft glutinous haifi
und a glutinous secretion of a go)d yellow colour ; leaves pinnate;
leaflets alternate, oblong, obtuse and membranous. Racemes short
axillary. Flowers yellow.
/Vr^^r^/ionf.— Decoction of the root (i in jo). Dose, a to 6 drs.
Lioiinciit — made by boiling the flower tops and young shoots to
fiwect oil.
Aciwns and uses. — Tonic and stimulant; the decoction is given in
fivers. The liniment is used in paralysis and lumbago*
PhyaoBtigma Venanosnm B, P.
Calabar bean» ordeal bean^ chop nut.
Physostigma from physa an ** air bubble '* or •* bladder ** and
stigroa a ** mark by a pointed instrument/' The stigmatic appendage
is hollow and inflated like a bladder. Venenosum from Venum a
poison^ — the plant is poisonous.
Habitat. — W. Africa, India, Brazil, Calabar.
J^ris used—Tht ripe seeds or bean — physostigmatis seraina,
Calabar bean, BR
Characters* — A woody creeper ; seeds thick, oblong and reniform :
twta hard, granular and of chocolate brown colour; hilum broad ana
black with a groove along the whole length of the convex edge ;
cotykdon!> two, firm, white, starchy and convex ; without any odour
and of a bean- like taste. Dose, dry powder i to 4grs. The ripe seeds
conisin in the integument physostigmine to which alkaloid its poisonous
properties are due.
Constituents* — Calabar bean contains physostigmine or eserine ;
Hid calabarinc or cseridmc ; Phytostcrin, starch 48 p» c, proteids 23
p^C, mucilage, fat and ash 3 p.c.
Physostigmine or eserinc,
U is obtained from the alcoholic extract of the seeds
by treating it with an alkali and dissolving the alkaloid in ether.
Colourless or pinkish rectangular crystals slightly soluble in water, freely
soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and dilute acids. The solutioa
rapidly becomes red by exposure to air and light* Dose, j^j^ to ^ of
a gr, Physusti^mmx H^drobromidum. Physostiminc Hydrobromide,
Eserine Hydrobromaie — an hygroscopic white amorphous po%vder,
ver>* soluble in water. Dose, ^^ to i*d gr.
Physo^tigminte Salicylas Physostigmine Salicylate. Colourless
shining ntedie shaped crystals without odour, of a bitter taste and
neutral reaclion, soluble in water (i in 150) in alcohol (1 in it) be-
coming red on exposure to air* Dosei ^ to ^ gr. Solution 5 p.c. is
2^Z PHYSOSTIGMA VBNENOSUM.
used as Injectio Physostigminae Salicylas Hypodermica (i in loo).
Dose 1 to 6 minims. Physostigminae Sulphas B. P. Physostiffmine
sulphate or Eserine sulphate, a deliquescent amorphous powder or
yellow-whitish minute crystals, becoming red by exposure to air and
Mght, of bitter taste, very soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. Dose,
bV ^o «V o^* S**- Used as Gutter Physostigmina (2 grs. to i ounce).
Guttce Physostigmtnas cum Cocaina — i gr. of sulphate of physostig-
inine, S grs. cocaine Hydrochloras to water one ounce. Lamelhat
Physostigminae B. P. Discs of Physostigmine, physostigmine sulphate
tcAjit &' ^° ^^^^* injectio physostigminoR sulphatis Hypodermica — 4 grs.
to I ounce. Dose, i to 4 discs.
Calabarine or Eseridine — Eseridina — An alkaloid antagonistic to
physostigmine and allied to strychnine in its action. Exists ready for-
med in Calabar bean ; also obtained from the mother liquor by pre-
cipitation with subacetate of lead and ammonia. It is a white crystalline
powder, sparingly soluble in water and ether, soluble in dilute
acids. Dose, 3,^ to ^ of a gr.
Phyiosterin, — Obtained by exhausting beans with petroleum ether.
Resembles cholesterine. Has \ the toxic action of physostigmine, has
a tetanic action on the spinal cord and produces abundant mucous
discharges from the intestines
Preparations. — Of Calabar bean. Extractum physostigmatis, B.P,
Extract of Calabar bean, an alcoholic extract, containing milk sugar 75
gc. Dose, i to 1 gr. given in tetanus. Tinctura physostigmatis 5 p.c.
ose, 5 to 15 ms.
Physiological action, — Physostigma is a powerful nervine sedative,
myotic, paralyzant of the spmal cord, antiseptic, emetic, purgative
and diaphoretic. In large doses poisonous. It produces complete
paralysis with abolition of reflex sensibilities, but does not affect the
brain. In medicinal doses it stimulates the secretions of the skin, the
lachrymal and salivary glands, the stomach and intestines, setting
tip nausea, vomiting, purging, increased intestinal peristalsis, saliva-
tion and diaphoresis. It is eliminated in the urine. It raises the arterial
tension and increases the heart beats. Its action on the muscles of
respiration is at first to cause spasm settmg up dyspnoea followed by
paralysis of respiration. It also causes carbonic acid narcosis, and death.
The alkaloids physostigmine and calabarine have different actions.
They produce contradictory results. Physostigmine paralyses the
nerve centres and stimulates the muscular fibres, calabarine causes
convulsions and is allied in action to strychnine. Physostigmine acts
on the cord like gelsimium, but is antagonistic to strychnine and
picrotoxine ; Calabar acts on the cord like strychnine and picrotoxin.
Therapeutics. — The preparations of physostigma and its alkaloid
physostigmine, applied locally to the eyes, contract the pupils and are
antagonistic to atropine. The extract of physostigma may be given
by the mouth, anus or subcutaneouslv in tetanus, and the dose should be
repeated and increased every hour till paralysis short of arrest of breath-
ing is produced. In chorea it may be ^iven in small doses. In para-
lysis it arrests muscular wasting, and improves muscular power. In
PlSCinU ER\THRINA.
113
obstinate constipation it is sometimes given combined with uux
vomica and belladonna. Locally it is applied to neuralgic and rheumatic
painful part<». Physostigmine should be used with great care and should
be at once stopped if paralysis sets in. It contracts the pupils and is
am^gonistic to atropine, and hence used in eye diseases to diminish
reflex excitability. Physostigmine is given in large doses gr. ^ to J
I ijouth, rectum or subcutaueously in tetanus, chorea and tonic
t US. In small doses it is of benefit in locomotor ataxia,
V riicrs' cfjrnpand progressive paralysis of the insane and paraplegia
! ; to myelitis^ ; often given in profuse sweating in phthisis.
In. mute or salicylate of eserine is preferable to the sulphate
;i,;iodcrmic purposes. It is also locally applied in affections of the
eye as glaucoma, in scrofulous ulcers of the cornea, in presbyopia and
in iritis, Eserine drops (^ to 2 grs. of physostigmine sulphate
to an ounce of water) cause contraction of the pupils and are
antagonistic to atropine. Eserine salicylate is a spinal depressant,
antlteunicand myotic, used hypodermically in tetanus, chorea, atonic
convulsions. In South Africa calabar bean is used as an ordeal for
witches. Taken internally, if vomiting occurs it establishes Innocence
[fit the accused.
^ Piacldla Erythrina. The fish catching coral tree,
Pi%cidia. — Ptscis a fish — its effect on fish being intoxicating,
HabttaL — West Indies, chiefly growing in arid districts on the
mountains of the Antilles. Most common in Jamaica,
Part tnrd, — The root bark,
CA/imc/icr.— The bark is tough and fibrous, in pieces of two to four
inches in length. Irom one to two inches wide and about one-eighth of
[»n inch in thickness. The outer surface is dark grey or brown
frequently studded with flattened protuberances of a lighter colour
than the surrounding bark ; central portion much lighter coloured^
and when wet or freshly broken of a peculiar blue green colour ; its
inner surlacc is dark brown and very fibrous ; odour narcotic, strong,
iblc and opium like. When chewed it produces a burning
II in the mouth and pharynx. Dose oi the powder, 20 to
CQmiihienh,—Th^ active principle Piscidin, a yellowish resisoid
amorphous powder.
ihon, — Extractum Piscidrae liquid um, fluid extract of
Pii- I miscibie with water. Dose, 20 to 120 ms. Extractum
Pisciui^, ««n alcoholic extract. Dose, 2 to 5 grs.
Physiologtcal actions. — ^Narcotic, general sedative, anodyne and
hypnotic, similar in many properties to opium, but free from its
objectionable after-effects, viz., constipation, disturbance of the secretory
organs, headache and other nervous symptoms ; also free from the
liability to the formaiion of a habit. It differs from opium in that it
dilates the pupils ; as an analgesic and anodyne it is inferior to opium,
yet iu hypnotic action is more decisive ; as a narcotic it relaxes the
224 POINCIANA PULCHBRRIMA.
muscles, produces inco-ordination of movements, lowers the sensibility,
stimulates the vasomotor centre and thus increases the arterial tension
and also the action of the heart. Its action on the spinal cord is to
stimulate the cord with lowering of its reflexes. It increases the
secretion of the skin and salivary glands.
Therapeutics. — It is given as nervine sedative in delirium tremens,
sleeplessness, also in painful and neuralgic affections, whooping cough,
facial neuralgia, headache, and sciatica. In uterine diseases such
as dysmenorrhoea and uterine displacements it is given to relieve
pain. It is a good soporific for those who are addicted to alcoholic
drinks. It is also given in bronchitis, phithisis and asthma to allay
irritative cough. Locally it allays toothache.
Poindana Paloherrima, Oasalpinia Puloharrima.
Habitat. — India, Ceylon.
Paris used.^^The bark, leaves, and flowers.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Gula-mohara. Beng.*— Gul-i-turaha. Can. —
Konjige. Eng. — Small gold mohar. Hind.— Gul-i-turah, Krishna
Chura. Mar. — Shankeshwar Shankeshwar. Tam. — Mail, Kannai, Komri.
Guz. — Gulmohor,
Characters, — A beautiful tree; leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets oblong
oval and emarginate, surface smooth; flowers of an agreeable odour in
loose spikes at the extremity of the branches, of a beautiful orange or
deep red colour, or yellow with some spots of green. Bark ash* coloured,
smooth, and studded with elliptical corky wart-like growths.
Internally pinkish; taste nauseous and very astringent.
Preparations. — Infusion of bark (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 8 drs. and
paste of leaves.
Actions and uses. — Antispasmodic, uterine sedative and laxative,
given in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhea, colic, tympanitis, &c.
Remarks. — Allied species — Poinciana Regia or Royal Poinciana,
yields a kind of gum in irregular granular warty tears ; the colour is
yellowish or reddish brown. With water it forms a thick opaque
mucilage. It contains a large quantity of oxalate of lime.
Pon^amla Glabra.
Habitat. — Near the coast of India.
Parts used. — The leaves, root bark and leaves pod, seeds and oil
(Pongamia oil).
Vernacular. — Beng. — Dahara-karanj. Burm. — Tha-wen, Pimizu.
Can. — Hougekanuga. Cing. — ^MoguS-karanda. Duk. — Karanj. £ng.^
Karunj oil, Houge oil. Guz. — Karanj. Hind. — Kira-m&la, sukh chen,
Karanj. Mar. — Karanj. Malay. — Punnam, Unna. Panj.— Shook-chain*
Sans. — Naktamalaka. Tam. — Pungam. Tel.- Kaggera, Kr&nusa,
Nakta m&la. — Garland of the night» The pods are worn round the
neck in whooping cough.
{•SOltALIA CORYUFOtJA.
tts
Sukh-cttcu— sukh, happiness, and chen, rest to thesenseSi meaning
■fi)rdiDg perfect satisfaction to the senses. The beautiful drooping
branches, shining green leaves and rose-coloured fiowcrs give happiness
to the scn^e of sight.
Ckar/tcUrs, — Leaves large and pintiatc ; leaflets opposite 2 to 3
pairs, o\^lf pointed, smooth and shining. The taste is acrid and bitterish.
Bark externally i^mooth, of an ash or yellowish green colour, and here
and there marked with tubercles or scars» Internally green or greyish
white, very lough and fibrous. Odour very disagreeable and
heating. Taste bitter and pungent. SeeJs larger than the kernels of the
alraond, of a brownish red colour, raihtjr kidney shaped and compressed.
Testa wrinkled, very thin and papery ; cotyledons oily and yellow,
ciduur and lasle resembling those of the bark.
Conshtiufifs. — The see<ls contain a bitter and pale sherry coloured
oil 27 p, c, known as Pongamia oil or Honge oil The bark
coDtains a bitter alkaloid, resin, mucilage, sugar but no tannin.
Ptfparatfon.—lnhisinn of leaves (i in 10). Doscp 2 to 6 dra.
coction of the root (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Actions anti uses. — Theoil is stimulant, parasiticide and non-irritant;
it does not stain the skin ; used in scabies, herpes, porrigo capitis*
piyriasts versicolor, psoriasis and other skin affections ; generally used
combined tvith an equal ^^uantity of lemon juice ; also used as an
cmbriication in rheumatism. The leaves ar^; stimulant^ carminative
and alterative and are used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, flatulency, also in
leprosy, epilepsy and abdominal enlargements. The juice of the root is
demulcent and cooling, and used in gonorrhoea and to clean foul ulcers
and fistulous openings.
Psoralla Corylifolia. Trtfolium Uniflorum,
Habitat, — Himalaya, Ceylon.
f\irt used. — The seeds.
Fernacuhr. — ^ Beng.— Uakucha, Lat-a-Kastury, Guz.^-Btivachi.
Duk* — Bukchi, Bavanchiyan. Hmd.— Bavanchiyan. MalcaL — KarkaL
Mar, — Bavachva. Sans. — V^akuchi Somaraja Kushta^Nasini, Lala
Kasturtka. Tarn. — Kurpokarbhi. Tel. — Bapunga, Bavaachi, Kak
ginja.
Vhararttrs, — Seeds, kidney-shaped, flat, oblong, rough, ;\nd of a
dark brown colour; hilnm situated at thu Umvlt endot its concave margin,
somewhat bitid. At its upper end there is a small pointed projection,
which i» the remainder of the style. In some seeds the five partite
caJyx is found adherent ; surface highly reticulated, unctuous to the
lotich ; dermis oily and sticky, easily separable from the testa ; odour
faintly aromatic and agreeable, resembling that <if Bael fruit and elemi;
taste aromatic, peadike, pungent and bitter ; testa of a brown colour
and rather horny ; cotyledon of a yellow colour and dry,
Constttuatts^^A colouiless oil^ extractive matter, 13-5 p.c'
albumen. ?5ue.*f : ash 7' pc. containing a trace of manganese.
226
PlIS
Prc/>aratirms. — Tincture (i in 20), Dose, ^ to 2 dr** Exlr;tcJ —
oleo resinous ethereal extract. Medicated oil — Oleatc ofBavancKi —
obtained from the seeds by soaking them for z few hours iit linseed
oil or karanj teK
Actions and uses. — Seeds are alterative, nervine tonic^ hHative^
aphrodisiac and stimulant ; given in leprosy and chronic skin
A paste of them is applied externally to leucodcrmal patches
eruptions of the skin. The powder is given internally with small
doses of arsenic in leucoderma and leprosy with good results* The
medicated oil is rubbed over the patches. The oTeo-resinous exinKt
is more efficacious as an application than any other preparations, In
hopeful cases» after a few days the affected patch becomes studded with
red points, which gradually spread and coalesce ; sometimes pimples
and small vesicles appear, which dry up and leave dark spots behicii.
The discoloration gradually disappears and a normal colour of the skia
lakes its place.
Pterocarpus Hapsupiuni B.P., P* Indicus.
///7AiV<?/.— East Indies, Ceylon^ Bengal, W. Peninsula.
Pari Hstd, — The juice obtained from iacistons in Uie trunk
and evaporated to dryness — Kino, B. P.
Pterocarpus — Pteron, a wing, and carpos* a fruit* The fruits or
legumes are winged. Marsupium— a pouch, bag, or purse. The fnitl
is of the shape of a purse or a bag.
I'trmuular, — Arab* — Dammul, Akhvayen-e-hindi. Bcng, — Pita
sala. Can. — Bibla Honne. Cing, — Gammalu. Duk. — Bijesara, Ene. ^
Indian kino, Malabar kino. Hind. — Hira-dokhi, Ranga barota
Malyai* — Vennap-pasha. Mar. — Asan. Pers.— Khuneseyi /.
c^hindi. Tarn. — Knnda Miragu, Tel. — Gandim ruyam.
Characters, — A tall tree — the juice is met with in bniLlc^
small, dark coloured or dried-blood-like augular fracments. or piecci^i orl
thin transparent ruby red coloured slices, laste swcer i"
astringent, and no odour ; when chewed it tinges the *aliva hi i
and adheres to the teeth. It is collected in little cups made witl|J
leaves, and is thus in the form of concavo-convex cakes. It is slightlyi
soluble in %vater, soluble in alcohol and in boiling ipv^ater (80 p* c.)» In
fluid state it resembles black currant jelly. Dose, 5 to 20 grt.
Constituents. — Kino-tannic acid, 75 px,, pyrocatechiD (catechol),
a crystalline neutral substance kinoin, kino red gunip pectm
ash 1-5 px.
KincMannic acid is similar to catechuic acid, found always mtxt
with colouring matter and pcLtin. h gives a greenish prccipilaie irilJl*^
persalts of iron.
Py roc at echin— Treat kino or Uie aqueous soluL* '"' i|
ether. It is soluble in water, ether. Kiooin, Boil,. z
hydrochloric acid, and agitate the i>olution with ether* Wlat^ o^y^i^ib
sligluly ^ulublc in ctbcij and cold water.
fTKROCARPUS SANTALrXUS. 227
Preparations, — Tinclura kino, B* P, Tincture of kino (l Ixi lo}.
ase, \ to I fld. dr» Pulvis kino corapositus B. P. compound powder
of kino (opium 5, kino 75, cinnamon bark 20), contains 'opium 5 p.c.
Dose, 5 to 20grs Infusion kino (i to 40). Dose, J to 1 oz»
Actions and uses. — Astringenti tonic and haemoaatic, less power-
ful than lanntn ; used in chronic diarrhcea, dysentery, menorrhagia^
pyrosis also in leucorrhcea and sore throat. Chiefly used for astringent
gargles .tnd as an ingredient in diarrhoea mixtures. Catechin acts only
oti the lower boweli.
Ptorooarpus Santalinus, B. P.
//if^i/<r/,— Madras, Western Peninsula, Ceylon,
I^tris used. — The heart-wood— Plerocarpi lignum, D. P, Red
sjinders wood, Ked sandai wood,
I'cnuictdtir. — Arab, — Sundui» Atamar. Beng. — Kakto chona-
don. Duk. — Lil^handan, Tambara chandana* Eng — Ked dye wood,
Red vandal, Ruby or red sanders wood. Gur. — Rataujali, Lai chandan.
Hind*— -Ragata chandana. Bunn, — Nasaphia. Can. — Kempu gaudha-
ehekke« MaleaeL — Uruttah-Chandanam. Mar.— Timbara chandana,
Rmanjali. Pers, — ^Sandulsurkh, Bukura, Sans. — Agaru-gandhaka-
Ashtaica, Tam. — Shen-shandanam. TeL — Rakta. Gatidham,
Rakta chandan, Rakla^ blood-tike colour. Chandan, sandal-wood.
The colour of the wood is like that of blood.
Ckaracterx. — Wood dark red with black streaks, heavy, sinking in
water, taUe slightly astringent, smell somewhat aromatic. The cells of
ihc parenchyma contain large crystals of oxolate of lime. The colour-
mg matter is soluble in alcohol, ether and alkaline solutions, and gives
a red colour. Docs not give any red colour to water.
OjHStituents. — Santalin, Santal, Pterocarpin, Homopterocarpin,
SantjJinc or Santalic acid. To obtain it precipitate the alcoholic
»otiilkH) with acetate of lead, wash the precipitate, decompose it
with sulphuretted hydrogen and evaporate. Red crystalline needles
Of rc&inoid cuhjurtng matter without any odour or taste. Insoluble in
water and soluble in alcohol. Pterocarpine and Homopterocarptne
are alliai to cuumarin*
/ /«.— Infusion (i in ro)* Dose, i 02. to 2 oafs. Tinctura
Lavaih iiiposita, B. P.
Actions find uses. — Refrigerant and astringent, A paste of the
powder is used as a cooling application to the head, in headache and to
liifitoied and swollen limbs. As an astringent it is used in combination
with other astringent medicines in dysentery, diarrhcea &c. Its chief
ii^e, However, is as a colouring agent in Pharmacy.
Retnarks. — There are 3 kindsof sandal wood— white (shri khanda),
ydJow (pita chandana) and red (rakta chandana). The white and
yellow varieties arc one and the same wood of sautalium albumi only
dtBcf iug iti colour.
22^
i VTISUS SCOIMWILS.
Pueraria Tuberosa*
HahitaL — Western Himalaya^ Weilerii Penimula, Oi
Part used. — Tubers.
Vernacnian — Hind. — Sural, Siali, Pabarea, — Dcbrelara. Saiu.-^
Shurava, Tel, — D^ri, Gumodi,
Characters. — Tubers pyriform or spindle shaped; sUc varying from
a small pear to a turnip. They arc composed of woody layers mlh a
large quantity of cellular tissue* Externally brown and scurfy. In*
teruaily white and spongy. Taste acrid, bitter and inuciUginou&.
Coftshtneuts. — A principle allied to luulio, ash l8 p*c., a saccharine
matter^ a bitter principlCi an easily oxidizable resiu and a resin add.
Actions and uses, — The root is acrid, used as a cataplasm to reduce
swellings of joints.
Cytisas Scoparius, B* P.
Habitat. — Europe, W, Asia.
Part used. — The fresh and dried tops — Scoparii Cacumina. Bn
tups, B. P.
Scoparius from scopse, twigs or *• diooqi. i nt^ tup:>are com!
of twigs like a broom.
Characters.— Common garden shrub ; leaves, small and d<
Flowers, golden yellow. Tops in thin flexible branched twigs
dark green colon r^ usually free from leaves, of a pecuhar odour and
disagreeable bitter taste. Dose of the tops, lo to 30 grs,
Constitueuts. — Sparteine ; a neutral cryslallizable principle, i»e^pa-
rin, a volatile oil^ tannin, fat, wax, sugar and ash 5 to 10 p,c. " ne
— sparteina, a volatile liquid alkaloid. To obtain it dUltl u \*i
branches or exhaust the platit with vinegar, add liquid soda and ilimL
It is a colourless, viscid oily liquid, heavier than and insoluble in water,
becoming brown on exposure to the air, aniline odour, taste bitter,
soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. It contains no oxygen, possesses
basic qualities, and is very poisonous, Oxysparteina* Ojiyspancinc, —
an oxidation product of sparteine, occurs in white granular crystals,
easily soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and strong alkaline
solutions* Dose, J to i^ gr. Oxyspartcin^ hydrochloridum, oxy-
sparteine hydrochloride — occurs in transparent crystal', freely soluble
in water ; may be given hypodermically. Dose, J to 1 J gr, S ' .^
Sulphas, sparteine sulphate. To obtain it neutralize i»purieint i)
with sulphuric acid and crystalli/c. Colourless or prisnuiic rhombic
crystals or powder of saline bitter ta?te ; it absorbs moisture on exposure
lo the air. It is soluble in water, 3 m 2, and in used as a
solution 5 p. c, also hypodermically or as lame Is ^ uls. Dose,
tto t gr. Injectio Sparteines Hypodermica contains 1 gr. in 6 ma.
ose, 2 to 6 ms.
Scoparin — a glucoside. To prepare it concentrate into jelly ibe
decoction of the plant, express and purify. It occurs in pale yellow
and amorphous masses without any taste or odour.
ffAHTirinx>irA.
22q
Prefnraik'n. — Of broom tops. Iiifusum Scoparii, B, P. (i in lo).
!i I to 2 fld. OKs. Decoctum Scoparii (r in 20). Dose, 2 to 4 oz.
I
\
drs. Extractum Scopari
J 10 I dr. Hypodermic
Succus Scopirii. B. P. Dose, 1 to 2 fld
fluidum^ fluid extract of scoparius. Dose,
Tablets \ g''- ^f sparteine in each.
Pkysiufngicdl tictinn, — Broom tops. In small doses, diuretic and
narcotic. In large doses emetic and cathartic, paralyzing motor and
rcspiiatorv centres. Sparteine sulphate, the salt, mostly used
medicinally. Is similar in action to conine and digitalis. It paralyzes
the end or((ans of motor nerves, and vagi, and the respiratory centre in
ihe oiedulla* In small doses, it is a cardiac toaic, strengthening the
heart beats and pulse. It increases the secretion of the skin and
kidneys, giving rise to diaphoresis and diuresis. The respiration is
quickened at 6rst, but soon becomes slo^v and laborious, and there is
a feeling of general warmth over the body. Under its use the feeling
of distress and dyspn<ea is relieved. Given in Urge doses, it causes
palpitation of the heart, a sense of tightness about the chest, with
mu^uUr trembling and death by asphyxia, or from depression of the
respiratory centres,
T%9rap€uUcs.—\vi small doses as a mild narcotic, given in asthma,
nalpitatioHp &c. Its use is contraindtcated in acute renal affections.
Sparteine and its salts are given in angina pectoris, weak heart,
dropsy, for the relief of 'dyspnoea, priccordral pain, palpitation and
It4 action is not cumulative like that of digitalis. It is equal
of digiialib or convatlarta, but its e(Tects are more lasting. In
mitral regurgitation and in mitral stenosis with small irregular pulse,
and in aortic regurgitation it quiets the heart. In exophthalmic
Itre and in asthma it gives marked relief. Externally applied it
urcrs the temperature, and hence used in erysipelas.
Satbania Grandiflora, A^ti Grandiflorar
Hahititi,--\W, Peninsula, India.
Pant tisfii^ — The bark and flowers.
fVrMrtcf^/rr/.— Reng.— Bak, Can. — Agashi. Guz, — Agaslhia.
Hind. — Basna. Mar. — Agasta. — ^Sans* — Agasti, VranAri, Koka
Sthuta pushpa, Tel — Avisi. Tani. — Agnth.
Sthulapushpa— Large flowered. Vranari— Enemy of sores.
Characters, — Leaves pinnate, oblortg, ovate, of acrid and astring-
cot tas te. Flowers papilionaceous, white or x^^^ large and fleshy, calyx,
>cd, racemes axillary. Taste mucilaginous and bitter, Legumes
us, very long and contracted htlween the seeds. Bark
iftd lor lly — externally greyi>h brown. In the fissures
tiamerous ^ ' r^ of a red colour and becoming black on exposure
to the air are seen. The outer portion of the bark contains the same
kmd of gunt« but softer.
C^mstiiuenh — Tannin and gum,
/V^/iv/ra/wwjF.— Thcjuiceof theroci I to 2 drs.; paste of the root
locally.
230 TAMARINDUS IXDICA.
Actions aud uses. — The root is expectorant. The bark astringent
bitter tonic. The juice of leaves and flowers is blown up the nostrils
in nasal catarrh and headache with relief. The juice of the root is
given with honey in catarrh. A paste of the root with the stramonium
root is applied to painful swellings.
Sesbania Agypiiaoa, Aschynomene Sesban, Doliohos Satseban.
Habitat — India.
Parts used, — ^The bark and seeds.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Hab-el-fakd. Beng. — Jayante. Can. — Kariji-
nange. Hind. — Jet, Rasin. Mar. — Shevari. Pers. — Sishiban. Sans.---
Jaya, Jayanti, Nadeyi, Vaija Yanta. Tam. — Champai. Tel. — Somanri.
Jaya — Victorious ; Jayanti— daughter of Indra. ^fadeyi — River-bom.
Characters, — Leaves abruptly pinnate, 3 times longer than broad.
Leaflets 10 to 15 pairs. Legume tomentose, linear, slender, and much
contracted between the seeds. Seeds oblong, kidney-shaped and smooth,
taste bland, odour peculiar. It is difficult to powder. Dose of the
seeds, 10 to 2ogrs.
Constituents. — The seeds contain a fixed oil, an odorous body,
resin, sugar, an organic acid, gum, proteids and ash 5 p.c.
Actions and uses, — ^The seeds and the juice of the bark are
astringent and given in diarrhoea. The leaves are used as a poultice
to promote suppuration. The powdered seeds are applied to relieve
the pain of scorpion bites.
Tamarindas Indica B.P. T. oflSoinalis.
Habitat. — India, cultivated throughout the tropics. East and West
Indies.
Parts used. — The leaves, seeds, and the fruit freed from the brittle
outer part of the pericarp and preserved with sugar — Tamarindus,
Tamarinds, B. P.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Tamar-hindi, Humara Sahara. Beng. —
Tentula, Tetai, Tintri Amali. Burm. — Magye. Can. — Hunase. Cing. —
Mahasi, Ambala. Eng. — ^Tamarind, Indian dates. Guz. — Amali,
Kachika. Duk., Hind. — Ambli, Imli. Mah.— Chinchoka. Malay. —
Neghka, Pers. — Ambala. Sans. — Amalika, Tintidi. Tam. — Pulic,
Puliyam. Tel. — Chinta pundoo.
Tamar-hindi — Indian date. Tamarind is derived from Tamar, a
date, and Ind, Indian. It was supposed to be a product of an Indian
palm-tree.
Characters. — A large tree, leaves pinnate, linear oblong,
obtuse, and of a dark green colour, leaflets linear, very short, petioled
and oblique at both ends. Fruit a pendulous legume, from 5 or
6 inches long, linear-oblong, slightly compressed, curved or nearly
straight, as thick as the middle finger, and supported by a woody stalk.
Outer shell, or epicarp thin and hard, brittle and of a cinnamon
TEPHROSIA PURPURKA,
231
Dlour, containing withiit the shell the acid and juicy pulp of a
irk, red or brownish dark colour. It is traversed by stroriR woody
L'ing fibreSi which^ starting from the stalk, extend along the edges
jdes. One of them extends along the concave edge; and two
Rcfs on either side of the convex edge ; between these are 2, 3
4 slender fibres all running towards the apex and throwing out fila-
Is. Diffused in water^ the pulp forms a glutinous turbid liquid,
ring m the presence of pectin. Seeds 10 or 12, enclosed in a tough
Bcrnbranous cell, flattened, of an irregular outline, obtusely furrow-
I, roundish or obovale and exalbuminous. Surface glabrous, shining,
adofftd»rk brown colour, having on both faces scars conforming
the outline of the cells, bears of a dark colour and marked
ith tfansversc parallel ribs. Cotyledon ivory white and hard,
l>mctimts a peculiar exudation of oxalate of lime flows from
be Irec in a liquid form and on drying forms white crystalhne masses.
Varieties, (i) These are ; West Indian, brown or red j (2) E, Indian,
llack ; (j) Egyptian — flat round cakes.
The Indian variety forms a firm black sticky mass. The pulp is
Itxcd with seeds, fibres and pieces of shell. It is usually salted. Dose
' the palp, 2 to 4 drams j of the seeds, to to 30 grs,
Comtilurnti^ — The pulp contains tartaric 5 p.c, citric^ 4 p. c,
Salic and acetic acids, bitartrate of potassium, sugar, gum and pectin,
he seeds' testa contains tannin, a fixed oil, and insoluble matter*
I\rMratiofis, — Syrup. Dose, i to 2 drs- Confectio sennas. Dose,
1 to 2 ars.
Aciiotn and uxes, — Pulp — antiscorbutic, refrigerant and laxative ;
used in fever to quench thirst, in sunstroke and in bilious vomiting. As an
aperient, it is given in habitual constipation. The pulp and leaves
made hot are applied locally to inflammatory swellings. A gargle of it
is given in aphthous sores, and for the relief of sore throat. The
se^s are given in dysentery. The ash obtained from the suber is
used as an alkaline medicine in acidity of urine and in gonorrhcBa,
Tephfosia Purpurea, T. Lancifolia, Galena Purpurea.
liabitnt — Tropical countries.
fhirU useti—The plant.
VrruncHhf — Beng, — Ban nlla. Duk. — Jangli Kulthi, Hunnai*
tng. — Purple Goat's Hue, Guic. — Surpankho, Gada ka knn. IHnd. —
arphunkd. Mar.^Unhali Sirpakhii. Malyal* — Koliml. Sans. —
|[hafapunkkha, Punkhi. Tarn. — Kalluk-kay velai* Tel— Bonta
/enipali* Surpunkh.
SuTpunkha Sur, an arrow, and pankha-^the pinion or wing — ^the
iciton of an arrow* The pinnate leaf of the plant is like the wing of
arrow.
Characters. — Root, hard, woody and as thick as a finger, colour
Jirty white« smell aromatic, taste slightly bitter, stem slender, angular,
I trowed and hairy ;ci»l»>ur greyish brown, leaves pinnate, in 5 to 7 pairs,
232 TRACHYLOBUIM HORNEMANNIAXUM.
leaflets oblong, obovate, shortly pe*ioled and hairy, especially on their
under surface ; veins running parallel to one another on each side of
the midrib. Each fresh leaf when torn asunder breaking off with a
lower portion pointing at two ends, leaving the g«p in the form of
letter V. This portion resembles horse's ears when pricked, and hence
called Gada ka-kan. Flowers, small and purple ; pods compressed
and curved. Each pod 5 or 6 seeded, smell like that of senna, taste
bitterish.
Constituents, — The extract contains chlorophylf, brown resin, a
trace of wax, a crystalline principle, allied to quercitrin, gum, a trace
of albumen and colouring matter, ash 6 p. c. containing a trace of
manganese.
Preparations. — Decoction and infusion (i in 10). Dose, i to 4 drs.
Actions and uses, — Alterative, tonic, and diuretic ; used in cough
derangements of the liver, spleen and kidneys As a diuretic it is given
with black pepper in gonorrhoea ; in bleeding piles it is administered
with cannabis Indica leaves. An infusion of it is given in fevers. The
juice of the leaves is used over swollen hands and feet and also over
swelling or puffiness of the face. Decoction is given in dyspepsia and
tympanitis.
Traohylobiam Hornemannianam.
Habitat, — Africa.
Parts used. — The gum resin.
Vernacular. — Sandarus.
Characters. — ^The resin is met with in yellowish brown masses,
surface wrinkled, of a chonchoidal fracture and glossy, and without
odour or taste, soluble in alcohol and oil of turpentine. Dose, 20 to
40 grs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent
and emmenagogue. With honey it is applied by the natives to opacities
of cornea ; and with olive oil dropped into the ear, in earache ; an
ointment is applied to promote the healingof wounds and to ringworm.
It is also given to stop haemoptysis. Other uses are similar to those of
copaiba but milder.
Trigonella FcBnum Grsecam.
Habitat, — Cashmere, Punjab, widely cultivated.
Part used. — The seeds and herb.
Vernacular. — Eng. Fenugreek. Arab« — Halbah Shimlet.
Beng., Hind , Guz., Duk. — Methi. Burm. — Penan-ta-zi. Can.- Ment-
hya, Mente. Cing. — Ulawa. Malyal. — Ulava. Pers.— Shembalita.
Sans. — M^thi. Tam. — Vendayam. Tel. — Mentula.
Characters.— Fo6^ sickle shaped, 2 or 3 inches long, flattened and
ending in a point ; seeds rhomboid, semi-transparent, somewhat
compressed and of a greenish yellow or 3'ellowish brown colour, hilunr.
TRrGOKBT.I A rvCATA.
^y^
l\v. Slur per edge, channel extending along the middle of the
Skced and dividiDg it into two irregular biddies surface of the testa
tubercular ; lasie bitter, odour aromatic.
Omshtucnts^ — The cells of the testa contain tannin. The cotyle-
dons contain a yellow colouring matter, but no sugjar ; seeds contain a
fcetid bitter, fatty oil 6 p.c.^ also resin and mucilage 28 p*c , albumin 22
p,c., two alkaloids — choline (a base found in animal secretions), and
trigonelline. Trigonelline occurs in colourless prisms^ possessing a
weak valine taste. It is hygroscopic, easily soluble in water and
insolubl<5 in ether, chloroform and l>en2ol It is isomeric with
pyridine^betain. By heating trigonelline with caustic potash pyridine
distils over. The seeds on incineration leave ash 7 p.c, containing
phosiphijric acid 25 p.c.
Pte^ar&tmns, — Compound confection, known diS mclhi modak
or svalpa methi modak. Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Aciions and uses* — Demulcent, tonic and carminative ; given in
dyspepsia with loss of appetite, rheumatism and to puerperal women
during confinement. In leucorrhoea the pessaries of methi powder
are u»ed*
Trigonella Uncata, Melllotus Officinalis, M. Alba, M. Parviflorus,
T. Cornlcalata.
Hnhiiat. — Persia and India.
Parts used, — Tlie seeds and pods.
Vernaculars, — Arab. — ^Aklil-ul-Malika, Giah-i-Kaisara. Bomb. —
IkUl^ul Mulk, Aklula mulka. Beng. — Tairapa Sano Mtklya. Eng. —
Sweet clo%'es«
Charactfrs, — Pods, small crescent or sickle-shaped /greyiih yellow
with a beak slightly curved outwards, an inch in length, grooved on
both sides, with a central partition divided into two cells, each cell
containing a single row of seeds — seeds hard, rhomboidal or roundish
and small, like those of fenugreek, of a yellowish colour. Deeply
notched on one side and marked with numerous black spots. Odour
hkc that of fenugreek and taste pea-like.
Cfmstitiinsis — Coumarin, (anhydride of coumaric acid) the odorous
principle of mtlilot,
Coumarin is obtained from T. Unctata» also from Tanka or Tonquin
beans,— the fruit of Coumaruna odorata. In the wood of asperula
odorata, anthoxanthum odoratum, &c. It is first digested in strong
alcohol, evaporated and purified with charcoal. Also prepared synthe-
ttcalty from salicylol or salicylic aldehyde. It occurs as colourless
triclinic crystals of an agreeable aromatic odour and a bitter burning
taste. Insoluble in cold water, soluble in boiling water.
/V^/7rrf7//>>w,— Infusion. Decoction (1 in 10). Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Acttotn and uses. — Alterative and stimulant A poultice of
the bud^ is applied to disperse swellings and lo alluy local pains-
234
URARU LACIOrOIPBS,
Internally they are givea iu colic, diarrlicea, tlysniennrrh<Ea aind rheu*
mat ism ; also used in scrofula, syphilis^ &c,
Coumarin is a narcotic. It stimulates the heail at firsi» ihcn
causes great depression i a dose of 30 to 60 grains causes great depression,
vomiting and giddiness. Used to disguise the odour of iodoform*
Uncafta (Nauclea) Gambler. B. P.
Habitat, — Singapore, Eastern Archipelago.
Paris used, — An extract prepared from the leaves and vounc
shoots. Catechu^ B.P. Syn. — Catechu Pallidium.
Vtnmcular. — Eng.— The extract. Pale catechu > Terra Japonn-a,
Indian — Chini Kath. Commerce, — Gambler^ Druggist's Catechu in
square cakes.
All the vernacular names of A. Catechu are applied to this*catechu«
Characters.^y^^t with in cubes, reddish broirn externally.
Internally pale or cinnamon brown — porous and friable. Cubet
composed of minute acicular crystals. Taste bitter and astringent at
first and sweetish after a time. Without any odour. Almost entirely
soluble in boiling water, 70 p.c. in alcohol. Dose, 5 to i 5 grs.
Co^i^/iVm^i//^.— Catechu, Tannic or Mimo-Tannic acid ; Catechin
or Catechuic acid ; Catechuicacid by the action of alkalies splits up into
japonic and rubinic acids.
Prepatathm* — Pulvis Catechu compositus^ B. P, Catechu 4,
Kino 2, Krameria root 2, Cinnamon bark 1, and nutmeg u Dose, 10
to 40 grs. Trochischus Catechu, B. P*, I gr. in each. Ti net ura Catechu,
B, P,» (I in 5). Dose» ^ to i fluid dr,
Artions and uses. — Astringent : similar to those of Acacia Catechu.
Given in diarrhoeat passive hasmorrhage, &c.
Remarks* — The plant properly bdong?^ tc* Nat. O. Cinchonaccae.
Uraria LagopoideSr U. Picta.
Hahittit. — Nepal, Bengal.
Pnrts used. — The root bark*
rernncular, — U. Lagopoides* Beng. — Chakuliii, Hind* — Pithvan*
Mar. — Duvala, (U, Ptcta) Sankarjata. Guz — Pilavan *. n.ihra, Prism*
parni, Rana Giinju. Sans. — Pris-niparanl* Atiguha-
Prisnia parni — Spotted leaf. Atiguha — great myblcry. Rjinti
ganjA. Wild cannabis* — The spikes and tweeds resemble cannahU.
Ch€iracten\ — Plant from 3 to 4 feet high, voung parts clothed
generally witli minute hooked hairs. Leaves simple^ oblong and o\ite;
upper ones or the leaflets compound linear and lanceolate ; flowers in
racemes, terminal^ very long and spike-like, legumes small, often pale,
and of a purple or reddish colour ; t^eed^ shining, and of a dull grey
colour, thus resembling Cannal>i& seeds.
MORIXGA PTERYGOSPFRMA.
»35
Prcparatiun. — Compound decoction (i in lo). Do5e, i to 2
Id, oz,
Actmtis and uses. — Alterative, tonic and astringent ; given in
fevers, catarrh of the air passages and in general debih'ty. Rttn»4gAnjA is
ufed as an antidote to the poison ot Phursa Snake (Echis Carinata).
Morlngacaie — The Shengata or Bennut family.
Gtticmi characters. — Trees large, leaves, bi-pinnate or tri-pinnaie,
Flo\ver& white, irregular ; capsules* pod-shaped, three- valved. Seeds
winged, numerous, without albumen.
Htihitat — Arabia, East Indies.
/¥o/<»r/i«^SIightly aromatic and stimulant.
Morlnga Ptarygoaperma. Guilandina Moringa* Hyperaiithera
Moringa.
Habitat.— Xvi^vk^
Parts tis^d^ — The bark, root, fruit*, seeds and gum,
I'tmaat/ar, — Arab. — Habulhau. Bcng.— Sohanjana. Bomb.^
Sekta, Segat. Rurm* — Da-tha Jwon. Can. — Nugge-gida. Cing. —
Sanmurungay. Duk. — Mungey. Eng,— The Horse-radish tree. Guz —
Saragavo. Sekato. Hind*^ — Shajanah, Senpva. Mar. — Soigut, Bododi,
Malav. — Murinna. Pers. — Bun, Sajna. Sans. — ^Shobhana-jana, sigru
Muringi, Dansha-mula-sveta, Maricha (the seeds). Tarn — Murungai
Tcl.^ — Munaga, Sveta Maricha— white pepper, Doonsha, Mula.
Pungent root.
CAaracttrs. — Root bark light brown, external surface reticulated ;
internally white, sofi and thick, smell and taste pungent owing to its
containing an essential oil ; leaves large and bi-pinn:ac or tri -pinnate,
leaflets, small, oblong, obtuse or rounded and smooth, green above and
pale beneath ; smell acrid, taste very hot and burning. Fruit a foot or
several feel long, greenish or light brown when ripe,triangularand ribbed,
consisting of 3 valves, each containing a soft white pulp and from 12 to
15 seeds. Seeds roundish and winged, taste of fresh kernel bitter and
oily. Dried seeds, dark brown externally, white within, and resembling
Amali. They yield a fixed oiK Fresh gum pink or brick red in
colour. Dried specimens of a yellowish or reddish colour; met wnth in
pieces or masses formed of agglutinated tears, pieces translucent, of
variable sizes, generally vermicular in form and easily broken. Taste
mucilaginous and astringent ; on section the interior is white. A good
substitute for horse radish. Dose, 5 to to grs.
CfinUitfients — The root yields an essential oil which is very
ptingent and has a very offensive odour. The husked seeds yield oil
56 p. c. The bark contains a white crystalline alkaloid, two resins, aii
organic acid, mucilage, and ash 8 p.c*
Prfparatinrts, — Paste. Moringa bark 4 ojes., Moringa nuts 4 nzs,
lohacco 2 ojs., gunpowder 2 drs. Mix with water, make paste to
rub over scorpion stings or bites. Decoction of the root (f in 20).
idHas:
idCto
236 AGRIMOXIA EUPATORIUM.
Dose, 2 to 6 drs. Compound spirit (i in 8). Moringa root, orange
peel 20 ozs., nutmeg 5 drachms, spirit 160 ozs., water 4 ozs. Distil to
8 pints. Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Actiom and uses* — Antispasmodic, stimulant, expectorant, and
diuretic. The root is very irritating to the skin. The decoction is a
stimulant, given with asafetida and rock salt in internal deep-seated
inflammation, in calculous affection, in hysteria, epilepsy, paralysis,
rheumatism, dropsy, in cough and in flatulence in children, also in
ascites due to enlargement of the liver. Asa diuretic it is given in
uric acid diathesis. The pods are taken as preventive against worms.
Externally the oil from the seeds is used as a stimulant application to
rheumatic joints and to gouty and other painful parts. The bark is
acrid. With cumin seeds it is applied locally to gum-boils and
toothache with relief. It is applied to the temples in headache, and on
venereal nodes and syphilitic buboes. The decoction of the root is used
as a gargle in sore throat. The bark is abortifacient, and is used to
procure abortion, and is a good substitute for laminaria to dilate the
OS. The gum with milk or sweet oil is poured into the ear in earache.
Poultice of the leaves is used in reducing glandular swellings. It always
produces a blister.
RosaoecB.
The GuUba or Rose family. Trees, shrubs or herbs with
-prickles and warts on woody surfaces. Leaves simple or compound,
alternate, and usually stipulate ; flowers, regular, rarely uni-
sexual, of different lovely colours and highly odoriferous; fruit entire, a
drupe, an achaenium, a follicle or a pome ; seeds exalbuminous.
Habitat — ^Temperate climates.
Properties. — Some are astringent with succulent and edible fruits.
Others are poisonous, as they yield hydrocyanic acid.
Ammonia Eapatoriom.
Habitat, — Temperate Himalayas, Persia, Europe.
Parts used. — The herb and fruit.
Vernacular, — Arab.-^Shajrat-el-Bardghit, Ghafith, or Shaukat-el-
Muntineh. Eng. — Agrimony. Pers.— Gulkalli.
Gulkalli — used to cure kalli or ringworm of the scalp.
Characters. — Fruit rough and bristly, generally inverted when
ripe, adhering to the clothes, stem ligneous, hairy and swarthy. Leaves
indented at their edges, downy and swarthy.
Constituents. — Tannin, 475, yellow fragrant volatile oil, a bitter
principle and a colouring matter.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, 4 to 12 fld. drs.
Actions and uses. — Aromatic, astringent, diuretic and taeni-
acide. Agrimony tea is used in dyspepsia and taken hot to induce
perspiration in fever, also as an antiscorbutic. The seeds with wine are
used in dysentery.
UKAYIiKA VNTIIELMINriCA. ZlJ
Brayera Anthelmlntlca, B. P* Hagenia Abyasinica.
Hahitat. — Abvi*iiinia, mountainous districts.
Putts nsrtL — The dried panicles of pistillate flowers. Cu^so
KoussOf B, P,
Ftft/ifiLti/tir. — Boti^ — Kousjo. Guj. — Kussu.
Characters, — The drug is gathered before the seeds are quite ripe,
of a Itfihl m reddish brown colour, usually in cylindrical rolls of cora'
prcwea and broken branches of long panicles of flowers, mixed with s^ome
"Bniirc flowers. The bunch is sometimes a foot or more in length.
"The panicle consists of a hairy stalk which is twisted and more or less
branched. There are large bracts at the base of each branch. At the
base of each flower there are 2 or 3 smaller ones between which is the
Icalyx which is 5 partite and arranged in double rows. Each segment
of the calyx is ovate and reticulated. The drug has a fragrant balsamic
or ica-like odour, and an acrid, nauseous and disagreeable taste, difHcult
of letention by the stomach. Dose, } to ^ ounce.
Comiituents. — A volatile oil, a bitter acrid resin 6*25, called kous-
sin ; tannin 24 p.c. ; ash 15*7 p.c, a tasteless resin, chlorophyll, wax,
sugar and gum.
Koussin, Kosin, Brayerin, Heat Cousso with alcohol^ add calcium
hydrate, boil the residue with water, filter and distil. Treat the residue
with acetic acid. It is a crystalline principle, resin like floccutant
frecipitate, or yellow rhombic crystals ; tt is probably an ether of
sobutyric acid. Taste, bitter, acrid ; odour leathery ; insoluble in
water, soluble in chloroform, ether» benzol, bisulphide of carbon, less*
iioluble in glacial acetic acid« sparingly soluble m cold alcohol.
Volatile oil is obtained by distillation of flowers with water. The
distillate also contains traces of valcreanic and acetic acids,
Prtparatvms* — Extractum Cusso fluidum. Dose, 1 to 6 drs. Com-
I pound emulsion ; a 6 p. c. infusion with castor oil, yolk of egg, a few
* drops of ether, oil of anise and oleo-resin of male fern. Infusion (i in 4)
of flowers.
Acttom and uses, — Anthelmintic; especially useful for tape worms
but it rarely expels the head. It has no purgative action. In large
doses it produces nausea, vomiting, colic and diarrhoea ; olco-resiu of
male fern is more reliable than cusso.
Catoneastar Mummularia.
Mi^i/rt/.— Persia,
Parts used. — The manna.
Vermtctilat, — Eng.— Blackwood tree. Guz. — Stra Khista Maiyu
(Manna). Pers.— Shirkhisht, Shirkhushk, Bhaklu (Manna), Siah
Chob, Kashiru.
Shirkhushk— Shir, milk, and Khushk, dried milk. Diitd
stems contain milk and when dry they are used for walking sticks,
Four v.uicliei* of manna are met with in India.
23«
llEiUCHtiKA AMlLJIICAS'A.
Turanjhin, — The product of Alhagr maurorum (Leguniino&.cj.
GazaHJbm, — The product of Tamarix Gallica (TamaricAOcar).
Shakr-ul-Ashar or shakar lagar, the product of calotropis Froocra,
Asclepiadaccse,
Shifkhisht, — The product of Cotoneaster Nutnmularia (Rosacese).
Chiiraciers. — The mauna exudes or oozes out of the leaves, the
bark of the trunk and targe branches ; sometimes it bursts through
large pores spontaneously. It occurs in flat viscid pieces or yellowish
while granules of the size of millet seeds. Each piece from 2 to 4
inches in lengthy and 1 to i^ inches in breadth* and resembling ordmary
camphor, odour sugary. It easily melts in the mouth leaving a sweet
cool taste. Dose, 1 to 2 drs. in children ; 1 oz. for adults.
CoHStituents. — Glucose 8-3 p.c, cane sugar 4*1 p,c. or an analogous
sucrose and a new sugar 50 px. called chirkhestite which beluriL!.-. to
mannite group and is nearly related to sorbite.
Actiom and uses. — A mild aperient, demulcent and exptxL«iratu ;
given to new-born infants if the meconium has not come away freely ;
alM» to delicate persons, females and children, in torpid liver, deranged
stomach, a4id intestines ; also given as demulcent and expectoiant in
cough and sure throat.
Heuchera Amerioana.
Alum Root (Eng.).
IJabitiH. — United Stales.
Parts used. — ^The Rhizome.
Characters, — Plant viscid, pubescent ; leaves wide, crenate,
flowers purple white. Root long, moderately thicki several headed,
radicles thin^ and m;iny, and brownish purple. Bark thin, without
any odour and astringent bitter taste. Dose, 10 to 40 grs,
Co/wAVwrw^^.— Contains tannin 20 p.c, starch 12 p.c. Decoction
(1 in 20) Dose, 4 to 12 drs.
Physiological action, — The root is astringent, tonic and
antiseptic. In small doses it is styptic to the taste and causes
constriction in the throat and checks the mucous secretions and
passive haemorrhages and mucous fluxes.
ThefapcHiics. — Given in diarrhoea menoniiagiaj .um ;is a lotion or
injection in leucorrhcea and gleet. The ointment is applied to
haemorrhoids. As a dusting powder it is applied to aphtha*, ulcers,
ic.
PotentUla Canaden&is, P. Sarmentosa, P. TormentUta*
P. Nepalenais,
Binta falun (Hind^); Cinque foil (Fi%c fingers.)
HahitaL — United States, N, India, Himalaya,
Paris used, — The plant, rootlets and rhiicomc.
l»RfSUS AMYCIMII s,
Character^.— Herbaceous pl,int, haiuboine when in fliwer, under
•urfaic (if I Ik- leaves covered with a fine dust which, ivhun the
plant h shaken, causes sneezing ; rhizome 2 feet long and \ foot thick,
tubcrculate and brownish red. Dose, lo to jo grs.
Constiltitftis . — Tannin and red colouring matter.
Preptirah'oHS^ — Fid, Extract 10 to 30 ms* Infusion of the vine
Icai^es and root (1 in 20). Dose, 1 to 2 ozs.
Actittni ami uses. — Astringent and tontc ; useful in nlghl-sweats
of phthisis and succeeds when atropine and other remedies have
(ailed. It is also useful in diarrhoea, dysentery and acidity of the
i Stomach. Locally as a gargle for spongy and bleeding gums*
Praniia Amygdalas, Var. Amara, B. P., P. Amygdalus, Var.
Diilois, B* P*, Greek nuts.
///7^j//i^,— Persia, Syria, Barbar)% Asia ; cultivated in Europe
c&pccially Spain*
Paris usee/. — The almonds shell. The ripe seed* Amygdala
amara, bitter almond, B. P. Amygdala dulcis, sweet almond, B. P.,
and oil, expressed from bitter or sweet almond, oleum amygdalae,
almond oil, B. P,
Vernacular. — Eng- — The common almond. Arab — Louza
|Loa2*el Murr-Louz ul hala (Bitter almond). Beng. — Belati bad^m.
'Can.— Badami ^Ticktu badam^ Bitter almond)* Duk., Guz., Hind.|
Mar. — Uadam* Pets. — Kadam. Sans. — Bada mitte* Tam. — Vadam
Kottai, TeL— Badam V^ittulu.
To the common Vernacular names, the word sweet or bitter is
affixed according as the Vernacular is for sweet or bitter almond.
Characters. — Fruit drupe, ovate, sarcocarp green and Icatheryi
splitting and falling from the stone when ripe. Stone or nut is other-
wise known ns commercial almond. Its outer shell pale brown, porous
and hard ; within the nut are one or sometimes two kernels or
secdsi which when in pairs are in juxtaposition to one another. Seed
tbout an inch in length, flattened, lanceolate, ovate, compressed and
with 16 lines radiating from blunt end, rounded at one end and pointed
at the other, testa or cndocarp of a cinnamon brown colour and
astringent as it contains tannin* The endocarp, or outer brown skin
can easily be removed by keeping the seeds in hot water ; kernel is rose
coloured or while, blanched and fleshy.
Amygdala Dulcis, Jordan almond, sweet almond. The seed is
one inch long, oblong, compressed, pointed at one end and rounded
at the other* Testa cinnamon brown, thin and rough, seed e:i*
albuminous composed of two large plano-convex, oily cotyledons ;
taste bland, without any marked odour even tf triturated into
cmubion with water.
240
PKUNUS AMVUriALUS,
Amygdala Amara, B. P* Bitter Almond, — The seed ret^mblet
sweet almond in general appe^irancc, but is shorter and proportionatdv
broader. The embryo has a bitter taste ; when triturated vritn
water it forms an emulsion of the chartcteri:»tic odour of hydroc>;aiiic
acid.
CoHsliluenis. — Sweet almonds contain a fixed oU, oleum amy^dailae
B, P. 56 px» ; an albuminous principle or ferment emulsin, (wbidi b
st>[uble in water) ; mucilage. 3 p c, ; sugar 6 p.c ; proteids (myrositiir
vilellin and conglutin) 25 px,, and ash 3 to S p.c.| comiining
potassium, calcium^ and magnesium, phosphates*
Bitter almonds contain a fixed oil 45 p. c. ; amygdalin ! to 5 px. ;
proteids 25 p.c. ; emulsin, sugar 3 p c. ; mucilage 3 p.c, .1 -5 px.
The ash contains potassium^ calcium, and magnesium ph - >.
Amygdalin, a crystalline substance, a glucoside not foojid in
sweet almonds, soluble in water and alcohol. To obtain it, boil m alcohol
almond cake of bitter almond to the consistence of syrup, add
yeast to set up fermentation, then filter and evaporate to syrupy
consistence and add alcohol to precipitate amygdalin. Amygdalin
is found in many plants belonging to Drupacese, Pomaceae and
amygdalace;e orders, in kernels of peach 2*35 p.c. ; cherry ^96 p.c, ;
plum -82 p.c, and apple pips^ '6 px. in the leaves o{ cerasus lauf ocer*
asus, in the bark, flowers and leaves of Prunus Paclus. in the seed*
and baik of Sorbus Aucuparia, hawthorn, &c.
Oleum amygdala, B. P. Almond oil — oleum amyguma: expresbuni.
The oil is expressed from sweet or bitter almonds,
Characiers, — The oil is a pale yellow clear liquid, more thickly
fluid than poppy seed oil, and more thinly fluid than olive oil, without
any odc»ur and of a nutty, very agreeable and mild taste ; it socn be-
comes rancid if exposed to the air. It becomes thick and solidifies
to a while butter at a very low temperature. It is soluble in ether
and chloroform. It is composed chiefly of oleiite and tracts of
palmitin, also contains traces of cholesterine, thus distinguished from
sesamum, rape, poppy or olive oil. Do&e, I to 4 fluid drachms— ^used
as an application in skin affections.
Oleum amygdahc amara. — The volatile or essential oil of bitter
almonds. Obtained by trituration or maceration of bitter almonds
with water and subsequent distillation. It is one of the products uf
reaction between amygdalin and emulsin acting upon one another. It
contains hydrocyanic acid and volatile oil. The hydrocyanic acnd is
removed by distillation with caustic potash.
It ii a clear pale, cherrj'-coloured thin liquid, of an aromatic bitter
odour and bitter burning taste, neutral reaction, soluble in water < 1 in
300), but freely so in alcohol and ether. It contains hydrite '" ' ,1,
bcnraldehydej and hvdfoc>'anic acid* Benzaldehyde on e ' 10
air is converted into Benzoic acid* Dose, 4 to I m. Hydroc d
is also found in cherry laurel, prunus Mahalib, prunus \\r ud
Uhcr specie^ of prunes — in the juice of bitter cassava &c.
PKLNUS LNSITITIA.
Ml
Emulshi or Synaptase, an albuminous principle or ferment found in
both the varieties It i^ extracted by water It i^ coagulated by heat, and
precipitated by alcnhol, but not by acetic acid. In the case of bitter
almonds, in the presence of water, it acts upon amygdalin forming
glucd^e, hydrocyanic acid and benzoic aldehyde (oil of bitter
almonds)*
Preparations. — Of the seeds. Almond bread made from the almond
\JBkkt, The sweet almond is first triturated and the fixed oil expressed,
iving almond cake. This is ground into a meal or flour and made
tnio bread. This c<)n tains no starch and hence very useful in diabetes.
nrparaltons.^Oi the seeds. Bitter almonds— Syrupus Amygdalae
4 p. c. Dose, 2 to 4 drs. Swett almonds — Pulvis Amygdalae compositus
B. P- Dose, I to 2 drs. Emulsum Amygdalae contains sweet almonds
6 p. c* Mistura Amygdalae B. P. (i in 8) a vehicle for cough
mtxtures, Do^e, J to I oz. Of the shells, when calcined, tooth powder,
Ac(thm ami ttsti, — Both the varieties differ iu their physiological
actions. Sweet almond is demulcent, nutritive and emollient. The oil
is used like olive oil for applicaiioti and internally given for pulmonary
troubles and als(» used as a laxative. Externally the oil or the emulsion
is used as an application fur acne on the face, for excoriations, chapped
hands and nipples^ and for earache. Almond cakes made from almond
meal arc given as substitute for bread in diabetes.
The bitter almond oil is used for flavouring choice dishes and for
scenting soap and other delicacies. It may be used as a sedative in
coughs &c.
Prunus Insiiitla, Prunus Bokariensis.
NabitaL — Bokhara, Persia.
Paris used, — The dried plum deprived of seeds.
Vemacti/ar, — Arab. — Alu Bokhara, Ijasa. Bcng , Duk. — Alu
Bokhara. Eng. — Bokhara plum. Hind. — Alu Bokhara. Pers. — Alu.
CharacitrSn — Fruit globular, sweetish, acidulous and succulent ;
mrfiice rather compressed and wrinkled, colour reddish yeilow or
brown, smell like that of dates. Inside ihe fruit is an almond-like nut»
which is obliquely ovate, convex on both surfaces and marked with
three prominent ridges at one of its margins. The nut when broken
contains a kernel which resembles sweet almond in all its characters.
Constituents, — Malic acid, citric aid, sugar, albuminoids, pectin
and ash.
Preparation, — Confection.
Actinns and us€s, — Demulcent and nutrient ; uses similar to those
o( the official varrety.
PruQoii Armeniaca, Armeniaoa Vulgaris.
^#&f*/a/.— Himalaya, Dekhan, Mysore.
J^rts used* — ^l^he fruit and seed.
242 PRUNUS DOMESTICA.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Binkook Tuffa armina. Bokhara. — Baboor-
Kohani. Eng. — Apricot. Himalayas. — Chulu, chinaru. Hind. —
Zardalu-Khubani. Pers. — Mish mish. Sutlej. — ^Jaldaru.
Characters. — Fruit sweetish, acidulous and succulent ; form almost
globular, surface reddish yellow. Inside is a nut which contains a
kernel.
Preparation.'^Conieciioru Dose, i to 2 drs.
Actions and uses. — Nutrient and tonic ; used in fevers to allay
thirst ; the seeds form an ingredient in some of the nutritive confec-
tions.
PnmiiB Sp.
Habitat. — Western Asia.
Parts used.^ The stones.
Vernacular. — Arab. — ^Jerasaya, Kerasya. Hind. — Alubalu. Pers. —
Alubalu. Japan. — Sakura.
Characters. — A small tree — fruits of a light brown colour ; seeds
embedded in them and resembling those of common cherry ; odour
of bitter almond seeds, taste bitter and aromatic.
Constituents. — The kernels contain a volatile oil and hydrocyanic
acid.
Preparation. — Confection.
Actiofis and uses. — Nutritive and tonic. The natives give the
kernels with other tonic and aphrodisiac medicines in nervous debility
and nervous exhaustion.
PraniiB Domestioa, Var. Juliana, B. P.
Habitat. — Persia.
Parts used.~The dried ripe fruit; Prunum — Prunes, B. P.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Barkook, Bargoog. Eng. — Common plum,
Prunes. Hind. — Aru, alu, Aluchah, Shan alu.
Characters. — Ovoid or oblong, about i^^ inch lon^, black and
shrivelled. Pulp brownish, without any odour and of a sweet, bland,
acidulous taste. The finest and sweetest variety is used as dessert?
The smaller kind, which is more acid and less pleasant, is used in
medicine. Dose, 2 ozs.
Constituents. — The pulp or sarcocarp contains a little malic acid,
sugar 25 p. c, pectin, albumen and salts. The seeds contain a fixed
oil, amygdalin and emulsin.
Preparations. — Confectio sennae, B. P. Dose, i to 2 drs.
Actions and uses. — The sarcocarp is laxative, demulcent and nutri-
ent ; taken in excess it causes griping and flatulence. It is given with
purgatives as senna &c. It quenches thirst in fevers.
PR13NUS PUDUM,
243
Prunus LaurooerasuB, B* P.
ffabttat.—Asi^ Minor.
fltris us^d, — The fresh leaves — Laurocerasi folia, cherry laurel
leaves, B. P.
Charactrrs^ — Leaves thick, coriaceous ; petioles short and strong,
oblong, obovate, 5 to 7 inches long, tapering towards each end, serrated
at the apex and re volute at margins. Dark green, smooth and
shining above^ much paler beneath. Midrib prominent with one or
two glandular depressions on each side ; odourless, but emitting smell
of bitter almond seeds, when bruised.
C<inshtu$nts, — On distillation with water the leaves yield
Lauroccrasin^ identical with amygdalin ; a bitter principle, tannin, sugar
and a fenncnt, by the action of which on laurocerasin is produced a
volatile oil consisting of benzaldehyde and prussic acid.
f^€/araiions.^Aqu2L Laurocerasi, B. P. — it shall be made of the
•trength ot ^0 p. c. of hydrocyanic acid. Dose, ^ to 2 fld.
Acttous and uses* — Sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic and narcotic ;
same as those of Hydrocyanic acid.
PrunuB Maballb.
HabitaL — Central Asia and Europe.
fhris used, — The kernels and oil.
Ffrnacuiar. — Arab.— Hab-ul-mahaliba. Eng. — Perfumed cherry
tfCC* Mar. — Gahula. Pers. — Paiwand-e-maryam.
Characters, — ^Shell of a dark brown or light bulTcolour, of an oval
or ovate shape and very fragile. Seeds of a pale buff colour, testa thin
and striated, kernel of a light brown colour. It has a bitter almond-
like taste, Tlie oil is rancid ; in flavour like that of hydrocyanic acid.
PiteparaUQn — Confection. Dose 1 to 2 drs.
Actions and uses* — Stomachic ; used in dyspepsia, anorexia, and
general debility.
Prunua Pudum, P, Sylvetica, Cerasus Pudum.
Habitat, — Central Asia.
Parts tned, — The wood bark.
Vernacular, — Guz. — Padmakastai Padma-nulakarun. Hind, —
P^dmakasta. Mar. — Padma Kashtha, Chamari Jhelum,
Characters, — The wood of a light reddish brown colour, some-
times covered with a biownish thin bark which peels off in flakes* It
has a faintly almond-oil like taste, and odour* Dose — Powdered bark,
15 to i 5 grs,
Constitfienis, — A my gd al i n ,
F^ ns. — Of the bark, decoction (i in 10). Dose, J to 2 fld.
drs. i 111 known as Muhajam-e-til containing Padma Kui*ht4
244 PRUNUS SBROTINA.
4, Lavanga 4, Darunaj-e-abrabi 4, Behaman-e-Sapheda 3,
]Dehaman-e-Surkha 3, Taja 2, Jaephala 2, J&vantri 2, Jatamanansi
2, Zara Kachura 2, Jaramabilda 2, Pipali 2, Pipali mula 2,
Kesara i^, Ispanda 3, Kab&ba chini 3, £lachi i, Kulpha 3, Sugar 2,
mix and make a confection. Dose i to 4 drs. Used in dyspepsia,
congested liver, anorexia, &c.
Actions and uses. — The bark is used as a bitter tonic and sedative.
It is given during convalescence from acute diseases and in palpitations
of the heart.
PrnnaB Serotina, B.P. Wild Cherry.
Habitat. — N. America, Canada.
Parts used, — The bark — pruni virginianae cortex. Virginian
Prune Bark, B. P.
Characters. — Curved pieces or irregular fragments ; young bark
covered with reddish brown papery cork, thin and smooth, presenting
a greenish brown inner layer, and breaking with a short granular
fracture. Taste astringent, aromatic and bitter ; odour in the presence
of water that of bitter almonds.
Constituents. — The bark contains amygdalin, emulsin, a bitter
principle, a volatile oil, hydrocyanic acid, tannin, gallic acid, resin, and
starch. In the presence of water it yields hydrocyanic acid and
volatile oil resembling that of bitter almonds. The root bark con-
tains a glucoside phloridzin which is also found in the root bark of
apple, pear and plum trees.
Amygdalin,*a bitter uncrystalline glucoside obtained by the action
of alcohol. It is not precipitated by ether.
Bitter principle — To obtain it, mix aqueous extract with alcohol,
and milk ot lime, evaporate, filter, boil the residue with alcohol and
again evaporate. It is a brown gelatinous mass, taste bitter.
Preparations, — Syrupus pruni Virginians, B. P. (i in about 7).
Dose, ^ to 1 fid. dr.
Prunin or Cerasin — obtained by evaporating the tincture and
powdering the extract. Dose, i to 5 grs.
Tinctura Pruni Virginianae, B. P. (i in 5). Dose, \ to i fluid dr.
Physiological actions. — Sedative, pectoral, tonic, and astringent. In
moderate doses it is an aromatic bitter tonic, stimulates the stomach,
increases appetite, aids digestion, and thus promotes constructive
metabolism. The volatile oil is a stimulant of the alimentary canal.
Hydrocyanic acid acts as a sedative, lessens irritation and impairs
nervous excitability. Large doses depress the heart's action. Phloridzin
produces glycosuria in man and animals.
Therapeutics. — Given in cough, hectic fever, scrofula, in bron-
chial catarrh, phthisis, and irritation of the throat. As a stomachic
tonic it is given in dyspepsia, palpitation and f^eneral debility ; also
during convalescence from acute diseases. The volatile oil is an
intestinal stimulant and acts like cascarilla, serpentaria, &c.
QUILLAJA SAPONARIA. J45
Pyroa Cydonia* Cydonia YQigaris.
Habii^i, — Central Asia, lemperaie climates,
Paris used, — The seeds*
Vernacular. — Arab. — Muzz, Hubbul, Sapharjala. Can. — Shimc
^diltiuba bija- Duk.— Bihi danah. Eng,— Quince seed. Hind.—
logloi behedana, Pers. — Beha-danah, Tukhm-e-abi, Karabadia.
Pam. — Shimai*ma-delaivirai, Teh — Shima-dalima-Vittulu.
Characters, — 10 or 15 seeds are contained in one cell of the fruit f
^seeds irregularly ovoid, flattened and angular or three sided, adherent
[to one another by mucilage and covered by a membrane ; coloui of the
|tc^ta, dark brown, that of the kernel^ yellowish white. The seeds
nave the odour and taste of bitter almonds.
Cottsliiuetiis, — The seeds contain a mucilage named cydonin,
albuminous matter, Bxed oil, an oily liquid which contains senanthic
ether, and ash 3-5 p. c, containing alkalies, alkaline earths, iron, &c.
V ;t coniained in the epithelial cells is in very large quantity,
and lS 40 times its weight of water. It has little adhesive
power and is not thickened by borax. It is a compound of gum and
celluJosc. The fragrance is due to the presence of aenanthic ether.
Ptiparaiiom. — Mucilago cydonii (1 in 50),
Acthm aud uses. — Cydonium or quince seeds are nutritive, asmn-
gent, demulcent, and emollient, and given with sugar \n cough,
.dysentery, catarrhal aflTections of the throat and pulmonary mucous
' membrane ; also used as a vehicle for injection in gonorrhoea and
urinary disorders. Externally the mucilage is applied to burns and scalds.
Bandoline, a preparation used as a hair dressing, is identical with
mucilage of cydonin.
QulUaJa Saponaria, B. P.
HabitaL — Chih*, Peru, N* Hindustan.
Parts used, — The inner bark — Quillaioj cortex. Quillaia bark,
B. P. Syn. — China bark or murillo bark, Panama bark^ soap bark.
Quillaya means a wash, as this bark is good for washing*
Saponaria, sapo, soap. Its mucilaginous juice forms lather with
water.
Characters* — Bark in flat thick pieces ^ of an inch thick, 2 feet
km^ and 4 inches wide, brownish white externally, smooth, white or
fi while within. Fracture splintery, fractured surface laminated*
fe ng under a lens, glistening prismatic crystals; without any
odnuFi of an acrid persistent taste » Wood very hard.
Constituents. — A glycoside saponin, starch, gum, calcium oxalate,
and calcium sulphate crystals. Saponin— obtained by exhausting the
bark with hot alcohol. A white amorphous powder without any odour
tnd of a sweetish taste ; soluble in water and dilute alcohol ; it acts as a
jMernulatory. It consists of 2 glucosides — Ouillaic acid, soluble in
[ikohol and precipitated by lead acetate ; and Quillaia-^^apotoxini
neutral tni^oluble in alcohol and not precipitated by acetate of lead.
246 ROSA DAMASCRNA.
Preparations. — Tinctura Quillaiae B. P, (1 in 20). Dose, ^ to i fl.
dr. Decoctum Quillaise (5 to 200). Dose, i to 2 dr. Fluid extract.
Dose, 15 to 30 ms. Syrupus Quillaise. Dose, i to 3 drs.
Physiological Action, — Detergent, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant
and irritant of the respiratory organs. The powder is sternutatory ;
macerated in water, the water froths like soap ; it forms emulsions
with oils owing to the presence of saponin. In laYge doses it is a local
anaesthetic and antipyretic, paralyzant of the heart and respiration
^nd a poison to the voluntary muscles. It does not produce vomiting
or purging,
Therapeutics,'-^'^£he decoction of the bark is given like senega in
chronic bronchitis, cough, coryza and in dropsy. The powder of the
bark is used as a dusting powder or snuff in rhinitis ; locally an
infusion is used to dispel fcetor of feet or armpits ; also in alopecia as a
hair tonic or detergent to remove scurf and renew the growth of hair.
It is contra-indicated in irritation and inflammation of the mucous
membranes. A dry extract causes the water in which it is macerated
to froth, and hence used for making emulsions of fixed oil. The tincture
is an ingredient in Liquor Picis carbonis, B.P. It is also used for
washing purposes.
Rosa Dama4Boena, B. P. R. Hosohata. R. SemperrireiiB.
Habitat. — Syria, Africa, Balkan Mountains, Roumelia.
Parts used. — The flowers, flower buds, petals, stamens and a
volatile oil, oleum rosae, attar or otto of rose, B. P.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Wardel, chamak Julanja-bin (conserve).
Beng.— Gulap. Can. — Gulab. Duk., Guz., Hind.— Gulab-ka!i, Gul-
kand (conserve). Mar. — Gulaph^. Pers. — Gule-gulaba, Gule-shakar
(conserve). Sans, — Sata pattri. Tam.— Gulappu, Irojappu. Tel. —
Rosa-puvou. Eng. — Damask Rose.
Characters. — It is the source of the official oil of rose. Flower
buds oblong of a brownish light red colour when fresh, but if old per-
fectly deep brown ; sepals five partite, of a greenish brown colour,
viscid, and ciliated. Below the sepals is an ovary resembling a thick
stalk of a flower, very viscid, greenish brown ; petals over-lapping one
another to form a cone, of an aromatic agreeable smell and a bitterish
taste.
Gulaba-ke-bija. These are not seeds but the compressed, two-
lobed, oblong, reniform or roundish, small, dark coloured anthers.
Constituents. — Volatile oil, fat, resin, malic, tartaric, and tannic
acids. Volatile oil — oil of rose distilled from the fresh flowers with calyx.
It is colourless at first, but becomes after short time a pale yellowish,
transparent liquid, with a strong, fragrant odour of roses. Taste mild
and sweetish ; slightly soluble in acetic acid and alcohol.
Preparations. — Aqua Rosae Fortior. Strong or triple rose water
Water saturated with the volatile oil of rose petals ; obtained as a by-
product in the distillation of oil of rose ; used as excipient and flavouring
agent. Dose, \ to i dr. Unguentum Aquae Rosae, B. P, cold cream,
ROSA fjALLiCA.
147
Itment of rose water. Stronger rose water 7 ozs., oil of almond 9 ozs»
fiaceti ijozs, white wax i^ozs,, oil of rose 8 ms., for externa
kppHcatton. Aqua rosae B. P., Gulab, (Hind») prepared by diluting
Aqua Kosac Fortior with twice its volume of distilled water. Oleum
Kosse B, P. oil of rose — attar or otto of rose^ — volatile oil distilled
from the fresh flowers. A pale yellow crystalline semi-solid ; odour
strong and fragrant, taste sweet» slightly acid in reaction, sparingly
soluble in alcohol. It is adulterated with a volatile oil derived from a
species of Andropogon and known as oil of geranium^ Idris oil, or ginger
oil* It consists of an aromatic oxygenated elacopten, and an odourless
solid stearopten or rose camphor. Gulkhand, a conserve of rose petals
with sugar, to which cannabis Indtca is sometimes added. Gulanjabin,
a conserve of rose petals with honey. Medicated oil of roses^ Duhn-
i*ward-i-kham^ — sweet oil added to rose petals and exposed to the
suti. Duhu-i-ward-i-matbukh — rose petals added to sweet oil and
heated over the fire* The natives use the above as liniments io
sprains^ bruises, &c.
Actions ami uses. — Mildly astringent, carminative, and refrigerant ;
used as basis for bitter medicfnes and as pill bases. Rose water is used
as a cooling and aMnngem excipient for lotions, collyria and urethal in-
jections and in irritability of the mucous membiaues. The ointment
is a soothing emftllicni and protective for the skin, in chapped hands,
cracked nipples* Rose buds are used along with other purgative
decoctions by the natives in constipation during fevers and hepatic
derangements.
Kosa Gallica. B, P,
Habitat, — South of Europe, Western Asia,
P^rts used. — The fresh and dried unexpauded petals, Rosae Gallics
petala.
Characters^ — Cone-like masses, sometimes separate and more or
less crumpled ; petalSi velvety, of a deep, purplish red colour ; odour
fragnml. Taste somewhat bitter. Feebly acid and astringent.
Constituents. — Red colouring matter, tannic and gallic acids, and
ai volatile aromatic oil (a trace), mucilage, sugar, quercitrin, salts kc.
Preparation s.'^lnfusum Rosas Acid urn, B, P. (Red rose petals
i ounce, diluted sulphuric acid 2 fluid drachms, boiling distilled
water i pint). Dose | to i fld. ot, Extractum Rosa; Fluidum, Dose,
5 to 50 ms. Confectio Rosa: Gallicae, B, P. (i in 4)* Dose, 60 grs. or
more. Mel Ros;e — honey of rose, fluid extract 12, and honey 100.
Dose, I to 2 drs. Syrupus Rosae, B, P. (1 in 23)* Dose, ^ to i fid, dr.
Red rose is an ingredient of Pilulae aloes et mastiches,
Actions and uses, — Tonic, mild astringent and carminative ; used
frequently as a colouring and flavouring agent. Flowers when full
blown are laxative. The infusion containing dilute sulphuric acid
IS a good gargle and used in sore throat, aphthae, ulcers of the
mouth &c.
248 RUBUS IDiEUS.
RnbiiB Chamsemoras.
Norwegian blackberry. Marsh raspberry. Yellow raspberry,
cloudberry, dwarf mulberry.
Habitat. — Europe.
Parts employed, — The fruit and leaves.
Preparations, — Fluid Extract. Dose, J to i dr. Infusion of
leaves (1 in 12). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Physiological action. — Leaves diuretic. They act on the kidneys
without influencing the beat of the heart. Given in nephritis, cirrhosis
of the liver, cardiac affections, chloro-anaemia wiih cedema, hysterical
epilepsy, palpitations of the heart, and cancer of the stomach. The
fruit is antiscorbutic, and is used in haemoptysis.
RubuB Canadensis. Dewberry.
R. Villous, the common blackberiy. R. trivialis, the bush black-
berry.
Habitat, — Southern States.
Part used, — The bark of the root.
Characters, — Bark thin tough, flexible bands, colour blackish
grey externally and pale brown within. Without any odour, taste
astringent, bitter. Dose ^ to 2 drs.
Constituents, — Tannin, 10 p. c, gallic acid \ p. c, villosin 0.8 p. c,
ash 3 p. c. Villosin is a bitter crystalline glucoside, soluble in
alcohol, ether, chloroform.
Preparation, — Extractum Rubi fluidum. — Dose, 10 to 60 minims,
Syrupus Rubi aromaticus, contains rubus, cinnamon, cloves, and mace.
30 gr. each in one ounce. Dose, i to 8 drs. Syrupus Rubi (i of the
fluid extract to 3). Dose, 1 to 6 drs. Decoction. Dose i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses, — Astringent and tonic ; given in bowel com-
plaints, such 'as summer and infantile diarrhoeas.
Rnbns IdsBns, Raspberry, hindberry; Rabas strigosas,
wild red raspberry; Rnbns oocidentalis, Thimble berry.
Habitat, — Europe, Asia.
Part used. — The fruit.
Characters, — Fruit, a receptable, conical, hollow at the base, hemi-
spherical, red, hairy, composed of 20 to 30 drupes, small and coalesced ;
each drupe crowned with withered style. Juice red coloured, odour
agreeable, taste sweet and pleasant.
Constituents. — Volatile oil, citric acid, malic acid, sugar 5 p. c.
pectin, proteids, colouring matter &c.
Preparation. — Syrupus Rubi Idaei. Colour bright red, odour
fruity, agreeable taste pleasant, acidulous. Reaction acid. Dose, 2 to
6 drs. or more. Infusion of the leaves of red raspberry (i to 20). Dose,
6 to 12 drs.
PORTUtACA OI-ER.^
?49
Actions and uses. — Refrigerant, laxative and dietetic; given in
fevers. Tnfu?iion of the leaves of red raspberry is used for drarrhcea.
SpirsBa TomentoBa, Hard hack.
Habi'taL — North America.
Part useti, — The root.
Characters, — The root consists of brown bark which is bitf er and
astringent. The wood is hard and without any taste. Flowers
fragrant. The fragrancy is due to the presence of coumarln.
Cow^/Z/wrw/i.— Contains tannin, coumarin. a bitter principle and a
volatile oil. Used as infusion. Decoction (i in 2c). Dose, 4 to 6 drs.
Extract. Dose, 2 to 5 grs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent and tonic ; given in diarrhoea
cholera infantum, also in haemorrhages^ gonorrhea, ulcers &c.
Portulaoaceae.
The Purslane or the Kulpha family.
Succulent herbs or shrubs. Leaves cxstipulate, entire. Flowers
unsyrametrical. Fruits capsular, usually dehiscing transversely or by
valves or by a lid. Seeds solitary or numerous. Albumen farinaceous.
Root fleshy.
Habitats — Cape of Good Hope and S, America,
Prr,pertm.^Somt possess cooling and antiscorbutic propcrticS|
some be*ir edible roots.
Partutaca Oleracea, Portulaca Quadrlfida, P* Maridlana,
lUicebrum Yerticalatam.
Habitat. — All warm climates.
Part used, — The seeds and herb,
Portulaca —Porto, to carry, and lac, milk. The herb abounds in
milky juice,
P*crHacn/ar, — Arab,^ — Baklat-al Humaka. Kurfah, Beng. — ^Buro
Luccia* Burm. — Mya-by eet. Can, — Dooda Gorat. Cing, — Genda*
kola. Duk. — Chorote, Eng. — Purslane* Guz. — Loni. Hind.—
Kulpha, Linria, Moucha. Malyal.^ — Karichira* Mar. — Bhnigholi«
Panj. — Limak^ Kakeba. Pers. — Turuk, Kurfah. Sans. — Lonika,
Lunia, Oopadyki. Tarn.— Karil Kiraj. TeU — Bodda-aveli-kura.
Characters, — An annual succulent creeper ; fresh leaves, fleshy,
entire, cunifomi, succulent, oblong and fiat ; flowers sessile, small and
yellow; capsules globose or o%-ate; one-celled ; seeds numerous resembling
those of Hura hura but smaller and of a fainter colour, black reinform
and minutely lubercled. The pLint ha^^ a disagreeable smell and an
•cid mucilagrnous taste.
Ctinstiiuents, — The leaves contain acid potassium oxalatet and
mucilage.
2SO DICHROA FEBRIFUGA.
Preparation. — Infusion of the leaves and seeds. Dose, 2 to 8 drs.
Juice of leaves. Dose, 2 to 8 drs. Compound Tincture (i in 10),
containing bitter purslane 100, rum 150, Bordeaux wine 850, citrate
of iron ^. Dose. 60 to 100 ms.
Actions and uses, — Both the varieties are bitter, diuretic and
demulcent ; also refrigerant and alterative ; used in scanty and
high coloured urine, albuminuria, cystitis, and chronic bronchitis.
The compound tincture with citrate of iron is used as a bitter tonic
during convalescence from acute fevers and other diseases. The bruised
leaves are used as a cooling application in erysipelas, burns, scalds and
other inflamed and swollen parts. The seeds are vermifuge, diuretic
and demulcent, and given in haemorrhages. The natives give the
powder of the seeds in haemoptysis.
Sazifragaoen.
Herbs ; leaves alternate, entire or lobed, stipulate or exstipulate.
Flowers unsymmetrical; calyx inferior 4 or 5 partite, stamens perigynous
or hypogynous. Fruit capsular, i to 2 celled. Seeds numerous, small,
albumen, fleshy.
Habitat, — Mountainous districts of northern countries.
Properties. — Astr i ngen t .
Diohroa Febrifaga.
Habitat. — Himalaya, Java, China, Khasia mountains.
Part used. — The root bark.
Vernacular. — Bhutan, — Sing-namook. Cochin-China — Cay-
thuong-son. Cham-chau. Hind. — Basak. Lepcha. — Gebokanak.
Characters. — Root bark in chips, light yellow coloured, soft and
corky ; externally fissured longitudinally, internally smooth and waxy ;
almost tasteless, odour faintly aromatic.
Constituents, — A crystalline glucoside termed Dichroin, It is allied
to aesculin ; another crystalline principle of the nature of wax, insoluble
in water and soluble in alkaline fluids ; also starch, but no tannin.
/V^/flrr<i/ib;/.— Decoction with liquorice (i in 20). Dose, \ to i
fluid oz.
Actions and uses. — Febrifuge and aperient; given in ague and other
malarial fevers ; in large doses it acts as an emetic and causes depression
of the circulation.
Hydrangea ArboreBoens.
Wild Hydrangea, Leven bark.
Habitat. — United States.
Part used. — The root.
Characters.— A plant with white, tough root.
Constituents. — Gum, albumen, starch, resin, ferrous salts and
other salts.
SAXtFRAGA LIGULATA.
2^1
Prfparatifyn. — A compound powder containing Hydrangea,
benjsoic acid and salicylate of lithia. Dose, 20 to 60 grs. Fluid extract^
20 to 60 ms. DecociioD of the root (i in 20). Dose^ 1 to 2 ozs*
Actions and uses, — ^Tonic, sialagogue, diuretic, stomachic and lithon-
triptic ; given in calcutous affections and other abnormal conditions of
the kidneys, chronic gleet, prostatitis and bladder irritation. It
increases the flow of urine and hence is useful either in retention
or suppression of urine. The powder has been regarded as a soothing
alterative and antilithic in urinary* calculus, diabetes, gout, cystitis, rheu-
matism, haematuria, Bright*s disease, and vesical irritations generally.
It promotes the removal of gravel from the bladder and relieves the
pain during the passage of concretions through the ureters.
Saxifraga Llgulata.
ifabiiah — Temperat e H i ni alay a .
Parts used, — The rhizome.
Vemacntar, — Beas. — Mokhan, Chenab. — Bat pi a. Hind.— Daka-
chru, Batpia. Ind. Bazaar — Pashanbhed, Pakhanbheda, Jhelum-Popal
Ban, Patraki Khasia. — Atia, Torongsingh. Nepal,— Sohanpe-soah.,
Pan). Shaproki. Ravi. — Saprotri. Pashanbhed means stone breaker.
It dissolves stone in the bladder.
Chtiractns, — Rhizome in small pieces I or 2 inches long and about
I inch in diameter, externally brown, wrinkled and scaly, bearing scan
of rootlets ; substance dense, hard and of a reddish colour. Taste as-
tringent and odour sh'ghtly aromatic.
Constituents, — Tannic and gallic acids, starch, mineral salts,
iDetarabin, albumen, glucose, mucilage, wax and an odorous principle.
Ash 12*87 p. c, containing calcium oxalate.
Actions and uses, — Diuretic, demulcent and astringent ; given in
diarrhcea and cough and in uric acid diathesis ; with honey it is applied
to the gums in teething in children to allay irriution. Dose, 5 to 20
grs.
CrasaulacQaB*
The house leek, stone crop or the zakhme hayata family ; plants
generally succulent ; herbs or shrubs, with fcxstipulate, entire or pinnaii*
fid leaves. Flowers cymose, perfectly symmetrical ; fruits dehiscent,
consisting either of a whorl of follicles or a capsule ; seeds very smallf
albumen fleshy ; embryo in the axis of albumen.
Habitat*-— Qtv\tiA\y in dry situation, Cape of Good Hope.
Ptnperties, — Astringent, refrigerant and acrid.
Sedam Acre,
Syn* — Wall pepper. Mossy stone crop, small house leek.
Habitat, — Europe. Runs wild in some places in North America*
Ptitt used. — The entire planU
Characters. — Moss-tike spreading plant, growing in Avy fields and
on old walls. Leaves one-eighth to a quarter inch long, alternate^
tS2 KALANCHOE LANCINIATA.
nearly imbricate, in about six spirally turned rows, ovate, thick, convex
on the back, punctate and smooth. Flowers in scorpoid cymes,
petals yellow, pistils 4 to 5, stamens 8 to 10. The plant is inodorous
and has a mucilaginous and acrid taste. Dose, 10 to 15 grs.
Constituents. — Much mucilage and malates. Its active principle
rutin has not been isolated.
Preparations. — Fl. extract of the whole plant. Dose, 15 to 30 grs.
Actions and uses. — The bruised plant or its juice is emetic, the
emesis being copious and causing little pain, and is employed for
removing the false membranes in diphtheria. It is used as an
application to scrofulous, cancerous, and scorbutic ulcers, as a
resolvent to enlarged lymphatic glands and a dressing to chronic
diseases of the skin ; also used to remove warts and corns.
Kalanchoe Lanoiniata. K. Pinnata. K. Spathnlata. Bryophyllnm*
Calyoiniim.
Habitat. — Deccan Peninsula, Bengal.
Parts used. — The leaves.
Vernacular. — Bens. — Hamsigar. Bomb. — Pervur sala, Airavana
Nairavana. Burm. — Ywet-kyst-pen-ponk. Can. — Kalnaru, Haradha*
chchaka. Duk.— Gha-e-mari. Hind. — Ghai-mari, Parnabija, Zakhm-
hyata, Ghai-oat, Aran-maran, Hemsagar. Mar. — Varnaby, Ghaimari,
Ghaipat. Sans. — Aimasa-gara, Ashti-bhaksha. Panj. — Talara, Haiza-
ka-patt, Parna-veja. Tam. — Malla-kulli.
Parnabija — Parna means leaf, and bija, a seed ; this is in allusion to
the character of the plant, the crenulations of whose leaves in contact
with the damp soil give rise to fresh buds which take roots and
develop new plants.
Zakhm-e-ha3rata — Zakhm, a wound, and Hayat to heal, A healer
of the wound. Wound heals at once and no trace of any morbid
condition is left behind.
Characters. — B. Calycinum. Plant erect, tall, fleshy, and suffru-
ticose ; leaves thick, ovate, crenated ; leaflets one large and two smaller
ones ; petiole and margin of leaf purple ; flowers yellowish red ; taste
acid and astringent. Dose 6f the juice, 30 to 40 ms. K. Lanciniata —
Leaves decompound and pinnatifid ; segments, oblong, acute toothed ;
flowers yellow.
Constituents. — Chlorophyll, fat, a yellow organic acid, cream of
tartar, sulphate of calcium and free tartaric acid ; calcium oxalate
is found in the leaves.
Actions and uses. — ^The leaves are styptic and applied hot to
contused wounds, bruises and boils. By their application the edges of
incised wounds heal generally by first intention ; when applied to unheal-
thy wounds and foul ulcers they allay irritation and inflammation, and
facilitate cicatrization. It is used as an application to bites of venomous
insects, as gnats, house leek, &c. The juice of the leaves with butter
is astringent and given in diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera and phthisis.
DROSKRA PtLTATA.
253
Droseraoeae^
Sundew family. Herbs growing in marshy places, frequently
glandular. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, with a circinate vernation ;
flowers regular, symmetrical and hypogynous ; fruitt capsular, one-
celled with loculicidal dehiscence ; seeds numerous, albumen fleshy,
embryo small.
//ahiaL-^Found everywhere except the arctic regions,
/^T3^if*r/ilfi.— Slightly acid and acrid. This family is charac-
tertzed by having glands on their leaves or hairs with peculiar irrita*
bility which enables them to entrap insects. Example, Sundew or
Venus's flytrap.
Drosera Peltata* D. Lunata, D. Rotundifolia.
Round Leaved Sundew.
HaMai. — Himalayas, Neilgherry. N. Europe.
Part used.— The whole plant.
Characters^— W^^h of a dark oliv^e green colour, growing in
marshy places ; stem erect, and glabrous ; leaves scattered with glan-
dular hairs which close when flies and insects alight upon them ; long
petiolcd, peltate with two long horns pointing upwards ; style pencil-
shaped* Capsule globose ; seeds, oblong, numerous and small. Flowers
yellow. Paper, cloth, or even wood is stained of a deep red colour by
the plant il allowed to dry upon them ; it has the odour of sour milk.
Cofistiinenis, — A crystalline colouring matter ; a resin (having
blistering property) and ash containing persalts of iron.
Preparations. ^'PXrnd extract 5 to 20 ms. Tincture (i in 10).
Dose, 5 to 10 tns.
Actions and uses. — The expressed juice is acrid and caustic and
j)pUed to warts and corns ; applied to the skin it sets up inflammatioo
ajid causes a blister. Intenialiy the fluid extract of the leaves has been
used in asthma, chronic bronchitis, phthisis and whooping cough ;
also in gastric disorders and in flatulence. In whooping cough it
lessens the violence of the paroxysms and relieves harsh and loud cough*
It also prevents bleeding from the nose and vomiting.
Remarks. — It is said that animal substances if used as manure arc
digested by the sundews and they thrive upon such food and produce
more capsules and seeds. It is used by the natives to reduce gold
10 powder. A paste of the plant is used to cover a sovereign >vhich is
then enclosed in an earthen pot, cemented wiih clay and put in fire
and thoroughly burnt* Gold is then reduced to powder and used
as antisyphilitic, alterative and tonic in various chronic diseases*
Llquidambaraoese or Altingiaoese.
Trees balsamifcrous. — Leaves i^^imple, lobed and alternate ; stipulaa
deciduous. Flowers unisexual, involucraie and amentaceous. KruiL
cone-shaped ; capsules two-celled enclosed in hard scales; seeds winged,
peltate and albuminous, Embrj^o inverted. Radicle superior.
254 LIQUIDAMBER ALTINGIA,
Habitat. — Natives of warm part of India, America and South of
Europe.
Properties, — ^Remarkable for fragrant balsamic properties ; they
have warm bitter barks.
In the United States it is called sweet gum, and the fragrant
balsam juice which exudes from stems by incision is called liquidamber,
oil of amber, or copalm balsam.
Liquidamber Altingia, Altingia Exoelsa.
Habitat, — Java, Tenasserim
Parts tised. — Resin, liquid storax.
Vernacular, — ^Arab — Meaohe-sayelah. Burm. — Nan-tayok. Eng.
—Rosa malloes, liquid storax. Java. — Rasa mala. Malay. — Rasa
mala.
Characters. — Bark when wounded yields a resin which is employed
to mix with balsam of Peru.
Actiofts and uses. — The bark is bitter, aromatic and stimulant
of mucous membranes, chiefly of the air passages.
Liquidamber Orientalis, B. P.
Habitat. — Forests in Asia minor.
Part used. — The Balsam obtained from the trunk, purified by
solution in Ethylic alcohol, filtration and evaporation of the solvent.
Sty rax praeparatum, prepared storax, B. P.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Meahsayelah, Lubni, Dukhan-el-daru. Bom.
Burm. — Inyok. Eng.-— oriental sweet gum, gum storax, Tar-wood.
Guz. — Silarasa. Hind. — Silarasa Asht-loban. Ind. — Silaras, Malay. —
Rosa Malay. Pers. — Asli, Lubni. Sans. — S*lhaka. Tam. — Nare-
arishippal. Tel. — Shila rasam. Ast loban. — Western frankincense.
Characters. — A soft or semi-liquid viscid balsam resembling
honey. When in thin layers, transparent, of a greyish brown
colour and heavier than water. On heating, it becomes dark brown.
The smell is pleasant and balsamic. Taste pungent, burning and
aromatic ; insoluble in warm water, soluble in hot alcohol, in ether,
or chloroform, glacial acetic acid, bisulphide of carbon and in most of
the essential oils. The bark occurs in half quills, several inches long,
ofa light brown colour ; externally soft and corky ; internally resinous
and aromatic. Dose, 5 to 20 grs.
Constituents. — A volatile oil styrol(cinnamene); a crystalline solid
styracin or Cinnamate of Cinnamic ether, two resins, one hard and the
other soft : and Cinnamic acid.
Styrol. — A hydrocarbon obtained by distilling storax with water
It is a colourless thin liquid of a fragrant odour and burning taste; also
synthetically obtained by heating acetylene gas, or from ethylbenzol
bromide by heating it with baryta. When heated to a very high
temperature it is converted into metacinnamene which is a colourless
amorphous solid, insoluble in alcohol and ether. When distilled it is
reconverted into styrol.
HAMAMKXIS VlRGlNtAXA
555
Cinnamic acid. — Closely allied to benzoic acid* obtained by heating
<itorax with solution of sodium carbonate and precipitating by hydro-
chloric acid. It is colourless crystalline body, without any odour*
It is excreted in the urine as hippuric acid. It is a constituent of
balsam of Peru and Tolu.
Preparaiinn^ — Tinctura Benzoini composita, B. P, Dose, J to i
dr. Mostly used externally.
Actions atid uses, — Stimulant, expectorant^ diuretic, antiseptic,
disinfectant and astringent. As an expectorant it is gi%'en in pulmo-
nary affections^ chronic bronchitis, chronic catarrh of the geni to-urinary
organs, as cystitis, pyelitis, gonorrhoea, amenorroea, leucorrhoea,
and gleet ; to affections of the throat, and in copious perspiration*
An ointment is used as a parasiticide for scabies, phthiriasis 8lc. It acts
like Benzoin, balsams of Tolu and Peru, and copaiba. The Hindus
use it for perfuming medicinal oils. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Liquid Ambar Styraciflua.
HahiiaL — North America^ United States.
Dfirt used. — ^The Balsam exuding spontaneously or from incisions
made in the trunk.
Characten. — Thick, transparent yellowish brown liquid ; of a
strong odour of liquid storax ; taste aromatic and acrid. It solidifies
on exposure to the air ; soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform.
Dose, 5 to 30 grains.
Comtituents. — Styracin, storestn, a hydrocarbon 3.5 p.c*t almost
identical with styrol and cinnamic acid 5^ p*c,
/V;if/rfirfl/ibw.— Emulsion, ointment, cerate,
Actirms and tnes* — Same as those of Liquidamber altingia ;
stimulant* expectorant and diuretic.
Hamamelidaeea,
Witch hazel family; small trees; leaves alternate; stipules deciduous;
flowers perfect or unisexual; calyx superior, 4 or 5 lobed ; petals 4 or
5 ; fruits capsular, 2 valved with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds
pendulous and albuminous*
HabitaL — Temperate climates and tropics, Japan, China, Mada-
gascar, Assam*
Ptfjfierties, — Astringent, acrid, bitter and balsamic.
Hamamelia Yirginiana, B. P.
Syn- — Winter bloom ; Witch hazel, so called from the twigs being
ased in the days of witchcraft as divining rods to indicate hidden
[>nng5, ores, &c.
fJabiiat, — United States.
Part used. — The fresh and dried leaves, Hamamciidis folia —
Hamamelis leaves, witch hazel leaves* B, P., and the dried bark —
Hamamelidis cortex, Hamamelis bark, witch hazel bark, B. P,
2S6 COMBRETACEiE.
Characters. — Leaves ovate, pinnately veined with stellate hair, 3 to
6 inches long, upper surface dark green or brownish green, under
surface paler ; apex obtuse, margins sinuate, petiole short; without any
odour and of an astringent taste. Cortex in curved pieces -^ inch
thick, 2 to 8 inches long, sometimes coveted with silvery grey or dark
grey cork or warty scars ; inner surface pale reddish pink or cinnamon
colour and finely striated longitudinally. Fracture laminated and
coarsely fibrous. Taste astringent and bitter and without any odour.
Dose, 20 to 60 grains.
Constituents. — Hamamelis Folia contains tannin, a volatile oil
and a bitter principle. The bark contains tannin 8 p.c, bitter principle,
resin, wax, sugar and ash 6 p.c.
Preparation, — From the bark — Tinctura Hamamelidis B.P. (i in
10). Dose, i to I fl. dr. Decoction (1 to 20) for external use. From the
leaves— Extractum Hamamelidis Liquidum, B.P. — liquid extract of
Hamamelis. Dose, 5 to 15 ms. Hamamelidin or Hamamelin, an
uncertain powdered extract of a purple brown colour. Dose, ^ to 2
grs. Suppositories of 3 grs. each of the extract with cocoa butter,
useful for piles. Liquor Hamamelidis B.P. (leaves 5, water 10, alcohol
I, distil to one half) for external use. Unguentum Hamamelidis, B.P.,
liquid extract i, Hydrous wool fat 9. Hazeline, an American speciality.
A pleasant clear liquid, slightly sweetish, of a fragrant odour. Obtain-
ed by distillation of the twigs. Dose, ^ to 2 fluid drs.
Physiological Action. — Anodyne, sedative, cooling, antiseptic,
astringent and styptic ; used both internally and externally. All these
properties are mostly due to tannin, but it appears to have some special
influence over the venous circulation, somewhat like that of aconite
on the arterial system. In full doses it causes throbbing in the head.
As a sedative it is used locally in cutaneous inflammations. It is a
good application as an injection for haemorrhoids of a bleeding variety,
for varicose veins (varicocele) erysipelas, ulcers, sprains and abrasions,
also pruritus and eczema. In 1 to 3 ozs. of water it is used as an enema.
Internally it is given to check passive haemorrhages as haemorrhage
from the lungs, nose, stomach, kidneys, uterus, rectum, &c.
In threatened abortion it is beneficial. It is given in excessive
mucous discharges as gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea ; or as a gargle or
steam inhalation used in stomatitis, aphthae, sore throat, toothache, &c
Combretaoe«.
The Himaja or myrobalan family.
Trees or shrubs, leaves exstipulate entire without dots. Flowers
perfect or unisexual, beautiful and red, white or greenish yellow.
Fruits indehiscent and generally winged or obtuse angled, one seeded ;
seed, exalbuminous.
Habitat* — Asia, Africa, America.
The plants are remarkable for their astringent properties.
CALYCOr-TKRtS KLORtBONriA. 257
JUiojeissns L&tifolia. Conocarpus Latifolius, A. Villosa. A.
ParvifoUa.
Htibiiut. — Himalaya, Ceylon.
Part used. — ^The gum.
Vemaculat . — Can. — Dimluga. Ciag.^Madhura-twacha. Eng.
— Crane tree. Gu2. — Dhaval. Hind, — Dhaya, Dhaura, Bakh
Sans, — V'akavriksea, DhavaL Tam. — ^Vellanaga, Vakalee< Tel.^ —
Sheriinam, yclla-muddi.
Vaka vrikahat Crane tree, the fruit resembles the head of a crane
(vaka) ; Dhava from dhva to flow : a large ainount of gum flows
from it like milk from the breast.
Characters. — Leaves short pctioledi ovatc» smooth generally, and
jnarginatc, i to 4 inches long^ and ^ to i inches broad. Taste very
"^ stringent, the leaves of A. villosa are rusty and villous on both
lurfaces. Those of A parvifolia are small and silk}** The gum from
the bark resembles ghatti gund and is in vermicular or elongated tears,
colourless or of a pale yellow colour, rough and of a glassy fracture^
free Irom cracks. and transparent* It darkens by keeping ; with water
it forms a highly viscid mucilage.
Constituents, — The leaves contain tannic acid 15*5 p* c. The ash
contoins carbonate of potash.
Prefarations, — Decoction of the leaves (i in lo). Dose, J to i
fid. oz.
Acftons and uses, — Demulcent and astringent ; the gum is used
as a substitute for gum arabic. The decoction is astringent, and is givea
in diarrhcea and gonorrhcra.
Calyoopteris Floribunda.
Hiibttat* — W. India, Assam-
Paris used. — The leaves, root and fruit-
Vefttacular* — Can.— Marsada, Baguli. Hiod. — Kokoranj. Mar —
ill, Ukshi. TeL— Bandi-Murudu.
CZ/ar^c/iT^.-— Leaves opposite, having on the upper surface thinly
scattered long hairs ; under surface rusty, tomcntose. Taste astriogent
and bitter* Fruit ovoid, 5 ribbed and villous*
Constituents. — Tannin 6*86 p. c.
Preparation. — Juice of leaves ; infusion (1 in 20). Do$e» 3 to &
dr** Paste of the root.
AcHoni and uses. — Stimulant and astritigent. The juice of leaves
or infusion is used in colic and dyspepsia* 'Fhe root paste, mixed with
that of croton oblongifolium is used for bites of Phoorsa snake (Echis
caruuta). The fruit is used along with other carminatives in jaun-
dice. The fruit is rubbed with the root of Grtwia Pilosa and the paste
mixed with honey is applied to ulcers.
17
258 TERMINAL! A ARJUNA,
QoiBqualis Indioa. Q. Yillosa.
Habitat — Malaya and India.
Paris used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Duk. — Kangun-ki-bel. Eng.— Rangoon Creeper,
Chinese honeysuckle. Hind.— Rang^n-ki-bel. Malay. — Sun-sung,
aroos. Mar. — Vilayati Chumeli. Tam. — Irangfin-Malli. Tel. —
Rangunu-malle-chettu.
Characters. — Dry seeds black, yellowish and oily internally.
Fruits oval or oblong, pointed at either end and sharply pentagonal.
They dehisce from the apex. Pericarp woody, thin, fragile and of a
mahogany colour and enclosing a seed.
Constituents. — Fruits consist of shells 41 parts, and kernels
59 parts in 100 parts ; they contain a fixed oil 15 p. c. of a yellow colour,
a sugary substance, similar to levulose, and an organic acid similar
to cathartic acid. The seeds afford an alkaline ash.
Actions and uses, — The bruised seeds are anthelmintic and given
in expelling lumbrici. Dose, 4 or 5 seeds.
Terminalia Arjana, Pentaptera Arjnna, P. Glabra,
P. AnguBtifoUa.
Habitat*^ Deccan, Ceylon, Bengal, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces.
Parts used. — The bark«
Vernacular, — Beng*— Anun. Bom. — Arjun Ladara. Burm. —
Tonk-kyan. Can. — Toru Biflimatti. Duk. — Arjuna. Hind. — Arjan,
Kahu, Jamla. Malyal. — Vella-maruta. Mar. — Kowa, Shardul.
Pinjal, Arjun. Panj. — ^Jumla, Kukhsoba. Sans, — Aijuna, Kakubha.
Tam.— Veellai-Maruda-maram. Tel. — Tella-maddi-chettu.
Characters. — Bark, in quills, brown, soft, scabrous and corky, easily
separable from the wood, and breaking with a short fracture, taste
astringent and odour aromatic
Constituents. — ^The ash of the bark contains 34 p. c. of almost
pure calcium carbonate. The bark also contains tannin.
Preparation. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, i to i fld. oz.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, and tonic ; given in heart disease.
Locally used as a wash for wounds, ulcers, contusions, and specially
used in promoting union of fractures and dispersion of ecchymosis ;
internally largely used by the natives in haemorrhagic and other
fluxes and as a lithontriptic
Terminalia Bellerioa.
Habitat. — India, Ceylon, Coimbatore, Peshawar.
Parts used. — The dried pulp of the fruit without stones.
Vernacular^ — Arab.— Balilaj. Beng. — Bohor&, Bahera. Bom. —
Behedan. Burm. — Phankha-si-tit-sein. Bankha. Can. — ^Tari-kuyi.
Cing. — Bulu. Duk. — B&larA, Balda. Eng.— Beleric myrobalan,
^^^^ TfiRMIKAtlA CHEBL^LA. 259
Bastard myroBaians, Bedda-nuts. Guz«<^Behd^n. Hind.^— Bharla,
Bahera, Baira. Mar, — ^Behada. Karsba-phal, Bhulvaso. Malyal. — TaoL
Pcrs^^Balileh. Sans, — V^ibhiuka, Anilaghnakaf Bahira. Tain,—
Tanrik-kay, Tel-— Tandra-kayi» Bahadraha.
Anilaghnaka means Windkilling.
Characters, — ^Two varieties, one with nearly globular fruity tlie other
ovate and much larger. The dried fruit, larger in size than a jaephala
and obtusely angled ; external surface brown, velvety or silky» shghlly
wrinkled, having a small stalk at the bottom and a depression on the
top ; interior containing a dried pulp, yellow and brittle, and easily
removable from the stone ; stone hard, woody, oval in shape, of a pale
yellow colour and containing an almond-like seed, very much wrink-
seed when fresh oily and haviBg the taste like that of filberts,
id intoxicating when eaten in quantities. Bark when wounded
iving out insipid gum in tears and vermiform pieces ; colour dark
brown, surface smooth, free from cracks, very little soluble in water,
and forming a tough mass. It contains crystals of oxalate of lime.
Ojmtttueut^. — Gallo-tannic acid, colouring matter, resins and a
greenish yellow oil.
Preparatifms. — Powder of the pericarp. Dose, 10 to 40 grs, and
decoction of fruit (i in 10). Dose, } to i fid. 02, Linctus or
lozenges*
Actions and uses, — Astringent, tonic and laxative ; with salt and
long pepper it is given as an expectorant in the form of electuaries in
cough» hoarseness of voice, sere throat and dyspepsia. The dried
nulp roasted is kept in the mouth as lozenges in sore throat. The
Iruil is given in diarrhcea, dropsy, piles, leprosy, &c., also in
enlargement of the spleen.
Terminalia Chebula, T. Reticulata* MyrobaJaiit
Habitat, — Tablelands of India, Ceylon, Punjab,
Parts used, — ^The dried fruits — myrobalans and galls.
There are four varieties of chebulic myrobalans used medicinally
in India, but they are the same fruit at different stages of maturity.
V^cry large fruits fetch a fancy price.
IWnacuJar* — Ouite mature or ripe fruits. — Arab. — Halitat-i-
Cabuli. Bcng, — Hara, Haritaki. Can, — Alale-kayi« Cing. — ^Aralu.
Duk, — Harda, Harll. Guz. — Sardari harade, iMohoti Harade. Pile
harade. Kabuli Harade. Hind, — Harpile, Harja umbedhur» Harda.
Le|)cha — Silimking. Malval. — ^Kulukka. Mar. — H^rapa, Pahari-
Hatia« Pers. — Halilohei^ /arda. Sans.^ — Haritaka, Abhaya, pranada
pathtya« sudha, Bishak priya vigia, Aniruta chetaki. Tam. — Kaduk-
kay. Teh— Karakkaya,
Fruit when arrived at or near maturity and yellow. Arab. —
Habilch-i-Asfar, Hatileh-i-chino. Bomb., Hind.— Haradan, Rangari
hirailc^ Pers. — Rohini, Halileh-e-asfar,
260 TERMINALIA CHBBULA.
Young fruit when dried becoming black and brown and of the
size of a raisin, — Arab. — Halileh-i-Zangi, Halibche siyah, Halilaji
asvad. Bomb. — Bola harade. Can. — Alsle-pinda. Duk. — Balhalre,
Zangi-harle. Eng. — Black myrobalans. Guz — Himaja, himaji harade.
Hind. — Bilh4r, Langi-hir, kilihar. Pers. — Halilahe sibajih. Sans. —
Bala-haritaka, Himavali Patana Abhayia. Sind. — Imachi. Tam. —
Kadak-kay. Tel.— Pinda Karak-kaya.
Fruit very young about the size of a grain of barley. Arab. —
Halileh-i-Jawi. Guz. — Java harade. Mar. — Javasa, fruit about the
size of a cinnamon seed. Arab. — Halileh*i-zira.
Gall-like excrescenses. Incorrectly considered as flowers. Beng.—
Haritaki-phul. Can. — Alale-havon. Duk. — Halre-k^-phai. Guz. —
Harle-phul, pilo harle phul. Malyal. — Katukka-pu. Mar. — Hirada-
phule. Sans. — Haritaki pushpam. Tam. — Kadu-kai-pu. Tel. —
Karak-kayu-puwulu Aldicai,
Pranada life-giver. Sudha, Nectar. Bhishakpriya, Physician's
favourite. Shakra — Shrista, created by Indra. Pathya, a corruption
of paraiya or Paharija or paharej — abstinence from unwholesome or
luxurious living. This drug can be given with benefit to persons
who may be sufiering from the ill effects of reckless eating and
drinking.
C^tfrtfc/^r^,— Halileh-i-kabuli, sarwar-i-Hindi, survari harade — a
very large sized fruit of an ovoid form, smooth, dense, readily sinking
into water and heavy ; about 2 inches long, and tapering, especially at
the lower end ; 5 or 6 sided, furrowed longitudinally and highly wrink-
led ; epidermis yellowish brown. When cut into, it shows a yellowish
or darkish brown pulp and stone; pulp astringent and somewhat sticky
to the taste. The best quality of harade contains a large, rough, bony
one-celled endocarp and largest quantity of pulp. The epidermis
when chewed is smarting to the tongue, the stone is insipid, the pulp
is bitter and somewhat sour. Dose, 2 to 10 grs. Haradan. Rangari
hirade. These are smaller in size, wrinkled and less furrowed than
survari harade. In length each is about an inch or more. The
epidermis is yellow. When cut into, it presents a yellow dried pulp
and a stone. Bila harade. These are unripe fruits, smaller in size
than the above two varieties, and ovoid ; colour deep brown or black,
wrinkled, tapering, epidermis dark or brown. On section, in the
interior is found a pulp which is dark and homogeneous There
is no stone. It has a shining fracture and an astringent taste. Dose,
30 to 60 grs. Java harade. It is the most diminutive of all. The word
Java means barley, and it is so called as in size it resembles Java ;
other characters are similar to those of himaja. Galls. These are
produced by the tender leaves being punctured by an insect, and
its eggs deposited therein which by extravasation of the sap
became enlarged into hollow glands of various^ shapes and sizes.
Dose, I to 3 grs.
Constituents. — Myrobalans contain astringent principles — tannic
acid (45 p, c.) and gallic acid, mucilage, a brownish yellow
TERMING
2bi
COlountTg matter. Chebulic myrobalans also contain an "organic acid
named chebuUnic acid, which, when heated in water, spHts up into
tannic and gslhc acids.
Chebuhnic acid»— To the extract of chebulic myrobalans, add
sodium chloride solution. Dissolve the matter that separates
in water, shake the solution with acetic ether. Evaporate the ether,
^dissolve the residue tn water — chebulinic acid crystallizes out in
'rhombic prisms. It is an acid without any odour. Taste sweety freely
^lublc in alcohol and hot water, sparingly so in ether and in cold water.
The myrobalans also contain an oleo resin of a green colour, soluble
in alcohol, petroleum spirit, and oil of turpentine. Tt is called
myrobalanin.
Preparatiun, — Survari harade— a confection, paste and electuary of
the fruit deprived of stone. Infusion or decoction ( 1 in lo ). Dose, 4
drachms to i ounce
Himaja powder fried in ghcc or in casLor oil* Dose, J to 2 drs,
Java harade, the same as those of himaja ; a compound powder—
Amrita baritaki and a decoction pathyadi kuatha.
AcUfius and uses, — Purgative, astringent and alterative. The ripe
fruits are generally purgative ajid the unripe ones astringent and aper*
tent. Survari harde freed from the stone (the pulp and the cortex being
only used) is used as a laxative generally combined with aromatics as
fennel seeds and carraway and given in chronic bronchitis, asthma and
in gastric intestinal disorders* Combined with cmbclic and beleric
myrobalans, it forms the well known Indian preparation called
Triphala, meaning the three fruits, which is used as an alterative, tonic
and stomachic,
Rangart hiradc — alterative, stomachic, laxative and astringent ;
given in fevers, piles and intestinal disorders ; chiefly used by tanners.
Btitaharade^a mild and safe aperient, and astringent. Like rhubarb,
it causes one free motion, and then regulates the boweh. Fried in
ghee over a fire it is largely used in chronic diarrhoea, choleraic
diarrhoBa and dysentery ; also in flatulence, vomiting, hiccough and
colicky pains. Java harade. — Its actions and uses are similar to
r those of himaja. Galls on the leaves are poweifuUy astringent and
iven in dysentery and diarrhoea in children.
Many imitations of survari haradearc sold by Jogis and M4ravaries
who sell them at very high or fanciful prices ; spurious preparations
often weighing as much as 6 to 12 ozs., are prepared by over-lapping
diminutive survari harade (taken as a nucleus) with several slices
of other survari harade, the whole being cleverly glued together and
made to resemble a natural big-sized fruit. The high price fetched
for survari harade is said to be due to its rarity and also to the fanciful
medicinal properties attributed lo it. It is said that Rajas and others
who have a repugnance to take medicine internally, are made to
keep survari harade in their hands for a few minutes, when it acts ^ a
purgative. In order that the public may give ready credence to such
262 TERMINALIA CATAPPA.
fanciful virtues, the Jogis who prepare fictitious harade generally
paint them with some highly irritant cathartics under the belief that
when held in the hand the irritants become absorbed and produce pur-
gative effects.
Tenninalla Catappa, T. Myrobalans.
Habitat. — All over India.
Parts used, — The fruit or nut, bark and oil.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Indian almond tree, leaf-nut. Beng. — Benglu-
badam. Cing. — Kotamba. Can. — Nat-badami. Guz. — Nat-ni-
bidam. Hind. and Duk. — ^Jangli-l^dam. Mar. — Nit-budam.
Malyal. — Katta-kurn. Catappa. Pers. — Badame-hinde. Sans. —
Jugudi-phallaani Desha-badamitte. Tam. — Nattu Vadam-kottai .
Tel.— Nattu-Badam-Vettichi.
Characters. — Fruit, a drupe, oval, smooth, compressed or flattened»
of a dull purple colour when ripe. Nut rough, hard and thick ; kernel
cylindrical, edible and resembling almonds, and hence called country
almonds or ' leaf nut ' amongst the Europeans.
Constituents. — The seeds contains 50 p. c. of the oil resembling
almond oil, in flavour and mildness. It is of a pale yellowish colour
and without any odour, and composed of stearine and oleine. The
bark yields a black pigment used by the natives to colour their teeth.
Prefarations.—'DecocXXon of the bark (i in 10). Dose, \
li fid. oz.
Actions and uses. — The bark is astringent and "given in atonic
dyspepsia, diarrhoea, gonorrhcea and leucorrhcea. The fruit has the
same properties as those of almond.
Terminalla Panioolata, Pentaptera Panioulata.
Z^/^^/Va/.— Malabar, Nilgherries and Coorg.
Parts used. — The flowers and bark.
Vernacular. — Can. — Honal Huluwa. Mar. — Kinjal, Kindal.
Tam.— Maruthu, Matti, Maida. TeL— Nei-muri.
/V^/ar/i/rb«.— Powder.
Actions and w^^^.— Stimulant. The flowers are used by the
natives with the root of cissampelos pareira in cholera. The juice of
the flowers or bark with that of gu&va bark is used as an antidote in
opium poisoning. The same juice melted with butter and rock-salt
is applied externally in parotitis.
Terminalla Tomentosa, Terminalla Glabra, T. Alata, T. Crenulata*
Habitat. — India.
Parts /w^.— The bark.
Vernacular.— Beng.^Ashkn, Piasal. Can.— Mutti karai. Cing.—
Koombuk. Duk. — Jangli-karanj. Hindi.— Asan. Mai.— Tambavu,
karu-maruta. Mar. — Ain. Tam.— Kurrupu-maruta, Kara-marada.
Tel. — Nalla-maddi-chettu.
CARKYA ARBOREA-
a(i3
Characters, — The bark is thin, yellowish brown.
Constituents, — ^The ash of the bark contains much potash and
tannin.
PteparatiosiSn — Decoction (i in lo)* Dose, i to 2 ozs,
Actions and uses, — ^ A stringent ; used in diarrhcea, dyspepsia, and
leucorrbceaf like the bark of T. catappa.
MyrtaoeaB.
The Jimbu or Myrtle family. Trees or shrubs, with opposite,
alternate, entire, cxstipulatc and usually dotted leaves. Flowers white
or scarlet, generally brown. Fruits dry or succulent, dehiscent or
indehiscenti seeds numerous^exalbutninous.
Habitat, — ^Tcmperate climates and tropics.
/^o/ertus, — The trees are remarkable for pungent and aromatic
properties due to their containing volatile oils. Many of these oils
are used as stimulants, antispasmodics^ diaphoretics, aromatics and
carminatives. Some species are astringent and others secrete a
saccharine matter; some bear edible fruits, some are used as spices, and
others are used in preparing perfumery. Some are used as timber.
Careya Ajboraa.
Habitat, — Throughout India,
I^MTis HS$d, — The dried calices of flowers and the bark.
Vcrnactdar, — Beng. — ^{The dried calices) Bakumbha, Burm.*^
Bambhooai, banubwait ban. Bomb. — Bakumbha. Cing. — Kahaatta.
Eng.— Wild guava, Guz. — Vakumbha. — Kumbha. Hind. — Ramba,
kumbhce* Malyal. — Peloa. Mar. — Vakurabha, kumbha. Sans. —
Kurnbhi. Tam. — Ave-mavo» Ayama. putatanni. Tel. — Kumbhi^
Diiilippi. Can. — Kumbhia, gouju, Mai. — Peru. Guz. — Vakumbha.
Beug. — Bakumbha.
Kumbhi means a jari a pitcher, or a water pot ; this is in
allusion to the hollow on the top of the fruit resembling in appearance
a water pot.
Characters, — ^The calices about an inch or i^ inches long* of a
brownish dark colour, and of the shape of cloves ; epidermis deeply
furrowed and much wrinkled. It has a very small stalk at the bottom.
On the top of the fruit there are diverging four scaly calyx-lobes. In
the middle of these there is a cup-shaped depression, from the centre
of which a long, slender, and wire-like curved style projects. Oo
tran^vversc section the ovary presents cavities in the interior of which
abortive seods are attached, taste faintly aromatic, aciduous, and astring-
ent; odour aromatic. Bark rough, red and fibrous within. On moistening
it much mucilage is given out. An astringent gum exudes from tlte
fruit and stems.
Constituents, — The thick red bark contains tannin, 8 p*c- The
liber contains calcium o.xalate in large simple crystals.
Preparations.^Decoction (i in 10). Dose^ 4 to la drs.
:264 EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA.
Actions and uses. — The bark and calices of the flowers are astring-
ent, demulcent, and aromatic. The decoction is used in indigestion,
and also as a demulcent in coughs and colds. The bark is used in
preparing emollient embrocations.
Remarks. — Vakumbha is erroneously called by the druggists
vavani phula.
Eugenia Caryophyllata, B. P., CaryophyllnB AromatiouB,
HyrtuB CaFyophylluB.
/Ttf^i/^/.— Malacca, East and West Indian Islands, Sumatra,
Penang, India, Ceylon, Travancore.
Parts used.— The fruit ; the dried flower-buds — Caryophyllum,
<:loves B, P., and oil — oleum Caryophylli, B. P.
Caryophyllus from caryon, a nut, and phyllon, a leaf, in allusion
to the nut-like appearance of flower buds which are like leaves. Clove,
from clavus, a nail. The dried flowers resemble nails.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Karanaphal. Beng. — Lovanga, long. Bom.
— (the fruit) nara lavanga. Burm. — La-nyen-pwen. Can. — Lavanga.
Chin. — Tkeng-hia, Ting-hisug. Cing. — Karambu krabugaha, Warrala.
Duk. — Ranjambool lavanga, Eng. — Cloves. Guz.— Lavanga. Hind.
— Laung, (the fruit) nara lavanga, (the clove stalks) vikunia. Malay. —
Karampu bunga chanke. Mai. — ^Bunga lavanga, Ran-jambul. Pers. —
Mykek. Sans. — Lavanga. Can.— Lavanga. Tel. — Davanga-pu.
Tam. — Kirambu Karuvap-pu. Ind. — (bazar, the fruit), na'elnaug.
The dried unripe fruits are known as mother cloves.
Karanphul is derived from karan, an ear, and phul, a flower. It
means a flower ornament for the ear, gold or silver ornaments used for
the ear resemble cloves in shape and size, hence the ornament is often
call lavong or karanphul.
Early writers call Lavang by the name of karanphul. This is
due to the practice of keeping lavang in the hole in the lobe of the
^ar to prevent it from closing.
Narlavang — Nar, a male, and lavang, a clove — mother-clove,
because of the erroneous;notion among the native that the seed-bearing
organ is always the male.
Characters. — A handsome evergreen. The dried unexpanded
flowers (cloves) consist of calices, ovary and flower buds f of an inch
long, of a rich or darkish brown colour, and very oily. In form resem-
bling vakumbhd; calyx tube tapering below, terminated by four thick
rigid teeth which diverge at the top of the ovary. Within them are
four imbricated petals forming small globular balls, enclosing numerous
stamens and a single style. Below the teeth of the calyx is a club-like
stalk which is the unripe ovary, surface much wrinkled, smell strong,
fragrant and spicy, taste aromatic and very agreeably pungent. All
parts of the clove abound in oil cells ; when scratched the oil exudes.
Dose, 5 to 20 grs.
EDCALVPTUS GLOBULUS.
J65
Mother cloves are ovatet oblong, about an inch long, containing
two'dark brown oblong, starchy, cotyledons, in size resembling pipUf
they abound in starch but contain less essential oil ; it has the odour
cf doves.
Constituents, — A heavy volatile oil 18 p* c, Caryophyllin —
a camphor, resin 6 p. c. Caryophyllic acid or eugenic acid; eugenin,
a cry^stalline body, tannin, woody fibre» gum, &c.
Oleum Caryophilli, B, R The oil distilled from cloves with water
or steam, A colourless or pale yellow oily liquid when fresh, becom-
ing thicker and reddish brown by keeping. Odour strong, pungent
.and aromatic^ taste, pungent and spicy — soluble in alcohol and glacial
acetic acid. It consists of a light and a heavy portion. The light
jrtion contains sesquiterpene caryophyllene. The heavy portion
contains cugenol, a phenol-like compound and caryophilli ne. Dose, ^
to 3 ms,
Caryophyllin — obtained by treating ethereal extract of cloves with
water, the precipitate is next filtered and treated with ammonia* It
occurs in silky stellate needles.
The oil of cloves of the Indian bazaars is prepared by steeping
cloves in sweet oil and keeping them for some days.
Prebaratmn* — Of the clove buds — ^Infusum caryophilli, B. P.
(i in 40). Dose» \ to 1 oz. Infusum auruntii composita* Dose, \ to i oz.
PhyWihjgical action, — ^ Antiseptic, local anassthetic, general
stomachic, carminative, aromatic^ antiemetic and antispasmodic ;
ejtteriially rubefacient, anaesthetic and antiseptic; internally, it in-
cTcaies the circulation and raises blood-heal, promotes digestion
and nutrition, and relieves gastric and intestinal pain and spasm* It
stimulates the skin, salivary glands, kidneys, liver and bronchial
«iucous membrane* It is excreted in the breath, perspiration, bile,
milk and urine.
Therapeutics^ — Given as a flavouring agent to correct griping
caused by purgatives^ to relieve flatulence and to increase the now of
saliva. In combination with other spices and rock salt it is given
to relieve colic, indigestion, vomiting and thirst. Rxtcrnally it is
used as an application in rheumatic pains, sciatica, lumbago, to the
head in headache, and to the tooth in toothache ; roasted in the flame
of a candle and kept in the mouth it improves the breath, relieves
sore throat and strengthens the gums. The powdered clove is a chief
ingredient of a native preparation — lavanga*di-churana, which is given
in cough, asthma, &c* A paste of them applied in the forehead
and to the nose is a popular remedy among the natives in headache,
coryza &c.
Eucalyptus Globulus, B. P., and other Species.
Gum wood, Australian fever tree, Australian blue gum tree,
iron bark, woolly butt,
^a^f/n/.— Australiflp Italyt Algeria, Europe, United States^
■C^alifornia.
266 EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS
Paris used, — ^The dried leaves, Eucalypti folia; and oil, oleum
eucalypti, B. P.
Characters. — Leaves smooth, entire, ensiform, 6 to 12 inches
in length and i inch in breadth ; glaucous when fresh ; yel-
lowish green and coriaceous when dry. Held up to the light they
ara found to be studded with oil glands ; odour strongly balsamic and
camphoraceous, taste astringent, pungent, bitter and aromatic. Dose,
5 grs. in powder.
Constituents, — The leaves contain a volatile oil 6 p. c , tannin,
cerylic alcohol, a crystallizable fatty acid, and a resin composed of
three resinous bodies. No alkaloidal principle.
Volatile oil — oleum eucalypti, B. P. The oil is distilled from the
fresh leaves of E. globulus, E. gracilis, E. incrassata, E. amygdalina
(wanting in eucalyptol), E. dumosa, E. oleosa, E. cneorifolia, E.
uncinata and E. odorata. It is a colourless or pale yellow liquid, of an
aromatic camphoraceous odour and pungent spicy taste, leaving
an after-sensation of coldness in the mouth. Sp. gr. 0*900 to 0*920.
It is not caustic and does not cause much coughing when inhaled ;
nor does it irritate the skin or the mucous membrane when applied. It
is destructive to low organisms. It is insoluble in water and freely
soluble in alcohol, oils, fats, paraffins, glacial acetic acid and carbon
bisulphide. Dose, ^ to 3 ms. in capsules or emulsion.
The oil dissolves camphor, pine resins, elemi, sandarac, dammar,
asphalt, copal, benzol, dragons blood, amber, shellac, caoutchouc,
wax, &c.
The volatile oil consists of different bodies which distil over at
varying temperatures, viz. cymene, eucalyptene, terpene and eucalyptol ;
also small amount of valeric, butyric and capronic aldehydes.
Eucalyptol. — A neutral body obtained from the volatile oil, principal-
ly obtained from eucalyptus cneorifolia, E. dumosa and E. oleosa ; other
plants also yield it, viz. — santonica, rosemary, curcuma, men tha,cajuput
salvia, laurus, and canella. It is identical with cineol or cajuputol. By
the action of phosphoric acid it is converted into eucalyptene a sub-
stance allied to cymene and eucalyptolene. It is a colourless liquid of
aromatic, camphoraceous odour, and pungent, cooling taste ; soluble in
alcohol, carbon bisulphide, and glacial acetic acid. Dose, 3 to 10 ms.
Eucalyptene or eucalyptia. A purified oil distilled from the leaves
for internal use. Eucalyptene hydrochloride— eucalypteol. In white
crystalline scales of a bitter taste ; soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro-
form, nearly insoluble in glycerin and water, decomposed by alcohol and
alkalies. Dose, 2 to 6 grs., used as an enema — eucalypteol 30 grs., olive
oil 2 ounces, and yolk of egg, one; mix ; also given in diarrhoea, typhoid
fever, and in cough in phthisis.
Eucalyptus honey, an Australian product, produced by a small bee
Apis Nigra Mellifica, which feeds on the flowers of eucalyptus tree. It
is used as a bactericide in phthisis, and in diseases of the kidneys and
bladder, and in scrofulous affections, as a substitute for cod liver oil.
EUCALVPTUS GLOBULUS.
267
Preparations. — Inhalation, eucalvptus oil 5, acid carbolic 10, liquor
' ammoniae 12, alcohol 25, used in dipntheria, broachitis, ozsena, &c.
Unguentum iodoformi et eucalypti r iodoform i, eucalyptus
oil 9, paraffin 20» vaseline 20. Unguentum eucalypti, B. P, (i in 10) ;
hard paraffin 4, soft paraffin 5, oil of eucalyptus i, used as an
antiseptic dressing* Tinctura eucalypti foliorum (1 in 5), Dose«
15 to lao ms, Infusum eucalypti (i in lo). Dose, 2 to 6 ft,
dxs. Emulsio eucalypti, contains eucalyptus oil, powdered gum
Arabic, equal parts and water 40* used as an urethral injection or a« a
lotion in gonorrhoea and may be taken internally. Dose, l to 4 drs.
Extractum eucalypti fluidum, fluid extract of eucalyptus. Dose, 10 to
60 mst Vapour eucalypti 40 nis. to 1 oz. with carbonate of magnesia.
Dose, X drachm in I pint of water.
Eucalyptus gauze contains eucalyptus oil, 6 p, c. It is also known
as carbasus eucalypti. The cotton gauze impregnated with oil of
eucalyptus i, dammar resin 3, paraffin wax 3. Cremor eucalypti
compositus, an emulsion containing 50 p. c, of cod liver oil and
5 minims of eucalyptus for each drachm — valuable for phthisis.
Dose, I to a drs, Euc-alembroth i gauze, contains sal alembroth*
castor oil, and eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptus sawdust (i in 9) used la
deodorize the air of rooms, Eucalyptus wool, 5 p. c. of oil,
Physifdugkal action. — The dried leaves are febrifuge, stimulant, ex-
pectorant^ diaphoretic and antiseptic. The anti-malarial properties' of
the trees are chiefly due to the volatile oil, and partially to the great
avidity they have for water when growing. Eucalyptus increases the
flow ofsaliva, gastric and intestinal juices and hence wnen taken into the
stomach it increases the appetite and digestion. It increases the heart
beats and lowers the arterial tension. It is eliminated by the skin, kidneys,
bronchi and may be found in the perspiration, urine, breath, milk, &c.
In large doses it is an irritant of the alimentary canal, producing
eructation, indigestion, nausea, vomiting and purging. It lowers the body
heat, causes great weakness of the muscles, and often leads to conges-
tion of the brain and kidneys. In toxic doses it is a narcotic poison.
It paralviies the respiratory centre in the medulla.
ThetapenticSt^^^ll stimulates the mucous membrane and henoe
.given in chronic bronchitis, chronic catarrh of the genito-urinary
:>rgans, in broncho-pulmonary catarrh, and during convalescence
from acute diseases. In influenza the oil is very useful. At
antimalarial the leaves or the oil are given to reduce the size of the
spleen by absorbing the noxious germs; by draining the soil of its
water and by its antiseptic emanations, the tree purifies the malaria
stricken atmosphere in its vicinity. It is given as a stomachic
an chronic dyspepsia and in wormi. In ague and other malarial
■ fevers, an infusion of the leaves is largely used in place of quinine. It
Ms also tried in septic fevers, remittent fevers* and in later stages of
t);phoid. The leaves with belladonna or stramonium leaves, or the
oil are smoked to relieve asthma and whooping cough. The oil is a
Jpowerfu! antiseptic and has an ozonising influence on the atmosphere
while it oxidises. It is inhaled or used as a spray in influenza. Given
l68 HUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA.
both internally and applied externally it does not irritate the skin
or the mucous membranes. The oil mixed with olive oil is used as a
rubefacient in rheumatism. The leaves, coarsely powdered, are
smoked in cardiac asthma, ozaena, bronchitis, phthisis, and diphtheria.
Externally the oil is used as a substitute for carbolic acid, as a spray, as
an inhalation or as an antiseptic solution, or as a stimulant disinfect-
ant in stomatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, &c, ; as a wash to ulcers and
wounds and as an injection in gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, &c. It prevents
putrefaction and hence used as a vehicle for alkaloids to prevent the
development of penicillium. It is used as ,a spray deodorizer to
remove foetid odours. It is added to cod liver oil to remove its fishy
flavour. It prevents moths entering woollen clothes. Eucalyptol is
given in bronchitis, phthisis, typhoid fever and diarrhoea. The E.
amygdalin and E. globulus oils differ. The oil obtained from E.
globulus contains eucalyptol but no phellandrene. That obtained from
£, amygdalinae contains phellandrene as its principal constituent and
no eucalyptol.
EuoalyptQB Rostreta, B. P., and other Bpeoies.
Habitat — Australia, Malay Peninsula, Nilgherry Hills.
Parts used. — The bark. The gummy exudation from the bark*
Eucalypti gummi B. P., eucalyptus gum, red gum.
, A ruby coloured exudation, in grains or small pieces of various
sizes and of a deep red or garnet colour and shining ; thin fragments,
which are tough and difficult to powder are transparent and of
a ruby red colour. Taste highly astringent. If chewed the gum
adheres to the teeth and tinges the saliva red. It is soluble in cold
water 80 to 90 p. c, entirely so in alcohol. Used as pills. Dose, 2 to 5 grs.
Preparations. — Tinctura eucalypti gummi (i in 4). Dose, 20 to 40
ms. 1 oJ tincture to 7 of water forms a very astringent gargle.
Trochisci eucal3'pti compositi. Eucalyptus gum i gr., chlorate of
potash 2 grs., and cubeb powder, J gr. in each. Trochiscus eucalypti
gummi, B. P. One grain in each. Dose, i to 2.
Extractum eucalypti gummi liquidum. Dose, 20 to 60 ms.
Syrupus eucalypti gummi (5 of the liquid extract to 3 of sugar).
Dose, J to I dr.
Decoctum eucalypti gummi (i in 40). Dose, 2 to 4 drs. used
as a gargle. Internally given for diarrhoea. Insufflatio eucalypti
gummi, eucalyptus gum, in powder and starch equal parts, a powerful
astringent applied through an insufflator to the relaxed larynx.
Actions and uses, — A powerful astringent both internally and
externally ; given in diarrhoea and dysentery. The extract, if injected
into the nostrils at once, stays bleeding from the nose. It is injected
into the vagina or the rectum in cases of excessive mucous and san-
guineous discharges. If applied on lint it arrests haemorrhage from
wounds. Suppositories are used for relaxed condition of the
rectum and vagina. Red gum lozenges or the diluted extract of it
are used in relaxed sore throat. It checks the diarrhoea due to mer-
cury, when given in syphilis.
EUOES-iA /AMBOLANA.
S69
Remarks, — This gum should not be confounded with commoQ
Australian gum or Botany Bay kino gum, which is ihe producl of
eucalyptus resinifera. The latter is resinous, and is hardly soluble in
water.
E» Rofousta. The leaves yield an essential oil. It is like
cajuputi oil and very fragrant.
Eugenia Jambolana, £. Fruticosa, Syzy^inm Caryophylllfolltuii,
Syzygium Jambolanum.
NabitaL — India, Coimbaiore, Bengal, Camaon, East Indies.
Parts used. — The fruit, leaves and dried seeds (jambolan<c semina)
and bark.
Vernacular^ — Beng. — Kula Jam, Bomb, — JambuL Can.*—
Nerala. Cing — Madang. Duk. — Sittala-chini, Eng. — Java-pluuit
Jatnun» JambuK Guz. — Pnras, JambuL Hind. — Janiuna. Mar.^ —
Jiimbu, Sans.^ — Jambup Megha-varna, Rajaphala, Nilaphala, Jam*
b\'a (spirituous liquorj. Tarn. — Nawal. Tel. — Naregar.
Meghavarna means Cloud coloured, Nilaphala means black fruit,
Meghaba — Cloud-like, Rajaphala means royal fruit.
Characters. — The fresh bark is grey, or of a pale brown colour ; sur-
face fissured and scabrous ; internally red and 6Drousor pale white, soft,
brittle, and full uf starch-like granules ; wood lough and fibrous, juice
rather sticky. Taste acidtilnus and astringent. Leaves — oblong, acu-
minate, smooth, bhining, and glabrous, or of a green or darkish greeo
colour, of an aromatic odour and taste ; fruit of a purple colour, subacid,
sweetish and astringent. When eaten unripe it imparts a dark
colour to the lips, teeth and tongue. When very large and of
the size of a pigeon's egg it is called paras jambudo Epidermiii smooth,
shining, and very thin, and can be easily removed by scratching; pulp,
of a dark reddish colour* A vinegar is prepared from it. The seed when
fresh of a pinkish colour which becomes brown on drying; t^ta
thin and brittle, enclosing thick, hard, and wrinkled cotyledons;
taste of the set-d is aromatic. Dose of the powdered fruit stone, 5 to
30 grains, in cachets, powder or pills.
Constituents, — The seed contains jambulin, a glucoside; also a trace
of essential oil, chlorophyll, fat, resin, gallic acid, albumen &c. The
bark contains tannin 12 p.c. and a kino*like gum.
Preparathns, — Extractum Jambul liquidum. (Take fresh seeds,
^dilCdrd the pericarps and exhaust in alcohol^ without heat.) Dose,
^tO X dr. Syrup from the ripe fiuit, Dose, 3 to 4 dis. Jambul
and gluten biscuits, 30 grs. in each* Dose, 4 to 6 biscuits. Decoction
oftheb^Tkri in 10). Dose, 2 to 4 drs. Pancha Rasa. The five
- Obtained by macerating in water the bark of K&li
J.I ul, Lai barjala, Jujube and Jayanti,
Actions afid uses — The juice of the ripe fruit or syrup is stcmachic,
astriBgcnt, and diuretic and given in scanty urine. The decoct ion of bark
18 astringtut, and used in diarrhoea of children, in chronic dysentery, as a
Z^O MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRON.
gargle mixed with Dhumaso for the relief of spongy gums, and sore,
cracked or irritable tongue. A paste of leaves is used to promote
healthy discharges from indolent sores or from unhealthy ulcers. The
extract of powdered seeds and dried fruits is used in diabetes.
It checks diastatic conversion of starch into sugar in cases depending on
increased production of glucose.
HyrtuB Chekan, Eugenia Chekan.
Syn. — Cheken, Chequen, Aroyan.
Habitat,— ChWi.
Parts used. — The leaves and shoots.
Constituents. — A volatile oil resembling that of eucalyptus, a
volatile alkaloid, clieckanine, and tannin.
Preparations^ — Extractum Chekan Liquidum. Dose, ^ to 3 fl. dr.
Infusum Chekan (i in 10). Dose^ to 2 oz.
Actions and uses. — Aromatic, antiseptic, expectorant, diuretic and
tonic ; given in chronic bronchitis and catarrh of the bladder. As an
inhalation, it is given in diphtheria, laryngismus stridulus, and as an
injection in leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea ; also employed in phthisis and
pulmonary haemorrhages. Dose of the leaves, i to 2 drs.
Melaleuca Leucadendron, B. P., M. Cajuputi, M. Minor.
Mela-leuca from melan, black, and leukos, white. The trunk of
this tree is black and the branches white. Leucadendron from leukos,
white, and dendron, a tree.
Habitat. — Molucca Islands, Indian Archipelago, and the Philip-
pines.
Parts used, — A volatile oil distilled from the leaves— oleum
cajuputi, B. P.
Vernacular. — Burm. — Thit-tha-hputshi (the tree). Eng. —
Cajuput oil. Guz. — Kajuputitela. Hind., Beng., Mar. — Kayakuti-tel
Malay.— Kay u-puteh (the tree). Tam.— Kayapudai-tailam (the oil).
Characters. — Oleum cajuputi— a light thin liquid of a bluish
green colour. Rectified oil is yellow. It is transparent and mobile,
of an agreeable but penetratmg, warm camphoraceous odour, and
a bitter, cooling and aromatic camphoraceous taste and of a neutral
reaction ; its green tint is often due to the presence of copper ; freely
soluble in alcohol.
Cofistituents. — The oil contains bihydrate of cajuputine or caju-
putol about f , and several terpenes ; also acetic, butyric and valerianic
ethers of turpineol. Soluble in alcohol (i in i). Dose of the oil, ^ m.
to 3 ms. The green colour has been attributed to chlorophyll or to
copper which is present in it.
Preparations. — Spiritus cajuputi B. P. (i in 10). Dose 5 to 20 ms.
Emulsion, pills and linimentum.
MVltCfA ACRH
271
Actions and uses. — The oil is like other volatile oils, a powerful
stimulant sudorific, carminative, diuretic, and antiseptic ; externally
parasiticide and anthelmintic, rubefacient and counter-irritant to the
skin. Taken internally it produces a sense of warmth in the stomach
and increases the pulse beat* Used externally over rheumatic and pain-
ful joints, in paralysis, muscular rheumatism, chilblains and neuralgias,
or given internally, in spasmodic affections of the stomach and
bowels, as colic, flatulency, and in dysmcnoriha-a, dropsy, syphilis and
cholera. As a stimulant and diaphoretic it is given in low states of
the system and in hysteria, nervous vomiting, hiccough and dyspnoea.
In elephantiasis and other jkin aflTcctions it is given with benefit.
With olive oil it is dropped into the ear in deafness and eajache. It
forms an ingredient of croton oil liniment,
Myrcia Acris.
Myrcia — surname of Venus — the plant is beautiful. Acris, from
acer, sharp, pungent — odour of the leaves is pungent,
Syn. — Wild clove or wild cinnamon, Jamaica bay berry.
Habitat. — West Indian islands, Jamaica, Trinidad, Venezuela.
Parts used. — A volatile oil distilled from leaves, oil of Myrcia, oil of
Bay.
Characters. — Leaves entire, long, ovate obtuse, coriaceous,
strongly veined, pellucid, punctate and shining. Odour aromatic
when bruised,
Cofi.r/iVifi<'fi7jr.— Volatile oil and tannin. The volatile oil — Myrciae
Oleum, oil of Myrcia, obtained by distillation from the leaves with water
■or steam* A yellowish liquid ; odour clove-likc, taste pungent and spicy;
Mlightly acid in reaction, becoming turbid with alcohol, glacial acetic
acid and carbon bisulphide. It contains eugenol, myrcene, chavicol,
methyl eugcnol. mcihyl chavicol, a turpene (phillandrene) and citraU
Preparatifms. — ^Spiritus Myrciae, spirit of myrcia. Bay rum
contains oil of myrcia 16, oil of orange peel i, oil of pimenta i, alcohol
i,a20, water to 2,000.
Aciians and uses. — Astringent, tonic and stimulant; used exter-
natty to the fuitrhead in nervous headache, faintiiess and on cracks and
fissures, also as hair washes. It is principally used as perfume.
Myrtua Communis*
HiiHtat. — Europe, cultivated in India,
i arts //.r*-*/.— The berries, leaves, bark and oil (myrtol).
Vernacular, — Arab. — The berries, Hab*eUaas, Asbiri, murad, Isbar
Ismar, Isfaren. Bomb. — Vetayati Mhendi. Eng. — Myrtle. Guz. —
_ latli, Makli. Hind. — ^Sata sova, Baragasha, the leases, Vilayati-
"tnehndi. Pers. — Barg-i-murad (leaves).
Characters^l^tn\^% black, peai -shaped, and slightly sweet ; seeds
yellowish white, hard, kidney-shaped, and 6, 8 or 12 in number ; ta;ste
272 PIMENTA OFFICINALIS.
bland; leaves small, lanceolate, and dotted, margins revolute, very
agreeably aromatic when bruised. Dose, lo to 60 grs.
Constituents, — The ripe berries contain a volatile oil, myrti
oleum — oil of myrtle, resin, tannin, citric acid, malic acid, sugar, &c.
The oil is distilled from the leaves. It consists of a mixture of pinene,
another hydrocarbon and cineol — ^the active principle, identical with
eucalyptol. Dose, i to 3 ms. in capsules.
Preparations, — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, 4 to 12 drs. Powder
of leaves and berries.
Physiological action. — The plant is stimulant and astringent. The
volatile oil is antiseptic, parasiticide and rubefacient ; applied to a raw
surface it sets up irritation and inflammation but it does not affect the
unbroken skin. Internally it is a stimulant of the alimentary canal,
produces warmth in the mouth and increases the flow of saliva and
gastric juice. In full doses it is a nervine sedative, and in very large
doses an irritant. It is an antiseptic and stimulant to the mucous
membrane of the excretory organs, as the lungs and kidneys, and is
eliminated in the expectoration and urine.
Therapeutics. — In small doses it aids digestion and is given
internally like copaiba, to check profuse expectoration in chronic foetid
bronchitis, bronchorrhoea, gangrene of the lungs, whooping cough,
asthma and in chronic inflammation of the bladder and urethra; also in
passive haemorrhages. An infusion of the berries is used as rectal
injection against round and thread worms, as an injection in leucorrhcea
and prolapsus of the uterus and vagina. The powder of the leaves is
used as an application in eczema, intertrigo and for wounds and
ulcers. As an antiseptic it is used as a wash for foetid ulcers and as
an injection for deep sinuses. Locally it is used in favus, pityriasis,
herpes and parasitic skin diseases, also in otorrhoea, ozaena and other
foul discharges from foetid ulcers.
PImenta OfflcinaliB, B. P., Eugenia PImenta.
All-spice, Pimento, Jamaica pepper.
All-spice — as it was supposed that it combined at one time the
odour of all the important spices, such as cinnamon, clove, and nutmeg.
Habitat, — S. America, W. Indies, Jamaica.
Parts used, — The dried full-grown unripe fruit.
Characters, — Fruit thick, brownish, nearly globular, J to ^ of an
inch in diameter crowned with a short calyx and short style. Two-celled,
one-seeded. Seed brown and reniform ; odour clove-like, taste pungent
and aromatic. Dose, 5 to 15 grs.
Constituents, — The berries contain a volatile oil 3-4 p.c, probably
identical with oil of cloves, also a fixed oil, 6-8 p. c, resin, gum, sugar,
fat, tannin, ash, 4 p. c.
Oleum Pimentae, B. P., oil of all-spice — oil of pimenta. This oil
is distilled from Pimento with water or steam. It is a yellow or
yeltuwish red liquid vvhea fresh, gradually becoming darker ; odour
;Aromattc and taste pungent. Reaction faintly acid, heavier than water.
Dose, ^ to 3 ms.
/Vv/<im//b/ij.— The oil h a constituent of Bay Rum ; Aqua
yPiinencae, B. P. from the fruit (i in 40). Dose, 1 to 2 fl. 02.. It is also
epared from the oil ( i in 500),
Achotis and uses* — All*spice is a stomachic, carminative, aromatic
and stimulant ; also used as a condiment. It increases the vascularity
of the gastric mucous membrane, and stimulates the s-ilivary secretion ;
hence it improves digestion and increases saliva. The oil is used in
dyspepsia, flatulence, intestinal colic and as a corrective to griping
rnedicines. It is also used as a flavouring agent to cover the taste of
nauseous drugs*
Psidium Pyriferum and P. Pomiferum. P. Guava.
HabitaL — America, naturalized in India.
F\irts Mjrf^.— The bark, fruit and leaves.
Fnmcnlar, — P. Pyriferum — ihc white guava. P, Pomiferuni*— the
red guava.
TAe fruit, — Arab. — Amarude. Beng, — Goachhi-phiU, peyara.
Burni. — Malaka. Can. — ^Shibe hannu. Cing. — Suda-pera. Duk. —
Jilma. Eng.^ — Guava. Guz, — Piyara, peru^ Jamaruda. Hind. — Am-
rud, saphri dma» safrijam. Mar,— Tupa-pela, peru, Malyal, — Pela-
Jambu. Pers. — Amrude. Sans. — Amaruta bahu bija phallama, Tani.
— Koia-maram, goyya-pazham. TeL — ^Jama-chettu* ^
Characters. — Bark smooth, brown, and externally marked with
superficial scars showing the separation of squamous plates of the dead
" ark. On removing the epidermis, the bark is green. Internally
rkcd with striae of alight brown colour ; taste astringent and some-
; acid. Fruit edible; when unripe, it is of agrcen coUmr and highly
llgent. Pulp, hard and containing numeraus seeds ; rind very
Ifn. Ripe fruit has a faintly yellow colour, pulp soft and delicious
10 the taste, of a strong aromatic flavour. Leaves arcmiatic, egg-shaped
pr oblongi short stalked and covered with soft down.
Comtituents. — The bark contains tannin 27-4 p.c. Resin and
crystals of calcium oxatc-
Pitiparatiuns. -Decoction (f in 10). Dose» 2 to 8 fluid drachms.
Actions and uses, — Astringent ; the unripe fruit is indigestible,
and often causes bilious vomiting and feverishncss* The ripe fruit is
edible but produces costiveness. The liar k of white guava is astnngent,
and the decoction is used along with other astringents, for
chronic diarrhcea of children. It is ;ilso used as a wash in prolapsus,
The leaves .ire astringent and stomachic, and are used to arresc
liting in diarrh»ea. The bark and leaves of the red variety are
I to allay votniting and diarrhora ul cholera.
U
ttft
274 BAKKINGTONIA ACUTAKCl I A. "♦
Barringtoniaoea.
The Samudara-phala family — trees or large shrubs, very much
allied to myrtaceae. Leaves alternate and serrated, flowers scarlet,
finely long or racemose, fruits drupaceous.
Habitat. — Tropical regions in all parts of the world.
Properties, — Rather intoxicating and dangerous. Some have
faintly aromatic, bitter, aperient and acrid bark.
Barringtonia Acutangala, Engenea Racemosa. Stravadiam
RabFom*
Habitat. — Throughout India.
Paris used, — The seeds.
Vernacular. — Beng. — HijjuL Bomb. — Samudar-phala, Tiwvur.
Burm. — Kyaitha. Cing. — ElIa-Midella-gass. Hind., Guz. — Samudar-
phala. Hind. — Hijjula. Malay. — Sjeria, Samstravad. Mar. — Pivar
Sath-phal, Dhatri-phah Sans. — Hijja or Hijjala. Tarn. — Kadapum.
Tel. — Kanapa, Kanagi,
Characters.— SeeAs hard and resembling nutmeg or haradan in
shape and size, dark brown compressed and marked with longitudinal
striae. Internally hard, horny and brittle. Put into water it becomes
soft. It consists principally of a homogeneous, pale white substance
(starch) ; odour very agreeable or faintly aromatic, taste sweet at first
but Soon becoming acrid and nauseating. Dose, 2 to 6 grs.
Constituents. — A body allied to saponin, which is the active prin-
ciple,* starch, proteid, cellulose, fat, caoutchouc and alkaline salts.
Actions and uses. — Emetic and carminative ; used with the juice of
fresh ginger in catarrhs of the nose and respiratory passages, and to
relieve flatus from the bowels. Externally rubbed with water it is
applied to the chest to relieve pain and to the abdomen to relieve colic
and flatulence.
Barringtonia BacemoBa.
Habitat. — Ceylon.
Part used. — The root.
P^ernacuIar.'^Cing. — Deya-midella. Malay!. — Samudrapu. Tarn.
— Samudra-pallam.
Characters — The root is slightly bitter but not unpleasant.
Preparations. — Infusion of the root (i inio). Dose, 2 to 6 drs. ;
and snun.
Actiotis and ttses. — A cooling refrigerent and aperient ; given in
fevers. The powdered seed is used as a local sedative snuff in cold and
catarrhs of the nose ; also as a dusting powder, in sore throat and
cutaneous eruptions. •
Helastomaoett.
Mela from melan, black, and stoma, mouth ; from property of the
species, dyeing the mouth black. Trees, shrubs or herbs ; leaves
opposite, ribbed and dolless ; calyx 4, 5 or 6 lobed, adherent to the
ovary and imbricated, petals twisted in oestivation ; ovaries adherent,
nvjiny celled. Fruit either dry or distinct from the calyx and dehiscent
or succulent, or united and indihescent ; seeds numerous, smaJl and
exalbuminous. Flowers beautiful.
Habitat, — ^Tropical regions and all parts of the world.
Ptfjperttes, — Slightly astringent ; many produce edible fruit5» and
some arc used for dyeing black and other colours.
Memecylon Edule. M* Tinctorium.
Habitat. — Eastern and Western parts of India, Ceylon.
Part^ usfii. — The plant.
Vf macular — Can, — Surpa, Cingh.— Dodi-gaha, Serookaya.
En^. — Iron wood tree. MaL — Kasha wa^ Kana-v^avu. Mar. — Anjan,
yalki, kurpa^ Lokhando. Sans. — ^Anjani. Tarn. — Kayampoo-voo.
Tel. — AUi-cheddu.
Charactifs, — The plant has bright green foliage with purplisli
blue flowers. Berries globose, deep purple and crowned with four
toothed limbs of the calyx; leaves entire, firm and leathery ; taste acridi
bitter and astringent.
Cofistitumts.—'Xhe leaves contain chlorophyll, resins, malic acid
6*48 p.c., glucose 625 p,c*, gt»m, colouring matter, starch, crude fibre'
and inorganic matter containing silica*
Pteparatiutn, — Infusion of the leaves (i in 20). Decoction of the
root (i in 10), Dose, ^ to i fid. oz.
Aciifitts and uses, — Demulcent and astringent. The infusion ot
tho leaves is used as collyrium for the eyes in conjunctivitis. The
fccoction is ussed in menorrhagia. Pounded bark with aromatics like
bjwan, pepper and zcdoary, is used as fomentation or Icp toconlubions,
bmisc&i &c. The leaves are also used in gonorrhcea.
Lythraoese.
The Loosestrife, Mendi or Hernia family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, and
lexsttputate; Howers regular or irregular and of a white, red or yellowish
'colour; fruit capsular, dehiscent and membranous; seeds numerous
with or without wings, and exalbuminous.
Habitat. — ^Tcmperate climate.
Properties, — Generally astringent and used in dyeing.
A. Baocifera. Ammannia Vesioatoria,
Habitat. — Tropical India,
flirts used, — The herb and leaves.
Vfnmcuiar. — Beng,— Ban marach. Bomb, — Agiya. Duk, — Agin
bull. Hind. — Dad mari. Mar.— Agaya, Guien, Bhar-jambul. MaL
276 LAWSONIA ALBA.
— Kallarvanchi. Sans.— Agnigurbha. Tarn. — Kallurivi, nirumel-nir-
appu. Tel. — Agni-vendapaku. Agni gurbha. Agni, fire, and gurbha,
a womb The plant is pregnant with fire.
Characters- — Herb erect, and much branched ; stems four-sided ;
leaves sessile, opposite, and lanceolate, about i inch long and i inch
broad ; calyx four cleft to the middle ; lobe acute. Flowers minute,
sessile and red. Smell muriatic, agreeable and aromatic.
Constituents, — Resin, glucoside, and perhaps an active principle,
allied to plumbagin.
Preparations. — Ethereal tincture of the leaves ( i in 2 ). Decoc-
tion of the dried plant ( i in 20 ). Dose, 4 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses, — Leaves irritant, acrid and vesicant. The leaf
or the tincture when applied to the skin raises a vesicle within half an
hour or an hour, and is applied to the joints in rheumatism and to the
neck in fevers with cerebral symptoms. In action it is similar to can-
tharides and may be used as a substitute for it. In obstinate spleen
diseases the juice of the leaves is administered internally. Its
decoction with ginger and cyperus root is given in intermittent fevers.
The ash is applied with oil in herpetic eruptions.
LawBonia Alba, L. Spinosa, L. Inermes.
Habitat, — Western India, cultivated throughout India.
Parts used, — Dried leaves, flowers and seeds.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Hinna. Beng. — Mehedi. Chin. — Hai-nah
Shudu. Bur. — Dan. Can. — Garante. Cing. — Maritondi. Eng. —
Eygptian privet, Henna. Hind, and Guz. — Henna, Mendi. Mar. —
Mendi, Mai. — Pontaletshi, Mail-linshi. Pers. — Hina. Sans. —
Kura vaka, Mendika Sakachara,Raktagarbha. Southern India — Iswan.
Tam.— Marudam. Tel. — Goranta, Iveni.
Iswan, a corruption of Isband, the seeds of peganum harmala.
Raktagurbha, from rakta, red, and garbha,a womb, meaning the plant
pregnant with red colouring matter.
Characters. — Leaves opposite, smooth, lanceolate, oblong and
pointed at both ends; about one inch long and \ inch broad; flowers
terminal, globular, panicles of a greenish white colour and very fragrant;
fruit rounded, four grooved, apex, depressed and 4 celled; seeds irregular
angular and marked with prominent ridges with intervening depres-
sions, of a reddish brown colour and somewhat rugous; taste bitter.
The plant contains a colouring matter of a deep orange red colour
which stains the skin and does not disappear until the epidermis is
removed.
Constituents, — Henno-tannic acid — a kind of tannin, resin and a
colouring matter.
Preparations,— Paste or powder of dried leaves. Decoction of leaves
and of bark (i in 10). Dose, { to i fld. oz.
PUNICA riKANATOM,
Actt\>ns and uses, — The hnrk is allerative, sedative and astringent;
given in jaundice, enlargement of ihe spleen, and calculus afretlion;
as an ukerative in leprosy and skin diseases; also in spermatorrhcea,
leucorrhtEu, &c. Externally the fresh leaves are applied with vinegar
and catechu to burning of the soles of the feet. A powder of the leaves
is used as suppository in prolapse of the rectum and vagina. A paste of
the leaves with oil and resin i* applied to the head m headache ; they
also increase the growth of the hair. Decoction of the bark is applied
to burns and scald:>. Infusion of flowers is used as an application to
bruises.
Poaica Granattiin, B*P.
/^^li^/A//.— Subtropical countries, throughout India, Persia, China,
Japan, E* and VV, Indies, Arabia, and Socotra,
Pifirta usf.d.—'VhQ flowers, rind of the fruit, and juice;and the dried
hark of the stem and root,^ — Granati cortex — pomegranate bark, B.P.
Punica from puniceus, scarlet, the colour of its flowers. Granatum,
having many grain* or seeds. The fruit is many seeded. Pome-
granate — Pomum, a fruit ; and granatus, grained,
Vtrnacuiar, — Arab — Ruman, Kilkul, Rana, the flowers, Julnar,
Gulnar. Beng.— Dalim. Bur. — Tha-lai* Can.— Dalimbe* The
flowers Hasiu-dalimbe. Cing» — Delumghedi, Duk. — Anar. Eng.
^Pomegranate, Carthaginian apple. Gux, — Dadam. Hind,^ —
Anar. The flower*, Gulnar. Mai. — Daiima, MaleaU — Madala, Rumon-
nai». Mar. — Dalimba. Pers. — Rumoni Anar. Sans. — Dadima
Shukadaua, Kuchaphala. Tarn. — Mad a lam, mogilam. The flowers
Rimadalai. Tel — Danirauca. The flowers— Pevadanimma.
Shukadana means Parrot's food ; Kuchaphala means Breast fruit.
Characters, — A small tree; flowers of a reddish colour and very
. showy. Fruit gkibular, resembling orange or tomato, somewhat
pilaltened and obscurely six-sided, short necked at the top and crowned
with from 5 to 9 toothed thick and tubular calyx, fruit divided into 5
or 6 compartments, each containing numerous grains. Each grain
consisting of a thin transparent vesicle which contains a sweet, red,
pjuicy pulp, surrounding a small angular seed. The juice is acid, sweet
and &our ; dried seeds* sticky, lumpy, and black* Rind or the skin of
the fruit in thick fragment s^, hard and brownish, yellow, or reddish
in colour. External surface or the epidermis shining and tubcrded.
under surface of a yellow colour, rugous, concave, and marked with
depressions conforming to the marks of seeds. It can easily be
powdered. The taste is astringent. The root is heavy, knotted and of
a yellow colour. Bark in thin quills, in strips or fragments. Externally
greyish yellow, warty and longitudinaJly ridged. Inner surface smooth
and yellow; taste, slightly bitter and astringent, without any odour.
When chewed it colours the saliva yellow,
Constitufuis* — The bark contains tannin and punico-tannic acid
22 p.CM mannit, sugar, gum, pectin, ash 15 p c.,an active liquid alkaloid
Pellet ierine and i^opclleltcrine^ and two inactive alkaloids.
27^ WOODFORDIA FLORIBUNDA.
Pelletierina — Pelletierine — to obtain it mix the root bark with milk
of lime, add water, and percolate with chloroform. It has strong basic
properties, and occurs as colourless, minute crystals, soluble in
water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, &c.. Dose, 3 to 6 grs as an anthel-
mintic.
Pellet ierinae sulphas. — In minute white acicular crj-stals which on
keeping become brown and moist or viscid and syrupy; soluble in water
and alcohol. Dose, 5 to 8 grains to be followed by a purge. As
subcutaneous injection. Dose, 5 grs.
Pelletierinae Tannas, Pelletierine Tannate — a greyish white
amorphous powder, soluble in alcohol (i in 800), water (i in 900).
Dose, 5 to 8 grains as an anthelmintic. Pelletierinae hydrobromidum —
a brownish viscid liquid. Dose, 5 to 8 grains ; used in cases of paralysis
of the muscles of the eye.
Preparations, — Decoctum granati corticis B.P. (i in 5). Dose,
^ to 2 fl. ozs. Juice of grains. Dose, i to 4 drachms. Extractum
granati liquidum made from the root bark. Dose, \ to i| drachms.
Rind. Dose, 20 to 30 grain.s.
Physiological Actions. — Granatum and its alkaloids are astringent,
anthelmintic and laenifuge. The flowers and rind of the fruit are
astringent and stomachic. The decoction in full doses causes diuresis.
It produces nausea and vomiting, often purging, flatulence and cramps
in the legs with giddiness, dimness of sight and numbness of the limbs.
The juice of the Iruit is cooling and refrigerant.
Therapeutics, — The juice is given in dyspepsia and fevers ;
flowers and rind of the fruit mixed with aromatics and astringents,
such as cloves, cinnamon, coriander, pepper, &c., are given in chronic
diarrhoea of children and in chronic dysentery unaccompanied with
tenesmus. The juice of the flowers with durva root juice (cynodon
dactylon) is used to stop bleeding from the nose. The decoction of root
bark is vermifuge and is used for expelling tape worms. The alkaloid
Pelletierine is used in leucorrhaea, and passive haemorrhages and as a
gargle in relaxed sore throat. Pelletierine sulphate is used as a vermi-
fuge against tape worms and is also used subcutaneously in 5 grains
doses for paralysis, vertigo, menier*s disease, tetanus and hydrophobia.
Remarks, — The native use dalimba juice in the preparation of
Loha bhashma to facilitate its powdering.
Woodfordia Floribanda, Lythram frutioosum, Orislea
Tomentosa.
Habitat, — Throughout India.
Parts used, — The flowers.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Dhai, Dhonga. Bomb. — Daite, Dhanen.
Can. — Dhatake. Eng. — Downy Grislea. Hind. — Dhaiti, Chota-
dhaon. Dhava, Devti, Gul-bakar, Gul-dhaur. Mar.— Dhaite, Dhaoshi,
Phulsatti. Sans. — Dhataki, Dhayatia-pushpika, Tamra-pushpi,
Guchcha pushpi, Parvati, Aganijvala. Tel. — Dhataki Kusumaum.
Gaji, (fodari Serinji.
UMnKU,rFFR.f:.
279
Tamra puslipi means red flowers. Guchchha pushpi, Trom Guch-
cha, a duster of hair, having clusters of blossoms or of numerous
^mill flowers arranged like Guchcha — clusters of hairs on the temple.
Parvali from parvata, a hill. It means hill born, in allusion to the plant
J3cing common in mountainous tracts. Agni Jvala — agni, a fire^ and
jvaJa, a flame, the colour o! flowers bdng like that of a fire flame.
Characters — Flowers brownish red, long and covered with calices ;
Ijoesred, containing maturecapsules, slightly channelled on both sides,
ftembranouSf and containing many seeds — seeds very minute, numerous,
"of a brown colour^ shining and angular. Taste, highly astringent^ smell
somewhat aromatic. Dose, 10 to 20 grs.
Com/i/w^w/A.— Tannin 20 p. c.
Preparations — Confection — Dhauriphula, bela, lodhra, valo» g^jl*
pipali, honey, each 2 drs. mix. Dose, I to 1 drs,
j'tciifms and uses, — Stimulant and astringent: given in dysenter)'
beaten up with honey ; also in checking haemorrhages, and chronic
di:»charges^ such us menorrhagia and leucorrhoea. The powder of flowers
is sprinkled over vesicular eruptions and foul ulcers to diminish the dis-
charges and promote granulations*
Umbellifera or Apiacea.
The ajamoda or Parsley family.
Umbelliferit^—umbella, a little shade or umbel, or from umbra, a
shade, and tero, to bear. The flower stalks are in umbels or heads.
Gentfal Characters — Herbs, shrubs or rarely arborescent plants,
With hallow or scilid furrowed stems ; leaves aUernatCt
divided, generally sheathing at the base and compound, exsttpulate;
Flowers ^mall umbels of yellow, white, pink or blue colour with or
without an involucre. Fruits diacha^nium or cremocarp, consisting
of two carpels (mcricarp) adhering by their face to a common axis
(carpophore) from which they ultimately separate. Each mericarp is
indchi scent, one seeded and on its dorsal surface marked with live
primary longitudinal ridges or nerves and four alternate secondary
ridges, separated by inters! ices or channels in which are longitudinal,
^ily rcceplacles or canals called vittic» containing a gummy, resinous,
iromatic juice; seed solitary-, pendulous and firmly adherent to the
'^cricarp^ — embryo minute, albumen, horny.
liahtat, — Tem|>eratc cli m.ite.
I^ffaiies. — iMany areediblc^ such as celery, parsnip, carrot, parsley,
fennel. &c. ; some are aromatic, carminative* tonic and stimulant;
they abound in lesins and contain an essential aromatic volatile oil, as
unethinum. daucus, coriander &c., others are poisonous owing to their
C(mtaining an acrid narcotic juice as conium; the rest are antispasmodic
and cnntain a fttiid gum resin. The firiid gum resin is composed of
a volatile oil, gum and resin. These include galbanum, ammoniacum,
oppoponax, scgapenum, and a&safelitla, and are used as stimulant in
nervous disordcfs.
28o ANTHRISrrS CEREKOI.rnM.
Arehan^lica Offldnalis, and A. AtFopnrpiirea, Garden An^fca,
European An^lica.
Habitat. — Northern parts of Europe, Asia and America.
Parts used, — Root, herb and seeds.
Characters. — Leaves double pinnate, flowers greenish- white stem,
purplish smooth, hollow-pointed. Root long and fleshy, thick, annulate,
fusiform, juicy, resinous and pungently aromatic. Dose, lo to 30 grs.
Constttuents.'-yoXztWt oil, resin, valerianic acid.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i oz. — Tincture
(i in 10). Dose, \ to i drs. Juice (succus). Dose, J to i dr. Fluid
extract of root 30 to 60 ms. Fluid extract of seed, 5 to 30 ma.
Actions and uses. — The root is pungent, aromatic, stomachic tonic,
stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic and diuretic, giving tone to the
stomach and increasing appetite ; combined with tonis, it is given in
typhoid condition, bronchitis, intermittents, flatulent colic and pain
in the stomach. The fruit has similar properties, and syrup or candied
angelica is taken as dessert as a very agreeable stomachic in rheu-
matism, gout, painful and swollen parts.
Remarks. — Large quantities of Angelica are used in the prepara-
tion of London gin, and the liqueur known as bitters.
Anthriscns Cerefolinm.
Habitat. — Europe, cultivated elsewhere.
Parts used. — The fruit.
Vernacular, — Eng.— Chervil. Ind. Bazar — Atrilal. There are two
kinds : True atrilal, KhalaM-Khalil, and Egy-ptian kind, Rijl-el-Ghurab,
Rijlel-tair, Harjes Shayatin. Atrilal means devil's bane.
Characters. — Fruit lanceolate, laterally compressed, almost cylin-
drical, black, terminating in a short 5 angled beak. The seeds in the
Egyptian variety are dark coloured, resembling in size the celery seeds,
and in shape the cumin seeds, and are very bitter ; in the true atrilal
the seed is light coloured, the fruit is aromatic, and free from bitterness.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Diuretic, stomachic, and deobslruent: used as
a stimulant to reinvigorate the body when exhausted by venereal
excesses or by old age. In white leprosy the seeds are rubbed down
©ver the patches, and also administered internally with pyrethrum
and honey. The patient is then made to sit in the hot sun wiih the
parts exposed and uncovered when the patches show blisters, and the
new skin appears in its natural colour.
Remarks. — The fruit of vernonia anthelmintica is often sol J f. r
atrilal. The leaves are used for flavouring soup, salads. &c. The
genuine article is diflficult to obtain.
rARr^vf caritt.
281
Apium Graveolens.
Hahihit, — S. Europe.
Pitrts usei^^—Tb^ fruit,
I'emacuhr. — Arab. — Buzz-ul-Karaphs, Bcng — Chanoo Rhadocini,
Can.--Ajmoda» Voma, Duk.— Ajmudah, Ajviin. Rng.— Celery. Giiz.
— Bori Ajmud. Hind. — Ajarno, Ajinud, Bhut*jata, Mar.— Ajamoda*
Nova* Pcrs. — Tukh»n*e-Karaphas. Sans.^ — Ajamod.-!. Tun.— AsIkuiw
cagtni . Tel, — Ash u-Madaga-vurnam .
CharacUrs.^Vrmi long, small and ovate or ijlobui^r. i>utiagti
hairy, slightly tubercled, wrinkled, and marked with prominent
ridjscs* Colour greenish yellow or brown ; 2 mericarps, 5 ribs
and 12 oil tubes. Taste aromatic, somewhat pungent and slightly
mint-like at first, then bitterish ; odour coriander-like, faintly terebin-
ihaceous. Seeds like those of parsley. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
C^ttshtt4ents, — The seeds contain apiin — a glucoside, a jelly-like
subsUince which when boiled with dilute sulphuric acid splits up into,
apigenin, and glucose. Apiin is slightly soluble in cold water, easily
soluble in hot water, more easily in hot alcohol and insoluble in
ether. Also volatile oil, apiol or apiolum, &c*
Preparations. — Infusion (1 in 10), Dose, J lo 2 fluid ozs,
Artifms ituti uses. — The fruit is carminative, aromatic^ slinmlant,
tonic and emmenagogue. Its infusion is given in bronchitis and inter-
miticnt fevers ; as an adjunct to purgatives, it is given in constipatiun ;
as a dcohstruent and resolvent, with linseed or barley nical it is
used as a poultice on swollen glands.
Carum Carui, B. P.
Carum Nignim, C. Gracile.
//t//;/A//.^ Europe, CashmeTe, Western Thibet, Persia, S. and W.
Asia.
Parts used, — The dried fruit. Carui fiuctus, B P,, Caraway seeds,
caraway fruits,
V^macuhr.'—AT^h. — Curwiya, Kamune rumi. Reng. — Shia-jira.
Bomb. — Kurwajira. Can. — ^Shime jirige. Cashmere. — Guinyun^
Cin,— RataDam. Duk — Karoyat, Eng- Black cumin^ Indian
carraway, Gu/, — Kftlun-jira, Hind.— Siyah xirah. Panj.— Umbliu.
Malcal— Shima-jirakam. Afar. — Sa-jiri, Kalijiri, Pers.— Zirahe rumi,
P^nj.— -Umbo. Sans. — Susliava, Krishna jiraka. Tarn. — Delappu. Tel.
-— SinajiU^kara. European caraways. Hind., Man, Guz. — Vilayite-
jira. Tarn.— KckkuVirar, Shiwai-Shonabu, Tel -Kekku-Vittulu
Shuna Sapu. Can — Shunc-sapu. Beng.— Bilati-jira.
Characters.— Vvmi brown, 2-scedcd, ovoid ; cremocarp* slightly
arched, laterally compressed ; mericarp, too commonly called caraway
seeds, separate curved and narrowed at both ends with five yellowish
foliform ridges and oil tubes, having an agreeable aromatic odour an«l
a suect sptc V taste, n*»^c, 5 to 30 grs.
282 CORFANDRUM SATFVUM.
Constituents. — A volatile oil 6 p. c. ; fixed oil, wax, resin, sugar,
mucilage, tannin and ash 5 p. c.
Oleum Carui, B. P. — Oil of caraway, the volatile oil, is the active
principle to which its medicinal properties are due, and obtained by
distillation of the seeds. It is a limpid, thin liquid, colourless or of a
pale yellow colour, odour aromatic, taste spicy and pungent, soluble
in alcohol (i in i). It becomes brown by keeping. Dose, ^ to 3 ms.
It contains carvene, 35 to 50 p. c, isomeric with turpentine, an unoxi-
dized product chemically identical with citrene, hesperidene and
dextrogyrate limonine ; carvol, isomeric with thymol, an oxidized
product closely related to menthol, myristicol and cumin alcohol ;
and is identical with carvicrol. Carvicrol — to obtain it distil a mixture
of car ra way oil with potash or soda, when carvene is separated. To
the residue add sulphuric acid. It is a viscid yellowish oil, odour
and taste like that of creasote.
Preparations, — Aqua carui, B. P., from the oil (i in 500). From the
fruit (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Spiritus Juniperi compositus, ^ p. c.
Dose, i to I oz. Tinctura Cardamomi composita, B.P. Dose, ^ to i
dr. Infusum carui (i in 40). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Diuretic, stomachic, stimulant and carminative;
given to expel wind, allay hiccough and pain of flatulent colic in
infants. As a carminative and stomachic it is added as an adjunct to
purgative mixtures to prevent griping and nausea. Locally the oil
acts as an anaesthetic, and its poultice is apf>lied over painful piles ;
other actions are similar to those of dill and anise. Carvacrol is useful
in toothache and is inserted into the cavity of the teeth.
Remarks. — The name Krishna Jiraka is also applied to the seeds of
Nigella Sativa. Karwajirah is also the name for Kali jiri (vernonia
anthelmintica). Both are similar in colour, being darkish brown or
black. Karvii jirah differs, however, from Kali jiri, in the former being
larger and rounder than carum nigrum. Shajira, carum nigrum,
differs from vilayati jirun (carraway) in that the former has more
slender and darker coloured fruits than carraway.
Goriandrum SatiTum, B. P.
Coriander, from koris, a bug. The leaves have the odour of a bug,
Sativum, from sativus, sown or cultivated. It is a cultivated plant.
Habitat. — Cultivated in India, Europe, China, Southern Asia.
Parts used. — The fruit— Coriandri Fructus, B. P., coriander fruit.
Vci nacular. — Arab. — Kezirah. Beng. — Dhanyai. Burm. — Nan-
nan. Chin. — Sheh-lo Can. — Kottumbari. Cing. — Kattumbaru,
Dhanalu. Duk. — Dhanyan. Eng. —Coriander seeds. Guz. — Dhanu
Kothamiri, the plant. Hind. — Dhanya. Mah.— Dhane. Malyal. —
Meti, KottampAlare. Pers.— Kitnu, Kushuiz. Sans. — Kushthumbari,
Dhanya. Kam. Tarn. — Katta-malli. Tel. — Danyalu, Kotimiri.
CONIUM MACt'LATUM*
kf9rnctfrs. — Fruit, of a pale, yellow colour, plumps and oval or
ovoid in form, resembling inflated balloons* in size resernbing gahula
&eeds ; surface marked with lo ridges ; between every two ridges aie
tubercles, with undulated or longitudinal lines. Apex crowned with
two prominences» base presenting a hole from which the stalk is
removed ; mericarp adherent at the base by two joining ridges. Each
TOcricarp has two oil tubes, odour like that of limbu, and the taste
aromatic and oily,
Cnnstiinrnts, — The fruits yield a volatile oil i p. c; fixed oil 13
px.; fatty matter 13 p. c. ; mucilage, tannin, malic acid, and ash 5 p. c*
Oleum Coriandri B* P. — Oil of coriander, distilled from the
fruit with water or steam. The essential oil is isomeric with borneol,
and is a ycllotvibh liquid, odour characteristic and aromatic, taste
spicy and warm ; soluble in alcohol^ and glacial acetic acid. It consists
of linaloulor coriandroL Dose, J to 3 ms.
Fr^^r?rrj//'Qii5.— Of the fruit. Infusum coriandri {r in 40), Dose,
I to 2 oxs- Of the oil.— Confectio scnnse, B.P. Dose, 1 to 2 drs.; syrupus
%enna% B.P. Dose» \ to 2 dra, Cc»mpound Powder — DhaniVni-d&L — The
fruits are fried lightly and pounded (busks being rcmovedj. To this
is added jinih, k^lii miri, lavaiiga, and nimakha. The whole is
stirred together, lime juice being subsequently added, and the mass
dried in the sun.
Dh^nil Aj^va — A cooling drink, containing coriander, fennel fruits,
poppy seeds, kanchan flowers, rose buds, cardamoms, cubebs, almonds*
and black pepper, sweetened with sugar. Dost;, i to 2 drs., given in
colic, dyspepsia &c,
Acthtn ami //5/rj.^Aromatic» stimulant, carminative and sto-
machic ; used in sore throat, dyspepsia and common catarrh, but
chidiy as a flavouring agent and as a corrective to griping medicines as
jalap, rhubarb and senna. With barley meal, the leaves (kothamiri.
Hind.) form a useful application for mdolent swellings, Dh4na dis-
gtiiscs the odour and tasle of stnna and nf other purgatives. The oil
is a carminative and arom.iiic, and is used in flatulent colic ; also in
rheumaliMn* neuralgia, &c. The tre*h herb is called kothamiri ami
is used 10 llav<mr vegetables and curty.
Conium Maculattim, B. P , Spotted Hemlock.
Habitat. — Wasic places antl along streams, Europe, N. Asia.
PattK used, — The dried full grown unripe fruils, conii fructus,
B. P., and fresh leaves and young branches, conii folia, B. P.
Vrrtiaeular^ — Arab. — Banj-e-rumi, shokran. Bomb,— Kirdwrnan.
Kng, — Ath<*nian slate poison, common or spotted hemlock, poison-
hemlock* cow bane, htraver poison. Hind. — Kurdumana* Ind.
Bazaar. — Khorasain Ajwan. Pers. — The root, Bikhi-i-Tafii, the
fruitt Duras'i-Tafahati, tlie >t_e«is, Tnkntni-Tokhj ^ Karvaya-i-
dashti, Yej!d*Duras.
CAaracftrs. — A full grown iruit, guthcrea while green. Fruit,
a cfemncarp of a dark, grey colour, laterally ctknipresscd, small
a84
rONIlTM MArUI.ATUM.
and elongated with vertical ridges on its outer surface. The ridges
are of a pale or grey colour, 2 mericarps with 5 crenate ribs, but no oil
tube. In form it resembles anisum, but is rather larger- When
crushed the odour b offensive and acrid ; on section the interior is
resinous* yellowish black, and oily. Taste^ slightly bitterish,
somewhat acrid and oily. Green^ unripe fruits are the most active
part of the plant. Fresh leaves decompound» smooth, arising from
stems which are smooth and with dark purple spots* Leaves deep j
green, shining, tripinnate with leaflets pinatifid. Petioles furrowed and
sheathiDg at the base* those of the lower leaves hollow, finiour strong
and disagreeable. Dose of the leaves, 1 to 5 grs,
Cotistituents, — The leaves contain a volatile oil ^ \.[iich the smell
is due. The leaves and fruit contain 3 alkaloids ktiou n as coniine (j^
to \ p. c) liquid and volatile; methylconiine, and conhydrine, both solid
and volatilizable, and pseudo conhydrine ; a volatile oil, fixed oil,
conic acid or malic acid, and ash 6 p.c. Conine or coniine, cicutiue
conicine. Dextro-a-prophl piperidine — is obtained synthetically from
alpha picoline, also obtained by distilling the fruit with an alkali
or adding ammonia to the extract, passing sulphuretted hydrogen
over the mass, thus converting ammonia into sulphate, then
exhausting it with alcohol and ether, leaving ammonia sulphate
undissolved, finally distilling with alkali when conine is liberated. It
is a colourless, inflammable, yellow, oily fluid of a penetrating odour,
compared to that of urine of mice, and acrid taste. Like ammonia it
forms dense fumes with volatile acids. It is soluble in ether, alcohol,
chloroform, benzol, benzine and fixed oils. Freely soluble in
carbon bisulphide, slightly so in water (i in loo). It is quickly decom-
posed by heat. By long keeping it becomes inert. Dose, ^q to ^^ K*'-
or y*^ to 2 ms.; too irritant for hypodermic use, Coninye Hydro*
bromidum — colourless and odourless crystals, resembling magnesium
sulphate in appearance. Insoluble in ether, and freely soluble in
water. Dose, ^\ to I gr. Pilula coninic Hydrobronndi, J gr in each
pill. Injectio coninse hydrobromidi hypodeimica, i gr, in 20 ms. Dose,
I to 3 ms, Coniuni Hydrochlorate. Dose, ^*, to J gr. Paraconiine
is artificially prepared by the reaction between butyric aldehyde
and alcoholic solution of ammonia. It is isomeric with coniine, but
not identical with it.
Prefiara/tons.^Of the fruit, Tinctura conii, B,P. (i in 5)- Dose. | to ]
I fld. dr. Of the leaves and young branches, succusconii, B* P., contaiiii
one volume of alcohol for every three of the juice. Dose, J to 2 ild- dis,
Extractum conii, i gr, is equal to t gr, of the drug, Do»e, 1 to 5
gr. Extractum conii fluidum. Dose, 3 to 5 ms. Vapor coninie — !&uceus
conii, ^ oz,, solution of potash 1 dr,, water i oz, Uose, 20 ms. for in^
halation to be put on a sponge and vapour of hot water passed over it.
Ungueiitum conii, B, P., prepared from the juice, 88 parts • r d tti
I I parts, to this add hydrous wool fat ^2i P^^^s ; used in , am,
piles, &c.
f^)iiioifigHai ^ic /rb;/j.-*Sedjilive antispasmodic, anodyne^ sopariiic
and antaphrodisiac. Like curare it paraly^CN the end urgans of motor
CUMINUM CrWJXUM,
nerves, without affecting sensation or consciousness. If given for
some titne it afterwards paralyses the motor centres in the brain and
spinal cofd. The muscular irritability remains intact. It is a direct
sedative lo the respiratory centres, and death is due to paralysis of the
respiratory muscles.
Methyl conune is a stimulant of the spinal cord and produces
convulsions as seen in cases of coniine poisoning. The sensibility is
impaired^ and there is a feeling of numbness in the limbs and paralvsis
of reflex action. In full doses conium gives rise to gastric irritation,
increased vomitings followed by numbness in the legs, sense of fatigue,
staggering gait, dilated pupils, impaired speech, and laboured breathing*
In poisonous doses it acts as a direct sedative to the muscles of
respiration, leading to paralysis of the voluntary muscles; there is para-
plegia, loss of speech and sight* Death may be due to asphyxia. The
cerebral functions are not affected by it, and the mind remains clear
to the last* It has no action on the heart.
Therapeutics. — Coniine is indicated in diseases characterized by
excessive motor activity as in neurosis, tremors, chorea, paralysis
agitans, hysteria and muscular twitching; also to relieve spasmodic cough
in bronchitis, pertnsis, asthma and phthisis; sometimes it is given
with morphinsc in convulsive affections, such as tetanus, hydrophobia,
epilepsy, acute mania and delirium tremens. Locally it is a resolvent
and discutient. In enlargement of the breasts with profuse lacteal
secretion, its application produces atrophy and the secretion oi milk
becomes scanty and even suspended. As an anodyne application it is
useful in tender glandular enlargements^ and scrofulous and painful
growths; also in cancer, and rheumatic joints. The ointment is used for
painful affections of the rectum and anus such as piles, pruritis ani,
&c, ; conine vapour is a palliative in the tickling cough of phthisis,
or of acute bronchitis. In pneumonia and pleurisy, an hypodermic
injection of coniine by inducing paresis of the respiratory muscles^
reduces the temperature and thus gives relief.
Remarks. — Kirda mana is often mistaken for kira mani ov*t, the
flower heads of a composite plant, which is not poisonous.
Caminum Cyminum.
^<»5iVi»/.— Africa, cultivated in India.
Pitrii tiset/,^Tht fruit.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Kamun, Kemun. Beng. — Jinl, ZirA.
Burm.— 7,ec-yii-» Dte-ya. Can,— Jirga. Cing, — Duru* Puk.—
Sh&hjira. Eng* — Cumin seed. Gu2.— Sapheda jirun. Hind. — Safed
jirA* Malay. — Jintan. Mar.^ — Jirc, JirQ. Pers. — Jtra-i-safcd, Sans* —
Jirana^ jtra, kunchicka, jirakaha, Ajaji, Ajmoda, Tarn. — ^Shiraganu
Tel. — ^Jila kara, jirana.
Ajaji, from, Aj, a goat, meaning that which overcomes goat^u
Ajrooda — goat*s delight. Jcriin isderived from jri, lo digest, in allusion
to th« digestive properties of the seeds.
286 DAUCUS CAROTA,
Characters. — Fruit of a light brown colour, elongated, cylindrical,
and ovoid in shape, smaller in size than variali, surface rugous, hairy
and marked with longitudinal ridges ; at the apex, the fruit is
surrounded by two small acute projections which are the remains of
the styles attached to each mericarp. On bruising, the odour is dis-
agreeable. Dose I to 2 drs.
Constituents. — The seeds yield 77 p.c. fat oil,i3'Sp.c. resin, 8 pc,
mucilage and gum, 1 5-5, protein compounds, malates and an essential oil
on which the peculiar aromatic odour and taste depends. This essential
oil contains cuminol or cuminaldehyde 56 p.c. a mixture of hydrocarbons,
cymene or cymol, terpene, &c.
Actions and uses. — Carminative, aromatic, stomachic and stimu-
lant ; used in hoarseness of voice, dyspepsia, flatulence aud diarrhcea.
Daacas Carota, Daucus Yalgaris.
Habitat. — Cashmere, W. Himalaya, N. Asia.
Parts used. — The root and fruit.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Ista Aim Jazr, jazr-ul bostani. Beng. — Gajara
Can. — Gajjari, Chin. — Hu-lo-peh. Duk. — Gajara, jugur. Eng. —
Common or wild carrot. Guz. — Gajar. Hind. — Gajra, jugur, gajur.
Mar, — Gclzara. Pers. — Zir duk. Punj. — Marmuj, Bal-kach. Sans. —
Grinjana, Gaijara, Garjarama, Shikha-mulama. Tam. — Gijjar. Tel.
— Gajjara-gadda, Shekka-mulamu.
Characters. — Fruit pale, dull brown, oval, and compressed from the
back, longer than suvk bij ; mericarps adherent. At the apex of the fruit
are two prominences, the remains of styles ; surface rugous, marked with
ridges, three on the convex back, two on the plane of the commissure,
ridges distinctly winged. Wings fringed with white teeth or bristles.
When crushed, the fruit emit an acrid or balsamic odour, taste balsamic,
acrid, bitter, and oily. On expression they yield an essential oil. Root
fusiform 6 to 12 inches long, and of a reddish yellow colour ; parenchy-
ma fleshy and edible. It has a sugary and mucilaginous taste, and a
feebly aromatic smell.
Constituents^ — The root contains carotin, hydrocarotin, oil, sugar,
pectin, nitrogen compound and volatile oil. The fruit contains volatile
oil and a fixed oil.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i fl.oz. Fluid extract.
Dose, 5 to 30 ms.
Actionsjind uses, — Fruit stimulant, laxative, emollient, antiseptic
diuretic and emmenagogue. As a diuretic it is given in nephritic
affections, dropsy, strangury and amenorrhoea. This property is due to
its containing the volatile oil which acts locally upon the nervous struc-
tures of the kidney during the excretion ; as an antiseptic, a poultice
of the root is used to correct foetid discharges from eczema, unhealthy
sores, carcinoma, &c., the root is saccharine and edible. The seeds
are said to cause abortion.
UORKMA AMMONIACUM,
2H7
Dorema Ammoniacum, 6, P., D. Gtabrum, Ferula Orientalla,
F. Tingitana and probably other Bpecies.
Habitat, — Persia, Afghanistan (on silicious soil, deserts and barren
regions).
Purt^i used. — The gum resin exuded from flowering and truiting
stem ; Atnntoniacuni, B. P,
FcmacNlar. — Afghan — Randal. Arab-— Fashuk, Ushti &haka*
Bomb.^ — Ushaka. Eng. — Ammoniac, Gnz. — Ushaka, Astrak, Gunda.
layaka. Hind. — Samagh Hamania. Pers,^ — Ushna ooshak. Tarn. —
Randal. Afghan — Gama Nayakan. Tel. — ^Gama Nayakam«
Charnckrs. — Gum resin in roundish tears, agglutinated masses, or
cakes ; tears of a pale cinnamon or brown colour, breaking into ail
opaque shining or yellow conchoidal w^hite fracture, and having a faint
[odour and a bitter nauseous taste. The cakes resemble in appearance
and smell hinga cakes, giving with water a milky emulsion ; an inferior
variety is obtained from the base of the stem, often mixed with vegetable
jJragmtnts and earthy matter. It softens by handling. The root called
^Boi is fibrousp of a loose, spongy texture, and of a faint aromatic odour,
often mistaken for sumbal. Dose, 5 to 15 grs«
Constituents. — Gum, 18 to 26 p, c. ; resin, 70 p. c. ; volatile
oil, 14 p, c; moisture, 5 p. c»; Ash, 3 p, c. The volatile oil differs from
that of asafetida in that it docs not contain sulphur or phosphorus. The
resin does not yield umbelliferon. It consists of an acid and two
resins, one soluble and the other insoluble in etherp the latter is soluble
Jn volatile and fixed oih
Preparations. — Emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrargyro, B. P.
ammoniac plaster with mercury, ammoniac 12 02., mercuiy 3 oz., olive
oil 56 grs., sublimed sulphur 8 grs. Mistura ammoniaci, B, P. (i in 33)
with syrup of Tolu. Dose, \ to 1 Hd, oz.
Actions a fid uses. — The root, Boi, is used as a fumigation. The
gum is a stimulating expectorant and laxative ; also rubefacient and
resolvent. A piaster of it promotes nitrition in the part to which it
may be applied. As an irritant it produces papular eruptions.
Internally its action is like that of asafetida but less powerful j given in
chronic pulmonary catarrh of the aged with profuse secretion, and
attended with difficult expectoration and without fever; generally
combined with ammonium chloride. It gives lone to the feeble pulmon-
ary circular muscular fibres and hence in asthma it is very useful.
It removes the exciting cause of the nervous paroxysm. Its use should
T ng continued as it leads to a dry and irritable state of the
i In hynsterical asthma it is used when combined with
aaatctida* It is sometimes given in chronic catarrh of the urinary
paisages. Externally as a resolvent, it is used as a plaster in asthma,
in indolent tumours and glandular swellings, in enlargement of the
liver and spleen and as an irritant in chronic muscular rheumatism,
in chronic bioutbial cataiih and chronic pleurisy.
288 KERUl-A KKTIDA.
Ferula Alliaoea.
Habitat. — Balkh, Persia.
Parts used. — ^The gum resin from the root.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Hiltit, Tyih. Eng. — Indian Asafetida. Guz.
— Hing. Vagarni. Ispahan, — Angusht, — Gandah, — Pers. — Angozah
Kema. Sind. — Hinga, Vaghaunni. Sans. — Bhut nasan, Sula-nasan,
Nasana Hinguhu.
Bhutnasan, from Bhut, demon, and nisana, nasvun, to fly
away or run away or to destroy. It dispels demons. Sula nasana
from sula, pain in the stomach, to destroy, or drive away pain from
the stomacn.
Characters, — It is semifluid at first, of an opaque white colour,
but gradually becomes dull yellow or darker; met with in irregular
masses of opaque tears moist or dry and imbedded in a yellowish or
brownish grey sticky mass. It has a strong feet id garlic-like alliaceous
persistent odour and an acrid bitter taste. With water it forms a white
milky emulsion. The odour is due to the volatile oil it contains. It
dissolves entirely in rectified spirit. Dose, 3 to S grs.
Ferula FcBtida, B. P., Narthex Asafetida, Fermla Narthex,
Femla Soorodosma.
Habitat, — Persia, Afghanistan, Panjab.
Parts used. — The gum-resin obtained by incision from the root.
Asafetida, B. P.
Vernacular, — Arab. Hiltit Sujadan, Shamagh-ul-Mahrus, Juwifeh.
Beng. — Hing. Burm. — Singu or Shinkhu. Can, — Ingu. Cing. —
Pirunka yam. Duk. — Hing. Eng.— Devil's dung, asafetida. Guz. —
Hingra, Vagirnihing. Hind. — Hingu, Hingiseh Anguza. Maleal. —
Parungayam. Pers. — Angoyah, angustagooda anjadana. Sans. —
Romatham, Bhuta nasana, sula nasana, hinguhu. Tel. — Juguva,
Hingu-patri.
Characters. — A perennial herb ; the gum resin is met with in
moist, flaky, pieces or tears of a dull yellow colour, becoming darker
on keeping, tough when fresh, internally yellowish and translucent,
or milky white and opaque, odour, strong, persistent and alliaceous,
taste bitter and acrid, soluble in alcohol 65 p. c. ; with water it forms
a milk-white emulsion. Dose, 5 to 15 grs.
Constituents, — A sulphuretted volatile oil, 3 to 9 p. c, consisting
chiefly of allyl sulphide, resin 50 to 70 p.c, soluble in ether ; gum,
30 p. c, saline matters and ash ; 3 to 4 p.c., also ferulaic, malic, acetic,
formic and valerianic acids.
Volatile oil. — The odour and stimulant property of asafetida are
due to this oil which may be obtained by distilling asafetida with water
or alcohol. It contains several sulphides of ferulyl, two tcrpenes
which yield sesquiterpene and a blue coloured oil.
KUvi.\ Mirriiu.
The iTsm on dr>* distillation VJelds umbelliferon, wliicli is not
fnund in the Indian variety. When fused wiLh potash, it viclds
reK>rcin and pyrocaicchuic aciil.
Pfeparattrms. — Pill of asafetida — containing King i, Camphor i.
Opium I, and binck pepper j, made into one pill. Hinga ashtaka
churana, a compound povv^dcr, Hinga 4, Shajira 5, Pipali 4, Ajavana
4» Bodi Ajanioda 5, Sonachola 4, Miri y, and Suntha 3, mix and
make a powder, to this, sometimes Afima 2 is added. Dose, 10 to 20
grains — used as a carminative and dicestive in dyspepsia, vomiting,
colic, flatulence, &c. Hinga-Vadi-V^urati Suppositories— Hinga 5,
Madha 6, Sindhava 4 — mix and make a suppository in kokumtel,
used in constipation, piles, &ev
Enema asafetida?, 30 grains in 4 ouncea, Pilula Aloes et
Aiiafetidie, B.P> ( i in 4). Dose, 4 to8 grs* Pilula Galbani composita,
B,P. (2 in 7). Dose, 410 8 grs* Spiriius ammonia; Fetidus, B. P, (r in
13). Dosct 20 to 40 ms- Tinctura Asafetidae, tincture of asafetida^ B. P.
(t in 5)» Dose, ^ tt» 1 fld. dr* Emulsum asafetidae, milk of a^^afetida,
4 p.c. Dose, 4 tri 12. Mistnra magnesix* tt asafctiii:c» Dewee's
cirminativc^ — magnesium carbonate 5, tincture of asafetida 7, tincture
of opium I, sugar to» water loo. Dosei i to 4 drs,
Phv^vjhi^kitl ^litihfis, — Among the natives, Hing is usually fried
hc(OTv being used as medicine* as they believe that law hing causes
% h is a mo>l powerful foetid gum resin, a valuable stimulant
:\ the organs of circulation and secretion : aho a nervine and
, ly slnnulanl, and a powerful anti '\c. It is also
Mvc, tonic, laxative, diuretic and enui :ue, also anthel*
minnc and aphrodisiac. In ^rnall doses and il lung continued, it
produces a scnsie c»f warmth without any rise of temperature. It impairs
ii-^^tion, gives rise to atliacious erucialions, acnd irritation in the
liijuat, (latulencc, diarrhita and burning in the urfnc< In large doses it
stimulates the secretion and excretion and increa^^cs the sexual appe*
lite. The volatile oil is rapidly excreted and may be found in the
urine, milk and sweat. It also increases the menstrual t!ow.
Therapeutics, — Il is given in nervous and neurotic diseases, as
hysteria, and hypochondriaiiis ; as an expectorant, in habitual cough,
tdifonic catarrh, bfonchitis and asthma ; as a carminative in dyspepsia,
colic and other gasTric affections, and to expel worms. It is said to
ward off malaria if taken with food in malarious districts. It relieves
y iistension of the bowels* An enema ofhingii is the best form
I it is exhibited in convulsions. It is a useful remedy in
\ 'tiin. With m5'rrh and Riven in
f loid fever. An enema v\ 'roil and
I c id very beneficial in intesitiial colic ;iud worms» hi habttu^t
It is a very reliable remedy.
VnrifHe.K. — Khandari asafetida — this is superior t« hine^, Kwt
inferior to the Indian hing, " 1
with sjnd, clay, &c. It i^ the m
2QO FERIII^ PFRSICA.
Ferula Oalbanifliia, B. P., and probably other 8peoiet.
Habitat — Persia, Smyrna, India, coasts of the Mediterranean.
Pari used, — The gum resin Galbanum, B. P.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Barahada Kinneh. Bomb. — Javashira.
Duk. — Barija-gonda. Eng. — Galbanum. Hind. — Bireja, Ganda-biroa.
Pers. — Biriz, Jhav-shira, Berazadd, Gaoshira, Barazahd-i-gaoahir.
Javashira, a corruption of the Persian Gaoshira. Jao or gao means a
cow, and shira^milk ; in allusion to the milky nature of the juice.
Characters. — Yellowish brown externally, and milk-white within,
often mixed with stems fruits and flowers. Found in minute tears
or agglutinated hard masses or granules of the size of a pea. The
odour resembles that of ushaka or celery, taste balsamic and rather
acrid. With water it gives milky emulsions. Dose, 5 to 15 grains.
Constituents. — Volatile oil, 6 to 9 p. c, isomeric with turpentine,
resin 60 to 66 p.c. ; gum 15 to 20 p. c. ; it yields on dry distillation,
a blue oil and umbelliferon, a tasteless substance in satiny crystals.
The oil conuins no sulphur.
Preparations. — Pilula galbani composita — compound pill of asafe-
tida (2 in 7), asafetida 2. Galbanum 2, m3rrrh 2, syrup of glucose i. Dose
4 to 8 grs. Emulsion, Tincture (i in 10). Dose, \ to i dr., and PUster-
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, and antispasmodic ;
similar to those of ammoniac, but is less powerful than asafetida.
Locally it is used as a stimulant application to indolent glands, boils
and tumours, combined with other gum resins ; an ointment is used tev
acne Internally it is given in hysteria, chlorosis, asthma, rheumatism,
chronic bronchitis and catarrh of the mucous membranes generally.
It has a stimulant action upon the uterus and is given in vaginal
and uterine catarrh, and in amenorrhoea and chronic rheumatism.
Ferola Persica, F. Sa^pennm.
/^/?^ito/.— Persia.
Pari used. — The gum resin.
Vernacular.^ Arzh. — Sakabinaja, Sugabinaja. Bomb. — ^Easus*
Eng.— Sagapenum. Hind. — Kundel. Pers. — Suga fium, Iskabinah.
Characters. — Gum resin in masses forming brown cakes, princi*
pally in tears of a greenish hue, closely resembling javashira ; odour
like that of garlic, taste acrid, and terebinthaceous.
Constituents.^-Vohitile oil, resin and gum. Same as those of
galbanum, but it also contains sulphur.
Preparations. — Plaster ; Segapenum pills— containing Aloes I,
Segapenum i, Bdellium x, and Agaric i, given in flatulence and
dyspepsia. Dose, i| to 8 grs.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, emmenagogue and anthelmintic ;
given in flatulent dyspepsia, and in chronic bronchitis, with profuse
secretion ; externally it is used as a stimulating plaster.
Ferula Bombal» B. P.
Sumbul from arabic sumbul which means a spike. The appearance
of the flowering stem is like that of a spike*
HahUat. — Northern Asia,
P^rts fiseii. — The dried transverse slices of the root, Sumbul
Radix, B. P.
Vernacular* — Arab. — Sumbul. Eng, — musk root.
CharacUrs. — A large plant ; root large, thick, fusiform, light and
spong)*, but longitudinully wrinkled, bark thin, brown and fibrous^
interior whitish with yellow dots and irregular fibres— odour strong
and musk-like, taste bitter and aromatic. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Consttttants — A volatile oil, of a bluish colour, balsamic resin 9 px,
obtained by distillation and containing umbeltiferon, suinbulic or angelic
acid, valerianic acid, methyl crotonic acid, a bitter extractive ; sugar and
suich«
flrfarattnns* — Ixifusum Sumbul of Decoctum Sumbul (1 in 20).
Dose, 2 to 6 drs. Tinctura Sumbul^B. P* (1 in to). Dose, 4 to i dr* fl.
Extract. Dose, 3 to 5 grs*
AcHcfis and uses. — Stimulant* nervine tonic and antispasmodic
like musk and valerian ; given in hysteria, nervous disorders, chlorosis,
also in leucorrhoea, gleei, hypochondriasis, delirium tremens, and
epilepsy. In chlorosis it is often combined with iron, arsenic, &c.
Also given as a substitute for musk in cholera, typhoid and other
adynamic conditions, asthma, &c.
Fcanioulam CaptUaceum, B. R, F. Vulgare,
Fcaniculum PanmoharL
HahitaL — W. Asia, cultivated in India and Europe,
Parts used, — The dried ripe fruit, FcenicuH fructus, B* P* Fennel
fruit ; and root-
Vemacular.—AiiAh, — Razceanej and'dist il led water Arak<i-badiana.
Bomb: — Sonpha. Cing* — Devaduiu, Rataenduru. Beng. — Panmohuri,
Moortc, Guowamooree. Can. — Somp. Eng— Sweet or wild fennel.
Gilt. — Variari. Hind— Bari> Sonpha, Panmohuri, Mayuri, Mar.-^Bari
Sonpha. Pcrs^ — Badian. Karalah. Tarn. — Perun. Sheragom* TcK —
Shohi Kire. Pedda-giUa kara. Sans. — Mudorika.
Characters* — Fruit, cremocarp of a bright yellow colour changing
to dark brown by keeping, from ^ to | of an inch long, and /{, inch
tn diameiet, oblongs more or less curved, having a long slender thread-*
like stalk at the bottom, apex slightly pointed, surface smooth,
deeply channelled, and marked with ten prominent ridi;es, separable
into two prominent mcricarps. It exhibits on transverse section
4 oil tubes on the back, and 2 or 4 on the fl4t surface ; odour
agreeable and aromatic, taste sweet and aromiiic Indian sweet fennel
is smaller and straighter than the European article* Du^e, 5 to JOgis.
^Smm^^^
292 HYDKOCOTYLK ASIATICA.
Constituents. — A volatile oil 2 to 6 p.c, united with a terpene, and
almost identical with oil of aniseed ; fixed oil 12 p. c, mucilage,
sugar and ash 7 p. c.
Oleum Foeniculi. — Volatile oil of fennel. To obtain it distil the fruit
or entire plant with water or steam. A pale yellow liquid, almost
identical with anise oil, odour and taste peculiar and characteristic,
neutral in reaction, soluble in alcohol (i in 1) and glacial acetic acid
(i in 1). Dose, 2 to 4 ms. The oil contains pinene, phellandrene (isomeric
with oil of turpentine), dipentene, fenchone and anelhol, or anise
camphor. Anethol consists of a liquid portion eleopten and a solid
stearopten.
Preparations. — Aqua Foeniculi, B. P. (1 in 10), of the fruit, or i in
500 of the oil. Dose, i to 2 fld. ozs. — pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus,
B. P. Dose, 60 to 1 20 grs.
Actions and uses* — A mild stimulant, carminative, aromatic,
stomachic, emmenagogue and galactagogue ; employed like other
carminative and aromatic medicines. It acts as a diuretic and diapho-
retic in children and infants, promoting the secretion of urine and
perspiration. It is also given for the relief of nausea, flatulency and
colic. As an emmenagogue its hot infusion is given in amenorrhoea.
As a galactagogue it is used in re-establishing lacteal secretion when
wanting or suppressed. As a corrective, the oil is useful in flatulence
and in arresting griping of purgatives. It is a common ingredient
in confections. The root is used in native practice in the form of
infusion for similar purposes, and as an enema to expel flatus in
infants.
Remarks. — Fennel is often confounded with anise.
Hydroootyle Asiatioa.
Habitat. — India, Ceylon, Southern Africa.
Parts used. — The leaves and root.
Vernacular, — Arab, — Brahami Artaniya-a-hindi. Beng. — Thol-
kuri. Bomb. — Brahami* Burm. — Minkhuti-bin. Can.— Unde-laga.
Cing. — Hingotu-kola. Duk.— Vallari-k&-patta. Eng. — Asiatic or
Indian Pennywort, Indian Hydrocotyle. Guz. — Khara brahami.
Hind. — Brahami, Khula Khudi. Maleal. — Kodagam. Mar. — Karivana.
Sans. — Brahami, Man^ukaparni. Tam. — Vallarai-kire. Tel. —
Manduka-brummi, Bokkudu, Babassaielaka.
Characters.^Cret^mg herb, sending out large runners which
produce leaves, roots and fruits at the joints; leaves with long stalks,
reniform, crenate, glabrous or hairy on the under surface, and cordate
at the base. Stem slender and longitudinally furrowed. Fruits,
clustered at the joints, small, laterally compressed and furrowed or
ribbed longitudinally ; when bruised, the odour is aromatic, taste
pungent, nauseous and bitter.
Constituents. — An oleaginous substance vellar; it is abo i^ed in torpid liver,
asthma and amenorrhoea. Among the natives the plant is boiled and
eaten as a vegetable.
JUSSf.«A SltFKRUTieOS^
199
Evening primrose, or Singoda family.
Herbsor shrubs, with simple exstipulate, alternate, dotless leaves ;
fruit capsular, succulent and dehiscent or indehiscent ; seeds numerous
without aJbumen.
Habitat, — India, temperate parts of North America and Europe.
Profiertus, — The plants of this order are harmless. They possess
mucilaginous properties. The fruits are acid and edible. The roots
are also edible ; some are astringent*
(Enothera Biennis.
Habitat, — Europe, North America, 4c,
Part used. — The flowering topt.
Characters, — A shrub with simple, alternate or opposite, exstipuN
ate leaves without dots ; flowers ajtillary, almost sessile ; calyx, superior
j*4 lobed, in sestivation vatvate ; petals, large, showy^ regular and
twisted in aestivation. Dose, )oto 30 grs.
Preparations, — Decoction as a wa«h« Fluid extract, 20 to 60 ms«
ointment.
Actions and Njri,— Sedative and antispasmodic ; indicated \n
pulmonary and gastric affections, depending on a morbid
sensitiveness in the larvngeal, pulmonary or gastric branches of the
pneumogastric nerve* It is beneficial in whooping cough, and spasmodic
asthma — externally, a decoction is used as a wash in infantile eruptions
and as an application to ulcers ; the roots are edible.
Jatftlsa SnfhnlioaBaf 1* Yillota, Epllobriam Fratiooanm,
J. Exaltatiu
Habitat, — India, Ceylon.
Part used* — The plant.
^VrfMcrw/ar.— Beng.^Lil-ban-Lavanga. Ceylon — Haemorago. Can.
— Kava cula. Cing, — Hotmaraga Hind. — Ban Laung, Kanchana*
Maleal — Carambu, Mar.— Pana Lavanga. Sans. — BbMlavi-anga,
Tel. — Nirbatsala* Tarn* — Nirkirambu, Niruaghendra-paku,
P&na Lavanga means water-clove — indicating, the habitat of the
plant*
Characters. '^a^xh erect pubescent or villous, leaves broad, lan-
ceolate, sometimes linear, acuminate, shortly petioled; flowers sessile,
capsule, linear, ] or 2 inches* cyUndrical, more or les& villous, 8
ribbed fruit large, yellow, resembhng a clove.
Preparations, — Decoction (j in 20). Dose, ^ to 1 fl. dr-
Actions and uses. — Astringent, carminative, diuretic and
vermifuge ; given in flatulence ; powder steeped in butter milk,
is given in diarrhcea and dysentery. As an astringent it is given in
h»*rmoptysis, and in teucorrhopa.
300 TRAPA BISPINOSA.
Haloragaoeae, Mare's Tail, or Water Chestnut family.
Herbs or shurbs, generally aquatic ; upper leaves and petioles
tomentose, lower leaves opposite ; calyx minute, villous ; seeds solitary
and pendulous; albumen fleshy or exalbuminous, nearly allied to
onagraceae, merely an imperfect form of onagraceae. Edible seeds ;
found in all parts of the world.
Trapa Bispinosa, T. Natans, T. Bioornis, Tribolas
Aquaticas.
/^/73/Ai/.— Peninsulas of India, Bengal, Cashmere, Peshawar
Nepal.
Parts used. — The fruit, or nut, or seeds.
Vcniacular, — Eng. — Water chestnut, 2 spined water caltrop, Jesuit
nut Chin. — Ling. Beng. — P&ni phala. Bomb. — Singora. Guz. —
Singoda. Duk, — Pani-phal. Hind. — Singh&rah, Pini phal. Maleal. —
Karim polam. Mar. — Singoda. Panj. — Gaunri. Sans — Seringata,
Tel. — Parike-gadda. Tam. — Pauri-mattai.
Characters, — Fruit or nut is dark green, externally marked with
horns, very conical in shape and barbed backwards as projecting spines,
Seeds large, amygdaloid with unequal cotyledons ; nuts abpunding in
starchy fecula of a white colour, and of a sweetish taste ; seeds edible ;
those of Trapa Natans are known as Jesuit's nuts at Venice.
The dried fruit deprived of husk is dull brown externally and
white within. In shape, it is compressed, and like an obtuse angled
triangle. On section it is hard and brittle. Dose, i to 2 drs.
Constituents. — Contains manganese and starch.
Preparations, — Confection. Dose, 2 to 4 drs.
Actions and uses% — Nutritive, tonic, and cooling ; given in diarrhoea
and dyspepsia, and with milk, in nervous and general debility,
seminal weakness and leucorrhoea. Fresh fruits are edible — dried ones
are baked, and then eaten. Powder of the dry fruits is used to
prepare bread.
SamydaoeA, Samyda Family.
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, evergreen stipulate,
and marked with round or linear transparent dots. Flowers perfect.
Fruit capsular and leathery, one-celled. Seeds numerous and arillate,
albumen fleshy or oily.
Habitat, — Tropical — principally America.
Properties. — Bitter and astringent.
Casearia Esoulenta.
Habitat, — Southern India and Ceylon.
Parts used, — The bark of the root.
Vernacular, — Goa. — Sataganda. Hind. — Chilla, Chilara, Baire.
Mar. — Mora-igeru, Bithori, Pingri, Mormassi. Tam.— Kaddla Shingi.
Tel. — Gundu gungura.
Morl-ageru — morn, a pile, nnd ageru, the rectum. Tliis mediehie
ii. used for the treatment of piles. Sfitagunda— sntia, ivhich means seven,
and gonda, a ring, the transverse section of the root bark shows
seven concentric rings. Moramassi, mora pile and mashi, flesh, or a
soft tumour. It is a cure for piles or soft tumour.
Characters. — A small shrub; root crooked, forming angular bends ;
bark very hard, of a dull red colour, and covered with thin papery
subef of a yellow colour ; taste astringent.
Ojnsiiitunis. — The bark contains lannini similar to Ratanhio-
mnnic acid, and a principle allied to cathartic acid.
/V/^jm//>;/w.^ Decoct ion (i in 20). Dose, 1 to 2 fld* ozs. Extract,
Dose, 10 to 20 grs,, and syrup (1 of extract in 6)< Dose, 1 to 2
drs.
Actions and nse^, — Laxative and alterative ; u!*ed iot hepatic
enlargement, and for piles, both internally and tfxternally. Its action
un the liver is very marked. It i^ also given in (l*;tbetcs.
PapayaceaB.
The Papaw family. Trees or shrubs, vviih acrid milky juice ;
leaves on*hmg petioles, Jubtd, and alternate ; flowers, unisexual or
hermaphrodite. I'mtt succulent mn! iltluMfnr : s.-iuU many and
albuminous,
llabiiaL — India, bouth America.
PrvpirUes. — The plants of thii> order contain an acrid, milky juice
Some plants are deadly poisonous ; the unripe fruit and juice of M>nie
areantlielmintic. Ripe fruit* are edible.
Carioa Papaya, C. Valeria.
hahiiat. — Native of America, cultivated throughout India.
f^rts i#jr^(/-^The milky juice^ seeds, and pulp.
lr*€rnacul*Mr — The fruit. Arab. — Anabahc liindi, Beng, — Popo-
yiiiH. Bom., Hiud. — Arand-Kharbu/a, papaya. Burm.— Trenbaw,
ticn, ihin-baw. Chin. — Muhkwa. Can.— Parangi. Cing,— PapaJ.
>uk* — Popaiyah, PopiU. Eng. — Papaw, ivuz, — Papuyi. Mar, —
*opayii. Malay, — r^apiiy;i-papa, Rate. Maleal. — Papeta, umbbaJay.
?«i:5. — Anobahc-hindi. bind. — Katha Chibhadu. Tarn, — Peppali-
iti« Tel— Midhumakani, Bapaia pandu.
Characters. — Kipe fruit» succulent, oblong, furrowed, yellowish
l^eei!, and containing numerous slimy, round, coloured albuminous
fcgrcy seed*. The seeds smell like Assilio ; the unripe fruit, wood ^nA
tjeaves contains a large quantity of thick, milky jutce, of a gelatinous
tjn^istencc — and which contains a digestive ferment, which is the
DCttve principle calkd Papain*
Cunstiiiittits* — ^The juice contains an albuminoid, digestive, or
dilkcurdling ferment — Papain or Papayotin. The fresh fruit contains a
Uoutchouc^hkc lubbtaucc \ a soft, yellow rcsiii, fai| albuminoidsi sugar,
CARICA PAPATA.
pectin I citric, tartaric and malic acids, dextrine, &c. The dried fruit
contains a large atnount of ash, 8'4 p. c„ which contains sodai potash
and phosphoric acid. The seeds contain an oil. Papaya oil, or carictn^
an oiMike substance of a disagreeable taste and smell, soluble in ether
and alcohol ; and several acids; similar to palmitic acid, carica fat acid,
and a crystalline acid called papayic acid* These are insoluble in cold
water, but soluble in hot water and alcohol, also a resin acid, having an
irritant and bitter taste, insoluble in water and ether, aiid soluble in
alcohol and alkalies ; and a soft resin. The leaves contpper and oil of
hydnocarpus wightiana.
Action and uses, — Stimul&nt and alterative ; the ointment b
applied in psoriasis, scabies and other skin diseases. The fruit pulp
and juice of leaves and also seeds are anthelmintic and given in
lumbrici. The fruit is also tonic and alterative and given in rheu-
matism, gout and diseases of the liver and spleen. ^ The whole plant
powdered is used for dusting over leprous and other intractable ulcers.
Homordioa Coohin Chinensifl, Morioia Coohin Chinensis.
Habitat. — Deccan Peninsula, Canara, Bengal.
Ihrts used* — The seeds.
Vemacuhtf. — Beng. — Gol-kakra. Hind. — Kakrol . Sans. — Kar-
kataka.
Karkataka. — The shell of a crab. The seeds resemble the shell.
Characters, — Flowers cream coloured ; fruit large, red and
thorny. Pulp yellow, insipid ; seeds ^ inch in diameter and \ of an
inch thick, ovate compressed and black ; margins, corrugated ; shell
fragile, kernel oily. Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — The seeds deprived of the husk contain a greenish
oil 43*7 p. c, and a bitter glucoside. The oil possesses very powerful
siccative properties.
Preparations. — Confection. Dose, i to 2 drs.
Actions and uses. — Demulcent, stimulant and aperient ; given in
cough and to women immediately after parturition. As an aperient,
the seeds are given in hepatic diseases, lumbago, &c., externally applied
in procidentia uteri, prolapsus ani, fractures, &c.
Remarks. — It is an ingredient of a hot stuff, known in Bengal
as Jhal, and given to women after delivery.
Momordifia Dioica.
Habitat — ^Throughout India.
Parts used, — ^The fruit and tuberous root.
VemacuUn, — Bomb. — Karatoli. Burm. — Sa-bvet . Can. — Mada-
hagala. Ciug. — ^Tumba-karawilla. Mah., Guz. — Kantolan. Hind. —
Dh&r-karela. Mar. — Karantali. Mai. — Erima-avel. Sans.— >Vihassa
Tarn. — Paloo paghel. Tel. — Potu kakara.
Characters^ — Fruit ovate, muricated, and somewhat tapering at
the base. When ripe, it bursts irregularly showing red or yellow arillus
of the seeds; seeds black, shining and almost spherical; tubers of the
fresh female plant yellowish, smooth, of the size qI a turnip, or even
large, and irr«rular in[shape ; dry and sliced pieces, resembling those
of kolamha. When reduced to powder it becomes yellow ; the taste
of the fruit as well as of the tuber astringent and bitter. Dose,
f to I dr.
MtmiA SCABRBLLA.
SJ?
Oimtituents. — An alkaloid, a frajarrant extractive malter, and ash
3*4 p*c. The ash contains a trace of manganese,
/y^^<?rtf/rbw^.-^Electuary of txjberous root. Dose> i to 2 drs.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant and astringent ; locally the powdered
root with cocoanut, pepper* and red sandal wood is applied to the head
in headache and to the skin to render it soft and supple and to lessen
sweat ; the electuary is given in bleeding piles,
Homordioa Umbellata, Zehneria Umbellata.
Hahitat, — Throughout India.
Parts used. — ^The leaves, fruit and root.
Vernacular . — Beng. — Kudari* Goa. — Popinho do Patare,
Hind, — Tarali, Mar. — Gometta* Malabar, — Gomth Karwi-vatli. Sans.
— Gumihi. Tel,— Tid-dauda,
Characters* — Common on hedges; leaves short, pet ioled, cordate,
or sagittate, palmately* lobed, lobes 3 to 5, longer than petiole, 5
partite, sinuate and toothed ; root or tubers brown externally and white
within, of a faint nauseous odour. Berries oval oblong, of the size of
pigeons* eggs, smooth and red when ripe,
Prepatations. — Confection of powdered root. Dose, 1 to 2 drs.
Powder, Dose, 3 to 10 grs.
.Actions and use. — ^Stimulant and demulcent. The juice of the
leaves is used as a soothing application to the skin, inflamed by the
application of bhilamo. The root is stimulant and invigorating.
In confections it is generally combined with onions, cumin, sugar and
butter* It is also given in gonorrhtra and dysuria.
Mukia Scabrella
Hahitat. — Throughout India.
Parts used. — The plant in fruit,
Veniacuiar. — Hind, — Agamaki, Mai. — Mucca-piri, Mar, — ^Chirati,
Sam.<— Ahilaykum, Ghantali. Tam.-^Mosum-daki, Mosumuski. Tel,—
Puten*budinga, Nudhosa.
Ahilaykum^ a corruption of ahilakhf^na, meaning marked like
snake. The fruit being marked with vertical white stripes.
Ghantali— Chant, a bell. It means a row or string of bells as worn
by dancing girls having vertical slits like vertical stripes on the fruit.
Characters, — Fruit marked with vertical white stripes. Plant
scabrous ; leaves cordate ; berries globular, of the size of a pea, when
ripe of a scarlet colour and sprinkled with few bristly hairs. Plant and
liruit are bitter.
Preparations. — Infusion {1 in 10). Dose, i to 2 02s,
Actimn and uses, — Aperient and stomachic, given in dyspepsia,
especially to children.
3l6 TRICHOSANTHES CUCUVRRINA.
TriohMWithas Caoiimeriiia» T. Dioioa, T. Covdala.
Habitat. — Northern India, Guzerat to Assanii Bengal, Ceylon.
Parts used. — The plant in fruit.
Vernacular. — Beng. — PateL Bomb. — Kadu padavala. Burm —
Tha-b'hot-kha, T6pelen-moye. Chin. — Ko-lau, Kwa-lau. Can. —
Bettada-padaval. Cmgh. — Dumma-ala. Eng. — Bitter Cvourd. Guz. —
Jangali parula, parwar. Maleal. — Podavalam. Hind. — Jangli Chicbondft,
Chuchinga. Mai.— Kaippam-patolam. Mar. — Karupv^. Piinj. —
Gwal-kakri. Sans.— Patolaka. Tarn.— Pudal, Kattup-pepudal. TeL —
Patola, Adavi Potta.
Characters. — Plant foetid, leaves harsh, broad, sinuate, or cordate ;
five lobed and serrated ; upper surface downy, tendrils bifid ; flowers
white and fringed ; fruit oblong, acute, or pointed at both ends, 3 to 6
inches long, glaucous, of la greenish white colour and markeid with
irregular, longitudinal stripes; stem rather quadrangular, twining and
striated, sometimes woolly and scabrous. Fruit, 2 to 3 inches l(»ig,
oblong, acute and red ; seeds, minute, compressed and corrugate on
the margin.
Preparations. — A compound decoction (i in 20)— contains Patda
5, Ratanjali 4, Kadu 5, Galo 4, Jethi madha 5, Vinevela 5, Pashana
bheda 5, and Water 100. Make decoction. Dose, i to 2 ounces, or
Patola, cyperus, chiretta, neem bark, catechu, oldenlandia, root bark
of adhatoda equal parts, water i oz. Dose, i to 2 ozs. Extract —
Dose, 3 to 5 grs.
Actions and uses. — ^The unripe fruit is laxative, hydragogne,
alterative and antiperiodic ; the tender shoots and capsules are bitter,
stomachic and laxative. The seeds are stomachic and anthelmintic
and given in disorders of the stomach. As an alterative, the decoction
is given in syphilis, rheumatism, fever and general weakness. The
extract is a powerful and safe cathartic, and recommended as a
substitute for elaterium. The natives use it in leprosy, and as a
febrifuge and general tonic. In chronic fevers it is given in com-
bination with aromatics and bitters.
Triohosanthes Pftlmata.
Hahiiat. — ^India.
I^rts used. — The firuit and stem.
Vernacular. — Arab. — ^Anbaghol. Beng. — Makal. Bomb. — ^KaundaL
Can.— A vagude-hannu. Cing. — ^Titta-hondala. Duk. — G udi-pandik.
Hind. — Kaundala. Lai Indra>*an. MaL — Kekapelam. Afar. —
Kaundal. Ptfs,— Hanzal-e-surkh. Sans.— Mahikila. Tam.— Shavari
paoham. Td. — Awagiida*pandu.
Kondala means a circle, pendant or an ear-ring, and the plant b
so named in allusion to the shape of the fruit, which is like Lulaka or
kttDdal and used by Dukhnee Hindus as a pendant for their God
Gmotsh or Ganpaty.
ffOSANTHES PALMATA.
317
Characters. — Fresh fruit round, oval or pyriform and resembling
a small apple or orange ; pulp like cow-dung and of a dull orange
colour ; fruit dry, shell thin, brittle, and very bitter ; seeds and pulp lie
loose, so that the contents when shaken produce a rattling sound ;
seeds blackish, flat, irregular and generally triangular ; kernel sweet
and oily,
ComtUuents* — The rind and pulp contain an amorphous, bitter
principle, trichosanthin, resembling colocynthin. It is soluble in
water, alcohol and slightly so in ether. The green pulp in the interior
of the fruit contains a colouring matter.
Preparatmis — Medicated oil contains fruit mixed with warm
cocoanut oil* Decoction or infusion of root (i in 20). Dose \ to i
nd. Ql*
AcHons and uses, — Tonic and stimulant. The oil is dropped into the
ear in otorrhcea, into the nose in ozocna and for other fcetid discharges-
The natives sometimes smoke the rind of the pounded fruit in asthma
and use as a fumigatory in ozcena and other discharges from the nose ;
a paste of the root with colocynth root is applied to carbuncles*
In gonorrhcea it is given with triphla and turmeric. The root is
reputed to be a tonic similar tocalumba.
Zaaoala Indioa.
Habitat, — Assam, Bengal, Ceylon, Malabar Coast.
Parts used, — The leaves,
r^rrrmcrw/^r.—Eng,— Bandolier fruit. Hind, Mar.— Chripota
laL — Penar-valli, Sans. — Chirpota, Dirgh patra, Kuntali, Tiktaka,
Pindavalii.
Characters. — Leaves 6 inches long, 3 inches broad, and acute ;
petiole I inch ; fruit threenrelled, each cell containing two seeds— seeds
compressed and minute.
Actions and uses*— Anodyne ; leaves beaten with milk and butter
are used as an application to quiet nervous irritation of boils, sciatica,
and to the chest in cough and asthma.
DatiftcaceeB. Datiftoa or Akalbar family.
Herbs or trees; leaves alternate, ex-stipulate ; flowers declinous ;
fruit dry, opening at the apex ; seeds numerous, minute, without
albumen.
Mabiiat.^-Widcly distributed over the globe.
Properties, — Some are bitter and purgative, and others arc used
for their fibres.
Datisoa Cannablna.
^<i5iA?/.— Himalaya, Nepal, Sind*
Paris used. — ^The herb and root.
Verttacular. — Hind* — ^Akalbar. Punj. — Bayr-but^a, Bhang^*aU,
31 8 ANHALONIUM WILLI AMSII.
Characters, — Steins stout 'and branching ; leaves pinnate, flowers
simple, pedicles with linear bracts ; anthers oblong, filaments short ;
capsule one-celled, open at the apex ; seeds numerous and striated.
Dose, S to IS grs.
Constituents. — A glucoside datiscin ; a resin and a bitter principle.
To obtain datiscin, exhaust the herb with alcohol, and evaporate. Add
water to the residue, to precipitate the resin, decant the fluid and evapor-
ate. Occurs as colourless, silky needles or scales ; taste bitter, of neutral
reaction ; soluble in cold water, sparingly soluble in warm water and
ether.
Prepatations. — Infusion (i in lo). Dose, ^ to i oz.
Actions and uses. — ^Bitter, stomachic, alterative, expectorant
and laxative ; given in scrofula, intermittent fever with vomiting and in
catarrh of the throat and bronchi. As a local sedative the bruised
leaves are applied to the head in headache.
CaotaceflB— The Indian Fig ftunily.
Succulent plants, usually spiny and leafless ; stems globular,
columnar, flattened or 3 or more angled ; flowers sometimes showy,
sessile. Fruits succulent ; seeds numerous, parietal or embedded in the
pulp without albumen.
Habitat.— Th& Tropics.
Fruits of some species are acid, and agreeable, and others
are used as food for cattle*
Anhaloniam A. WilliftmBii.
Habitat.— West Indies.
Parts used.'-^The flowers and stems.
Characters. — Stems stout and branching, flowers simple, with
short filaments, anthers oblong.
Cotistituents. — An alkaloid pellotine, yielding salts with acids.
Pellotine Hydrochloride. Dose, ^ to i gr. ; and Mezcaliiie, another
alkaloid.
Action and uses. — Pellotine is hypnotic and analgesic, and used as
hypodermic injection to procure sleep and to relieve pain of locomotor
ataxia, neuritis, &c.
Gaotos Indioos, Opnntia Dillenii.
Habitat.— lviA\2i^ South of Europe, America, Punjab.
Parts used. — The fruit, flowers and steins.
Vernacular.— Hmd.^ Duk.— Chappal send. Beng.— N&gphunee-
Can.— Kattali-papas. Cing.— Kodu-gaha. Eng— Prickly pear.
Maleal. — Naga MuUa. Mar. — Vilayati Nevarung. Panj.— Kabuli-tsui,
Kangi-chii. Portuguese. — Palmatoria d*inferno. Sans. — Vidara-Vuhra-
sireka. Tarn. — Niga*kali. Tel. — Nagadali. Palmatoria d'infemo means
&ISEXJA PliARNACEOtDBS.
3»^
punishment on the palm of the hand, the flat branches resembling flat
pieces of wood used tt school to beat children upon the palm of ihcir
hand.
Characters,— h plant on which cactus insects thrive and multiply
abundantly.
Constituents* — Soluble malate of manganese, a fluid falty acid,
a trace of citric acid and wax, resinous matter, sugar &c.
Preparations — Syrup (i in lo). Dose, i to 4 fld. drs.
Actihtis and uses. — Antispasmodic, expectorant and alterative ;
given in whooping cough, asthma and bronchial catarrh ; also in
hepatic congestion*
Ficoido.
Ice plant* Fig-marigold, or the Satodo family.
Plants generally succulent. Herbs or shrubs with opposite
or alternate and stipulate leaves. Flowers small. Fruits, capsular or
indfthiscenti many-celled. Seeds, few or numerous with a curved or
spiral embryo. Albumen meaty.
Habitat, — The Tropics,
/Wr/Yw.— Some plants .ire edible, others yield au%bundance of
KMr when burnti roots of some are cathartic.
Oisekia Pharnaoeoides*
HabitnL — The Punjab, Sind, Ceylon.
Parts used. — The plant,
Vernacnlar^ — Cing. — ^Et-eilla-pala. Beng. Hind* Duk. — Biluki.
Mar.— Valuchi. Sans, — BiUu, VoolukA, Elav^luka. Tarn. — Manalikire.
Tel. — Esuka dantikura,
Valuka, Batuka means sand or sandy, in allusion to the number of
large raphides contained in the leaves and which give them the
appearance of being full of sand.
Characters, — Leav«*s opposite, fleshy, oblong or elliptical, narrowed
at the base ; carpels 5; seeds blackish, smooth, minutely glandular and
punctate ; embryo curved. Dose of the plant, i oz.
Constituents *^*T\\^ seeds contain tannin-like principles, provision-
ally named Alpha Gisekia^ and Beta Gisekia, both having probably
anthelmintic properties.
Preparatpiu, — Draught made by grinding the plant in a mortar
with water*
AciAm and f^^^j.— Aperient and anthelmintic, given in taenia.
Hollogo Stricta, M. Spergula.
//ahitat. — India,
Part^ used^^The plants
330 ARAUA GUILPOYUA.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Ghimshak. Burm. — Gyea-fBi. Can. —
Parpaehtaka. Duk. — ^Hazandanah. Hind. — ^Jim, Jani Mar. — ^Jharasi.
Maleal. — Kaipa Jira. Sans. — Grishma-Sundaraka, Phanija. Tarn. —
Parpadagum. Tel. — Parpataka.
Characters. — Stem glabrous, branching and leafy ; leaves whorled
opposite, lanceolate, elliptical, acute, much narrowed at the inse ;
cymes compound ; capsules globose ; seeds many, covered with
tubercles and short bnstles, dark chestnut coloured ; embryo curled.
The dried herb during the process of combustion . deflagrates owing to
the presence of alkaline nitrates.
Constiittettts, — A bitter principle, a bitter resin, gum, ash 68 p.c.
containing alkaline nitrates
Preparation. — Tinctura (i in lo). Dose, J to i dr.
Actions and uses. — Stomachic, uterine stimulant, and aperient ;
given to promote menses and lochia ; the juice nude warm is dropped
into the ear in earache ; also applied to itch and other skin diseases
with relief.
Araliaoeae, the Ivy Family.
Trees, shrubs or herbs ; leaves alternate without stipules. Flowers
perfect, rarely unisexual. Inflorescence in umbels or capitate. Fruit
3 or more celled, dry and succulent. Seeds pendulous, albumen fleshy,
Habitat. — Found universally.
Properties. — Stimulant, aromatic, diaphoretic and tonic. They
are not poisonous.
Aralia Goilfoylia.
Habitat, — India.
Parts used. — ^The leaves.
Vernacular. — Tapmari. TiLp, fever, and mari to kill. The drug
is supposed to be a fever killer.
Characters. — Leaves alternate, exstipulate, when crushed they
have a strong odour of ivy or fenugreek. Root fusiform with a rounded
head externally, closely annulate and wrinkled ; on section brownish
yellow, or whtte, and breaking with a mealy fracture ; odour faintly
bweet ; taste slightly aromatic.
Constituents. — The leaves contain an alkaloid, two odorous
principles, one of which is of the odour of fenugreek, resin and sugar,
and ash 15*2 p. c. containing alkaline salts.
Preparations. — Svrup of the leaves (i in 10). Dose, J to 2 fluid
drs. Decoction or infusion (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, stomachic tonic and febrifuge. The
syrup is given in cough, seminal debility, and to reduce heat of skin
in fevers. Also given in dyspepsia and vomiting.
CORNUS FLORIDA. 321
Panax Pseudo Ginseng, P. Qainquifolinm.
Habitat. — Nepaul.
Parts taed. — The root.
Characters. — The stalks glabrous, straight, single, and terminating
in 3 leaves, each composed of 6 uneven leaflets, and toothed at the
edges. Flowers in an umbel ; berries kidney-shaped, compressed ; seeds,
semi-circular. The root is of the thickness of a finger like that of parsley.
Externally brownish yellow and white within, 2 or 3 inches long,
wrinkled and often divided into two branches, rarely into 3
or ^, presenting a slight resemblance to a human form, hence the
Chinese name. The parenchyma is horny and compact, with some
resinous points. Odour sweet, somewhat aromatic, Taste saccharine
like that of liquorice, subsequently becoming bitter.
Constituents. — Starch, gum, albumen, resin, and a sweet princi-
ple— Panaquelon.
Preparations.^Tmciuxt (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i dr. Infusion, i in
20. Dose, \ to I oz.
Actiofts and uses, — It is regarded as a powerful restorative, stimu-
lant and aphrodisiac, given in cough, seminal debility and fevers.
CornaoesB— The Dogwood order.
Shrubs, trees, or rarely herbs. Leaves simple, opposite, rarely
alternate, exstipulate. Flowers perfect, arranged in heads, corym-
bose or umbellate ; calyx superior, 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; ovary inferior, 2
celled ; ovule, pendulous, solitary ; style and stigma simple. Fruit a
drupe crowned with the remains of the calyx. Seed solitary, pendulous.
Embryo, fleshy, albuminous ; cotyledons large and leafy.
Native of temperate parts of Europe, Asia and America.
I^operties. — Tonic, febrifuge and astringent.
Comae Florida.
P^lowcring Cornet, Boxwood, Dogwood. — C. Sericea, Swamp
Dogwood. -C. Circinata, Round-leaved Dogwood.
Habitat. — Sutlej Valley, Punjab, N. America.
Parts used. — The inner bark of the root.
Vernacular. — Hind.— Kandar, Kaksh. Panj. — Kasir, Kagshi
Haleo, Harin, Hadu, Mang.
Characters. — Bark deprived of the corky layer, in curved pieces
of various sizes, about one-eighth of an inch thick, of a pale reddish
colour, striated, transverse and with a short longitudinal fracture ;
taste astringent and bitter. Dose, in powder, 15 to 60 grains.
Constituents, -^Coxmn^ or cornic acid, tannin, 3 p. c, and resin,
Cornin, a bitter, cry stall isable active principle, soluble in water and
alcohol. Heat destroys the active principle and hence the decoction
is useless.
SI
322 ALANOllfM LAIIARCKII.
Preparations. — Solid extract. Dose. 2 to 8 grs. Fluid extract, lo
to 6o ms.
Actions and uses. — Bitter tonic, antiperiodic ; given in fevers as a
substitute for calumba or Peruvian bark. Asa stomachic bitter given
in debility, neuralgia, dyspepsia and during convalescence from many
acute diseases. As an astringent, used in leucorrhcea, chronic diarrhoea
and dysentery. The twigs are dentifrice and used to rub the teeth.
Alan^aoesd.— The Alangium or the Ankola Family.
Trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, entire and exstipulate, without
dots ; calyx, superior, 5-10 ; petals, 5-10 linear retiexed ; stamens twice
or four times the number of petals, and toothed ; ovary inferior, 1-2-
celled ; ovules solitary pendulous ; fruit drupaceous and i-celled ; seeds
solitary ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons, large, flat and leafy.
Habitat. — Native of East Indies and United States.
Properties. — Some species are purgative and aromatic. Fruit
succulent and edible. The fruit of Nyssa Capitata is succulent and
used as a substitute for lime fruit and hence it is called ogechee
lime.
Alangium Lamarokii. A. Hezapetalom. A. Tomentoaom.
Habitat, — Throughout India, Khassya Hills, Ceylon and Gujerat.
Parts used. — ^The roots, bark, seeds and leaves.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Bagh-ankra, Dhala-kura. Burm. — To-sh-
on-bin. Can. — Anisaruli-mara, Bcpaata. Cing.— Ecpaatta. Guz. —
Duk.— Dhera, Akola. Eng. — Sage leaved alangium. Hind. — ^Akola,
Akarkanta. Mar. — Ankulo. Malyal. — Kara angolam. Sans. —
Ankolamu, Ankotha, Gupta Sneha, Niko-chaka, Ankota. Tam. —
AUangi. Tel.— Uduga.
Characters, — Wood heavy, close grained, of an oily appearance.
Bark of a yellow or whitish brown colour, corky, and covered with
circular warts ; taste nauseous and bitter, odour nauseous ; leaves
alternate, narrow, oblong or ovate, lanceolate, of a green or darkish green
colour, 3-nerved, persistent at the base. Fruit, a berry ; seeds,
oblong, albumen ruminate ; cotyledons leafy and crumpled. Dose, 3
10 10 grs.; as an emetic 30 to 60 grs.
Constituents, — Non>crystaIlizablc, bitter alkaloid, alangine.
VteStrations — Decoction of the looi bark (i in 10). Dose, \ to 1
Hd. 01, ' Medicated oil .uid paste of the root.
Actions and uses. — The leaves are used as a poultice to relieve
rheumatic pains, and the medicated oil is applied to indolent ulcers.
The decoction is given internally in pyrexia, as an alterative in chronic
skin diseases, syphilis and leprosy ; the powdered root bark is a safe
emetic and a good substitute for ipecacuanha.
Ciq^foliaoea.
The Honey-suckle family. Caper, a goat, and folium a leaf. The
plant has a climbing or capering habit (tendency) like a ggat. Shnaba
SAMBUCUS NIGRA. 323
or rarely herbs, leaves opposite and exstipulate. Flowers corymbose,
showy, sweet scented. Calyx 4-5 superior ; ovary, usually 3.celled,
inferior. Fruit indehiscent, succulent or dry, berry or a drupe ; seeds
solitary, or numerous ; albumen fleshy.
Hahttate. — Native of temperate climate.
Properties. — Some species are emetic, purgative ; others astringent,
diuretic, sudorific or acrid, and a few again are poisonous.
SambuouB Ni^ra, B. P., S. Canadensis.
Habitat — Europe and Western Asia. N. America.
Parts used. — The flowers, elder flowers, Sambuci flores, B.P.,
berries and bark.
Characters.-'YXo^tx^ small ; calyx, 5-toothed, superior ; corolla flat
rotate, of a cream white colour, also 5-lobed with five stamens inserted
in the tube ; anthers yellow ; odour peculiar, sweet, faint and agreeable ;
taste bitter and aromatic. Fruit indehiscent ; seeds solitary. Dose, 30
grs.
Constituents » — Flowers contain volatile oil, \ p.c. Resin, fat,
mucilage, valerianic acid, wax, sugar and tannin. The volatile oil is a
yellowish, limpid liquiJ of butyraceous consistence, of a strong odour
and warm bitter taste. The bark contains valerianic (viburnic) acid,
potassium and calcium malates, &c.
Preparations. — Aqua Sumbuci, B.P. (flowers i in water 5 to distil
down to one-fifth). Dose, i to 2 fld. ozs.
Decoction of bark (i in 5). Dose, 2 to 4 fld. ozs. Poultices,
ointment of flowers. Wine (Elder wine).
Actions and kj^j.— Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic diuretic
and laxative ; used locally in rheumatism to relieve local pains, in burns
and scalds, for blisters, haemorrhoids, abscesses, &c. The bark is a
hydragogue cathartic, emetic and given in dropsy, rheumatism,
syphilis, &c. The berries are diaphoretic and laxative. The juice of
the berries is given in rheumatism and syphilis.
Yibamnm Faatidiim.
Habitat, — Western India, Burmah.
Parts used, — The leaves and the plant.
Vernacular. — Bomb. — Narvcia. Can. — Naruval. Sans.— *Shir-
parna, Jaya.
Characters, — Leaves usually ovate, lanceolate and serrated,
colour darkish green. Flowers greenish white. Berries small, ovoid
and of a red colour. All parts of the plant emit a peculiarly fcetid
odour.
Constituents. — A foetid volatile oil and an alkaloid, gum resin and
ash, 12 p.c. The oil is the odorous principle, in white, greasy flakes.
The foetor can be removed by distillation. The alkaloid is a whitish
524 Vmt'RUUlI PSUKIfOUTM.
powder of a peculiar sharp taste, soluble in alcohol and diloroform,
slightly so in ether and water.
Prfparatons.^The juice of the leaves. Dose, 4 to 8 fid. drs.
Decoction of the plant (i in iS). Dose 4 to 8 drs.
Actiofis and uses. — Uterine astringent and sedative, given in
menorrhagia, post partum haemorrhage and in threatened abortion ;
also in dysmenorrhoea and after pains.
Hindu women during confinement hang a branch of the plant
over their door, to prevent demons from causing illness-
Yibvmiim Opoloft— Cramp BaA.
High cranberry-, guelder rose, squaw bush, whitten tree.
Cramp bark, socalled as the bark relieves cramps.
Ynmraiuii Praufaliam.
Sweet viburnum, stag bush, blackhaw.
^.i5i/a/.— United States.
Parts used, — The bark of the stem and root.
Characttrs. — The baik in flat thin curved bands, with transverse
brownish warts and longitudinal black lines or thin ridges. Internally
brownish red, and of a tough fracture — without any odour and bitter
astringent taste. Dose, ro to ^o drs.
Constttucnis. — Vibumin, vibumic acid, identical with valerianic
acid, sugar, tannin, oxalic, citiic and maiic acids, earth}- chlorides,
sulphates, phosphates and ash, > to g p.c, Vibumin. — Bitter principle
is a greenish yellow or whitish powder, resinous, soluble in alcohol,
sparingly so in water.
J^rt^araii^ns, — Fluid extract. Dose, 15 to to ms. Extract. Dose,
^ to 16 grs. Decoction \^bumi and Ir.fusum \lbami (i in 10).
Dose, i to 1 fld. CO,
Cderina is a speciality said to contain Viburnum, celery, cocoa and
kola. Used as a nervine tcnic, given to promote oorpuknoe. Malto
Vibumin, a c»mbinaiion of \-ibumum and extract erf malt. Dose, i
to 4 drs.
AczT.'KS .:v*j usrs, — Bitter, nervine tonic, antispasmodic and
.*>:Tingen:. A> a powerful uterine sedatiN-e it is used to check uterine
Kx^morrhagc*, and to pTe\'en: threaiened aK^rtion. In spasmodic
d\^roenorrhvTa. in uterine or ovarian irritations, in ssbinvcdntion and
ex'en in vomiting of pregnancy i: i> given with cannabis, morphine
and oihcr nervine scdarives or aromatics, with benefit. As a sedative
it is g^ven in reuroric cjodirion, as h\^e:ia and in ^oKtita. la Urge
doses it excites nausea and \»Tn::i:ig.
Herbs, slaiubs or trees : leaves oroosite, enrine, whoried. having
inter petivver si .pules Fic^wers white, hiae. p:nk. wd or yellow. Fruit
beJTV, capsular, drai\aoeous dr\- or saocujerj:. in?ecioT, edible, 5 to 10
relied : seed en? ."^ m.-^Te :r» each cc'^h ilbairen hcrny ."^i fieshy
ANTHOCBPHALUS CADAMBA. 325
Habitat, — Native of temperate climate and tropics.
Properties, — Many species are tonic, febrifuge, astringent, emetic
and purgative ; also diuretic and emmenagogue; some are dyeing and
tanning agents, others are intoxicating and in rare cases even
poisonous.
Adina CordifoUa.
Z^/?3//n/.— Throughout the hilly parts of India.
Parts ttsed^^The bark.
r^rrr//?c«//?r,— Beng.— Keli-Kadam. Can.— Hedde, Yet-tega.
Hind.— Haldu. Mar.— Hedu. Sans.— Dhira-Kadftmba. Tarn.—
Manja-Kaambe. Tel. — Dudagu.
rZ/r/r^r/^/j.— Bark in thick curved pieces, dirty while externally.
Inner surface reddish-brown and fibrous. Taste bitter and astringent.
Constituents, — Cincho-tannic acid, a red oxidized product, a bitter
principle, starch, and calcium oxalate.
Preparations. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 fld. 02s.
Actions and uses. — Bitter tonic and febrifuge. Like cinchona it is
used in fevers, dyspepsia, anorexia.
AnthooephaluB Cadamba— Wild Cinohona.
Habitat. — Himalaya, Ceylon, Darjeeling, Terai.
Parts used, — The fruit and bark.
Vernacular. — Beng., Hind.— Kadamb. Can. — Cadavala mara.
Sans. — Kadamba, Halipriya, Sisupfila. Tam. — Vella Kadamba. Tel. —
Kadambe.
Sisupula, protecting children. Hali-priya, dear to agriculturists.
Characters. — Flowers, night scented ; flower heads large, globular
and lemon coloured ; fruit about the size of an orange, edible ; bark in
thick flat pieces, externally grey and studded with small corky
lenticels, inner surface red and fibrous ; taste bitter and astringent.
Dose of the bark 10 to 20 grs.
Preparations. — Decoction of the bark (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 fld«
ozs.
Actions and uses. — Tonic. The juice is given to children
with cumin and sugar in gastric irritability. The fruit is cooling,
refrigerant and febrifuge, and given in fever with great thirst.
Canthium Panrifloram, C. Umbellatum, C. Didymnm, C. Cymosum.
Habitat, — W. Peninsula, Ceylon.
Parts used, — The shrub.
Vernacular. — Cing. — Poruwa. Hind. — Ursool. Malyal. — Kanden,
Khara. Mar. — Varsangi, Ursool. Tam. — Karai cheddi, Nella Balsu.
Tcl. — Ballusoo Rura, Naum papal.
32b COFFEA ARABICA.
Characters. — A small thorny shrub. Leaves opposite, ovate and
attached to young shoots ; flowers small and yellow ; fruit with 2 seeds,
obovate,com pressed, a drupe,colour reddish-brown, of the size of a horse
bean ; nut 2-celled. TJie leaves and seeds smell like coriander. The
fruit has a sweet taste.
Preparation. — Decoction of leaves and root (i in 20). Dose, \ to
I fld. oz.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, given in dysentery, diarrhcea, and
leucorrhoea. The root is anthelmintic ; and given to expel worms.
Coffea Arabioa, B. P.
Habitat, — Tropical Africa, Abyssinia, S. K. Asia, South Arabia, E.
and W. Indies, Assam, Nepaul, Khassya hills.
Parts used. — The seeds.
Vernacular. ---Axzb. — Bun, Kahwa. Bom. — Boon. Eng.— Coffee
caffea. Hind.— Cofl*ee, Kawa. Ind, Bazaar. — Kahvah. Maleal. — Kawa.
Tam.—Capie cottay.
Seeds large, solitary, rounded on the back, and flat on
the ventral surface, where there is a deep narrow Assure, oval,
longitudinally grooved upon the flat side, albumen is horny, the colour
yellowish or greenish. Raw cofiee has a faint odour and a sweetish
astringent bitter taste. When roasted part of the cafleic acid is
converted into methylamin, the sugar is changed into caramel,
and several volatile substances are formed known as Caffeone to
which the aroma is due. Dose, 30 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — Seeds contain an alkaloid, caffeine, I to 3 p.c. ;
proteid 6 to 13 p.c. ; sugar, legumin, glucose, dextrine 15 p.c. ;
caffeo-tannic acid i to 2 p.c. ; volatile oil and ash, 3 to 5 p.c.
Caffeine B. P. is identical with Theine guaranine, Methyl-Theobo-
mine, or Trimethylxanthine. To obtain caffeine, add acetate of
lead to the infusion, filter, add sulphuretted hydrogen to decompose
excess of acetate of lead and neutralize with ammonia.
Caffeine is found in various substances besides coffee. These
are dried leaves of camelia thea, pulp or seeds of paullinia sorbilis
(guarana), the leaves and twigs of Ilex paraguayensis, kola nuts,
• the seeds of sterculia acuminata, and cocoa.
Caffeine is in colourless, silky acicular crystals without odour
and bitter taste, neutral reaction ; soluble in cold water (i in 80) easily
soluble in boring water, alcohnl or chloroform, sparingly soluble in
ether : given in solution or pill. Dose, i to 5 prs.
Picparations of Gz/^m^.— Caffeinoe citr?s, B P.a white powder,
w th ut any od« ur and of faintly bnter taste and acid reaction,
s luHle in water (i in 32) and also in a mixture of chloroform alcohol
(2 to I). Dose. 2 to 10 grs. Caffeinae cilras efleivescens, B. P. 4 p.c.
Dose, 60 to 120 gis.
Caffeine Hydrobromide and C. Hydrochloride — Occur in glass-
like crystals, betommg greenish or reddish on exposure to air ; soluble
in water (i in 50). Decompose by keeping. Dose, J to 5 grs.
COFPEA ARABICA,
S«7
I
Bromo Caffeine. — A proprietary preparation often confounded
with ealTeinehydrobromate.
Caflfcine Chloral — A compound of cafleine and chloral. Occurs
in small white granules or colourless shioinj^ scales of the acdd taste of
chloral, soluble in water* Dose, 3 to '*igrs, A nice analgesic and laxative
used hypodermically in sciatica and rheumatism.
lodo Caffeine or Sodium Caffeine lorJide. Contains 65 p,c» of
caflfeinc. A white powder without any odour or taste sparingly soluble
in water. Dose, 2 to 10 grs. A good diuretic given in dropsy and pleu-
risy wirh cflTusion. Does not affect or disordei respiration or digestion,
CafTeine iodio benzoate, caffeine sodio cinnamate and caffeine
sodio SiiHcylate — Prepared by dissolv^insj caffeine in solution of sodiutn
bcn/oate or sodium cinnamate, or sodium salicylate rcspectively> these
act like digitalis but more rapidly. Dose, i to 4 grs, '
Chforo Caffeine — One atom of chlorine introduced into the
caffeine molecule ; diuretic and cerebral stimulant, given in nervous
affections.
Caffeine Sulphas— A crystalline powder slightly soluble in water*
Dosc» 4 t*^ 5 &^^' ^^^^-'i^e Valerianas. Dose, f to 3 grs. Hypodermic
tablets given in hysterical vomiting,
Fhysihhj^tcai acihn. — Ccrebro spinal, gastric and renal stimulant
laxative, highly anti^ieptic, efficient diuretic and anlilithic. Roasted
coffee if mcidcrately taken as a food or beverage acts as a stimulant, it
assists asMmilation and digestion, promotes intestinal paristalsis, lessens
tissue waste and decreases the excretion of urea. It allays the sense of
prolonged bodily and mental fatigue and keeps off sleep for some time
vrtthout exhaustion. It increases the rellex action and mental activity*
Given in exce!»s it disorders digestion and leads to headache, vertigo
and palpitation of the heart, great restlessness, convulsions and para-
lysis toffee is mt»re stimulating, but less sustaining than cocoa.
Tkftaf^eutic uses, — Coffee is given in prtilntiged boilily fatigue, and
in mental and cardiac depression ; as an analgesic it is given with
guarana in neuralgic and nervous headache, in insomnia of chronic
alcoholismi to stop vomiting, to check diarrhoea and to allay spasms
in asthma ; also given in cases of narcotic poisoning. In heart disease
caffeiu is given with paraldehyde, with benefit.
Cinohona Suooirabra B. P.
Hahitat^ — Slopes of Chi mborazo, S. America, S. IndlaiSikkimand
eylon.
Part usfd. — The dried branch of the stem and branches.
Cinchona; Rubrse cortex, Red Cinchona Bark, B.P.
Cinchona was first introduced into Europe from Peru, America^
by the Jesuit missionaries, hence known as Jesuit's bark, Peru\*ian
bark; also called Countess's powder from a countess of Cinchon, the
wife of a viceroy of the colony of Pdru, having been cured of i^vtx by
this bark.
328 CINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.
Succi Rubra, succus, juice, and ruber, red. The sap is
colourless at first, on exposure it becomes white and finally red.
Characters. — Occurs in quills or in curved pieces coated with
periderm. It- varies in length from 2 inches to afoot or more, in
thickness from 2 lines to \ of an inch, coluor reddish-brown or brownish ;
epidermis rough with longitudinal ridges and warty. Inner surface brick
red or deep reddish brown and striated, of a fibrous fracture, without
odour, and of a bitter astringent taste. Dose, 10 to 60 grs. Contains
largest percentage of total alkaloids. It should yield from 5 to 6 p.c.
of total alkaloids, of which half should be quinine and cinchonidine.
Other varieties are also in use, which are given below.
C. Officinalis. — The pale crown loxa bark, var. condaminea, Bon-
plandia and Crispa. The original Peruvian bark occurs in quills.
It contains J to i^ p.c. of the alkaloid, and a little quantity of quinine.
C. Peruviana, C. Nutida, C. Micrantha— grey or Huanuco bark. It
contains from i\ p.c. to 2 p.c. of the alkaloids, chiefly cinchonine and
quinidine.
C. Calisaya, C Ledgeriana. Calisaya bark, quinine bark. Native of
Sikkim, exclusively of the Himalayas, Southern India, Bolivia, Peru and
Java. The most valuable of all the cultivated varieties of cinchona bark.
It occurs in quills and contains 5 p.c. of alkaloids and from 2\ to 4 p.c.
of quinine.
C. Lancifolia, and C. Cordifolia, Columbian or Carthagena bark, —
A soft bark, occurs in quills or broken pieces with whitish epidermis.
It contains mostly cinchonidine and a small quantity of quinidine.
C. Pitayensis — Pitayo bark ; occurs in short, curly pieces of a
brownish colour, rich in alkaloids, especially quinine and quinidine.
Remjia Pedunculata. Cuprea bark or copper coloured bark. It is
not a true cinchona bark. It contains cupreine, cinchonamine, an
alkaloid hydro-quinine, 3 p.c, quinine 2 p.c, but no cinchonidine.
Remijia Purdieana. Remija bark contains quinine, quinidine,
cinchonine, but no cmchonidine, also an alkaloid cupreine which in
combination with quinine is known as homo quinine or ultra quinine.
Consiiinenis. — Alkaloids quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and
cinchonidine ; quinamine, a crystallizable alkaloid ; aricine, also kinic
and kinovic acids, kinotannic, and kinovotannic acids, a red colouring
principle ; starch, volatile oil, gum, sugar, wax, ash 2 to 3 p.c.
Cinchonina — cinchonine— ran amorphous feeble alkaloid, isomeric
with cinchonidine, having half the activity of quinine. Ii occurs in
white shining prisms or needles, taste bitter, not fluorescent.
Insoluble in water. Dose, 1 to 10 grs.
Preparations of cinchonine. — Pulvis cinchoninae compositus (1 ins).
Cinchona with bicarbonate of sodium and sugar of milk. Dose, 3 to
10 grs. Cinchoninae Hydrochloridum, soluble in water and spirit.
Dose, 2 to 10 grs. Cinchoninx Sulphas, Cinchonine sulphate. Hard,
colourless, prismatic crystals, of vitreous lustre, soluble in water (i
in 66). Absolute alcohol (i in 10), and in dilute acids, sparingly
eiNCHOKA SUCriRUBRA.
3^9
soluble in ether and solution of ammonia. Dose, 2 to 10 grs,
Cinchonine iodomercurate, yellow ftowder, used externally as an
antiseptic,
Cinthonidinae Sulphas, Sulphate cinchonidine^ Colourless, acicu-
lar, silky, crystals. Taste bitter» soluble in water (i in 100), sparingly
soluble in chloroform and ether and in rectified spirit (i in 60). Dose,
1 to ID grs. used like quinine. Cinchonidine Salicylate — tonic and
antiperiodic; given in neuralgia* rheumatism, intermittent fever, &c.
Dose, 5 grs. in piih or cachets.
Quinidina — Quinidinc^ — White prisms, without any odour, taste
nauseous and bitter, aln^ost insoluble in water» soluble in dilute acids,
partially soluble in ether and in benzol. Dose, i to 20 grs.
Quinidina Sulphas — Quinidinc Sulphate. Conquinine or conchinin
sulphate. An alkaloid obtluncd from cinchona pit<iyen&is or cinchona
caprea. In white acicular crystals like those of quinine sulphate.
Soluble in water (i in ioo)» in absolute alcohol (i in 32) freely in dilute
acids, Dose, i to 20 grs.
Quinquinina — Quinetum— Cinchona febrifuge, contains 50 to 70
p.c, of chichanidine extracted from red cinchona bark by acidulated
water, precipitated by soda and dried, A greyish^ white amorphous
powder, slightly soluble in water^ easily dissolved in dilute acid, and in
alcohol (i in 10). Dose» i to 5 grs, Ouineti Sulphas — Quinetum
sulphate. Closely resembles quinine sulphate. In crystals, soluble in
water Dose, i to 5 grs,
Quinina— Quinine — obtained from the bark of various species
of cinchona and Remijia, It occurs as a white amorphous or minutely
crystalline powder, very sparingly soluble in water (1 in 1670), freely
soluble in alcohol (i in 6), in ether, chlorofornj, benzene, aqueous
ammonia and dilute acids. Heated with glycerine it is converted into
an isomeric base quinicine. Dose, i to 10 grs.
Pr^barahons of Quimnf. — Quininse ArMjnas^ — quinine arstnatet
small while crystals, sparingly soluble in water — ^toniains quinine 67
c> and arsenic acid 29 p.c. Dosc^ i to \ gr. Oninin^e Bisulphas —
uininse sulphas acida^neutral quinine or soluble sulphate of
quinine. In large, colourless crystals, or small needles, efflorescing
and becoming opaque on exposure to the air, without any odour.
Has a strong acid reaction, soluble in watcr(i in 10). Dose, i to
5 grs. As an hypodermic injection I gr, in 12 ms. Dose, 4 to 15 ms.
Quinina! Carbolas— In crystals — containing quinine 77 p.c, and
carbolic acid 23 p.c. Given in diarrhcea. Dose, 2 grs. Quininae
Carbonas — in fine needles, soluble in water. Dose, i to 3 grs. Quininse
Chloras — Quinine Chlorate, in acicular crystals, ^f ' >oluble in
water, explodes when heated. Dose, 1 to 5 grs. ' Citras —
Quinine Citrate, in acicular crystals of very httte ta^^le, sparingly
soluble in water (i in qoo), used in pill or powder. Dose, i to 5 grains,
Quinina! Fluortdum, sparingly soluble in cold water, more freely in
hot water. Dose, ^ to \ gr. In combination with fluoride of
ammonium it is used in enlarged spleen due to malaria. Quininae
Hvdrobromidum — Quinine Hydrobroniule — In colourless lustrous
330 CINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.
needles, without any odour, of bitter taste and alkaline reaction, soluble
in water ( I in 54), produces less cinchonism than quinine. Dose, i to 6
grs. Syrupus Ferri et Quininae Hydrobromatum — Syrupus Ferri
Bromidi cum Quinina. Dose, ^ to i dr. Syrupus Ferri Quininae et
Strychninse Hydrobromatum, each dr. contains i gr. of quinine
hydrobromide. Dose, ^ to 1 dr. Quininae Hydrobromidum acidum. —
Yellowish crystals, freely soluble in water (i in 6), richer in alkaloids
than the quininae sulphate. Dose, ^ to 2 grs. in tablets } gr. each.
As hypodermic injection i gr. in 6 ms.
Quininae Hydrochloridum B. P. — Quinine Hydrochlorate, Quinine
Muriate — In filiform, silky, white crystals, contains 83 p c. of quinine
against 75 in the quinine sulphate, soluble in water (i in 35), in cold
alcohol (i in 3), very soluble in Jjoiling water and in boiling alcohol.
Dose, I to 10 grs. used as solution i in 800 as a germicide ; hypodermic
injection containing quinine hydrochloride 3, antipyrin 2 and water
10. Dose, 2 to 5 ms. Quinine Hydrochloridum Aceticum — A
white crystalline pv'>wder, soluble in less than its own weight of
water. Dose, i to 10 grs. Vinum Quininae, B. P. — i gr. quinine
hydrochloride to i oz. of wine Dose, ^ to i oz. Tinctura Quininae B.
P. — I gr. in 50 of tincture of fresh orange. Dose, J to 1 dr. Quininae
Glycero Phosphas — A white powder, soluble in alcohol, slightly
soluble in hot water. Containing 68 p,c. of quinine. Dose, 2 to 8 grs.
Quininae Hydrochloridum Acidum, B. P. — Acid quinine hydro-
chloride, quinine dihydrochloride. White yellowish crystals soluble in
water (i in 1), Dose, i to 10 grs.; used hypodermically J to 2 grs.
Quininae Hydrochloro Sulphas — In small needles or reduced to powder ;
soluble in water (i in i). Contains 74 p c. of alkaloid. Dose, i to
10 grs Injectio Quininae Hydrochloro Sulphatis Hypodermica, 1 gr.
in 4 ms. More suited than the sulphate or the hydrochloride. Dose,
2 to 12 ms. Quininae Hydrochloro Carbamidum — Urea Quinine — anew
compound of quinine and urea, in small prisms, non-irritant. Soluble
in water (i in i). The solution (50 p.c.) is used as hypodermic
injection. Dose, S to 15 grs. Quininae lodas — Quinine lodate. White
silver needles, soluble in water (i to 250) Dose, i to 5 grs. Quininae
Hydriodum — Quinine Hydr Iodide — Quininae lodidum — Quinine
Iodide. A neutral salt in pale yellow crystals, sparingly soluble in
water. Dose i to 5 grs. Quininae Hydridum Acidum — Quininae
lodidum Acidum — Acid Quinine Iodide. — An acid salt in large yellow
crystals freely soluble in water. Dose, i to 4 grs. Syrupus Ferri et
Quininae lodidi — A saturated solution of quinine 2 grs. in an ounce
of syrup of ferrous iodide. Dose, i dr. Quininae Lactas — Quinine
Lactate. — A white amorphous powder soluble in water (i in 10). Dose,
I to 5 grs. Easy of digestion — used as solution i p.c. for hypodermic
injection. Quininae Oleatum (i to 3). Locally used as inunction in
fevers. Quininae Phosphos — Quinine Phosphate In acicular crystals.
Dose, I to 6 grs. Quininae Salicylas — Quinine Salicylate. — An
anhydrous salt, crystallizes in white silky needles, of a bitter taste,
sparingly soluble in water (i in 1225), Ether (i in 120), Chloroform
and rectified spirit (i in 24), contains 70 p.c. of quinine. Dose 2 to 6
r:mcHONA succirubra.
gTs. given in pills or in cachets or suspended in water. Quininae
Sulphas B,P. Disulphate Quinine— Quinine Sulphate, In light
filiform, silky, white crystals ; taste intensely bitter, soluble in
water (i in 800), alcohol (i in 65), glycerine (r in 40I, entirely soluble
in ammonia and acidulated water— given in solution, pills» powder, or
cachetjv Dose, as a tonic, 2 to 5 grs., as an antiperiodic 5, to 20 era,
^Fcbricide Pills— containing quinine sulphate, antcfebrin. each 2 grs
and cocaine hydrnchloratc I grs* Dose, i to 2 pitb in malaria.
Tinctura Quininae Arnmoniata B. P. ^Quinine Sulphate 2,
solutii n of ammonia 10, and alcohol 90, soluble in aerated water — noi
miscible with plain water. Dose, ^ to i dn
CoUunarium Quininx— Quinine nasal douche^ — ^Ouinine Sulphate
in water (1 in 875).
Mistura Chlori cum Quininoi. Mix potassium chlorate 30grs. and
.hydrochloric acid 60 ms,. add water 11 ounces. Then add Quinine
'Sulphate 24 grs and syrup of orange 1 oa. Dose^ i oz.
Warburg^s Fever Tincture— Tinctura Pyrexialis — contains nuinine
sulphate (i in 50). Socoirinc Aloes (i in 40). opium (i in 4000), rnubarb
■ root (i m I25)» camphor (r in 500), and saffron and othtir aromaucs*
^Dosc, I to 4 drs.
Quininar Sulphas Acidus — Acid quinine sulphate, neutral or
soluble quinine sulphate. In large rectangular prisms or crystalline
masses, soluble in cold water (i in 12). Dose, I to 10 grs. Hypodermic
injection, i gr. in 12 ms. Duse, 4 to 15 nis.
Qutnin;e Sulpho carbolas— An amorphous white powder, sparing-
ly soluble in water sometimes known ascarbolaie of quinine. To obtain
it make a combination of quinine sulphate with phenol. In the case of
true carbolate of quinine thr combination is of quinine alkaloid and
phenoK It combines the action of quinine with that of sulpho-
carbolate— given in diarrhoea and fever. Dose, 1 to 6 grs,
Quininx Tannas.— A white amorphous powder, sparingly soluble
in water, quite tasteless, Dtise, 1 to 4 gr»,
Quininae Valerianae. — White pearly lustrous crystals, sparingly
soluble in water (1 in 100); b<iiling water (1 in 40); alcohol (1 in 5)and
slightly soluble in ether — odour nf valerian. Dose, 1 to 4 grs.
Preparnhons. — Of the bark. Infu&umCmchonic Acidum, B,P., red
cinchona bark i ounce, aromatic sulphuric acid 2 fld drs. ; distilled
water 20 fid. ounce?. Dose, \ to i Hd. oz. Ext r actum cinchona;
liquidum, B. P {5 grs of the total alkaloids in 1 10 ms*). Dose, 5 to tf
ms Tinctura Cnichon;]^. B P; (i in 5) containing i p.c, of alkaloids.
Dose, I to I fid. dr. Tinctura Cinchon«T C(*mposrt;c, B. P,, contains
^tincture of re i cinchona bark 10 ; dried biltt-r orange peel 1 ;
epcntary root | ; with cochineal and saffron for 1 pint Dose, i to i dr.
)ecoctum Cinchonse (i in 16). Dose, i to z tld. o«s. Elixir Cinchonse.
)ose, j to I dr.
PkystQloirical actron. — Cinchona is a general tonic, bitter stoma-
' chtCf astringent, febrifuge and antiperiodic^ In small dones it
increases appetite, assists digestion, increases the flow of saliva and the
332 CINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.
gastric juice. It augments the force of heart's action. If continued for
a long time, it acts as a gastric irritant, impairs digestion, produces
gastric, catarrh and even constipation. In large doses it causes
flatulence, eructation, rise of body heat with chill, and fever. Quinine
is a bitter tonic, antiseptic, most powerful antiperiodic and antipyretic ;
also analgesic. In small doses it stimulates the heart and increases the
arterial tension. In large doses, it has direct action on the cardiac
ganglia, and thus slows the pulse beat, and lowers the arterial tension.
It is a protoplasmic poison. It prevents the development of the
Plasmodium and hence the most important agent in malaria. It is
rapidly diffused. In the blood it increases the number of white
corpuscles, but prevents or arrests their movements, it lessens oxidation,
and in fever it lessens the body heat- It lessens the size of the spleen
when enlarged from fever. As an antiseptic it is an active destroyer of
low organisms (i in 500), it destroys fungi, checks fermentation and
putrefactive decomposition; it sometimes produces sexual excitement. In
the urine it lessens the excretion of uric acid but not of urea. It often
acts as an uterine stimulant if long continued and in large doses. It
causes quinism or cinchonism, a set of symptoms characterised by
fulness and constriction in the head, buzzing in the ears, vertigo,
reeling gait, deafness, amblyopia, &c. In excessive doses, it leads to
dilated pupils, delirium and even convulsions.
Therapeutics. — Quinine is given in 10 grain doses to bring down
fever. It is also given in whooping cough, hay fever, enlargement of
liver and spleen, hemicrania, and other localized neurotic pains. In
small doses it is given as a tonic in dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, adynamia
and convalescence from fevers and in weak and flabby subjects. In
remittent fever, large doses of 15 or 25 grs. of quinine may be given
once or twice a day. In chronic cases, large doses of chinchonine are
safer than quinine. Quinine is also used as antipyretic in typhoid
fever, variola, septic fevers pneumonia, acute rheumatism, in acute
tonsillitis, acute nasal catarrh, pyaemia and in surgical operations.
The indiscriminate use of quinine, if taken regularly and in large doses,
for a long time weakens the heart and produces restlessness and
cachexia. In obstinate cases of ague with persistent vomiting, in
malarial fevers, in irritability of the rectum or where the patient is
insensible or cannot swallow and in all cases where it cannot be given
by the mouth, hypodermic injection of quinine may be used, generally
combined with guaiacol, with benefit. It should be injected deeply
into the glifleal or scapular muscles or in the arm. Locally as an
antiseptic injection, it is used in cystitis and abscess cavities, as a wash
for wounds and ulcers, and as a gargle in sore throat. It is an ingre-
dient in dentifrice. The ill-effects could best be avoided by giving it
with diluted hydrobromic acid Warburg's Tincture is given in
remittent and continued fevers, even during the pyrexial period.
In severe attacks of influenza, in chronic bronchitis of old age, in
asthma, and in phthisis, \ fld. oz. may be given after any convenient
purgative, to be repeated in 3 hours No food or drink to be given from
the first dose to an hour after the second ; for ordinary cases 2 fld.
drs. may be given for a dose.
GARDENIA GUMMIFERA. 333
Dlplospora SphsBrooarpa— Wild Coffee.
Hadttat.— Western Ghats.
Paris used, — The seeds.
C/iaracfers. ^Seeds round, flattened and glossy, of a light brown
colour. Albumen horny. The roasted powder resembles coffee
in aroma.
Constituents, — An alkaloid, an astringent acid, an aromatic body,
fat, sugar and mineral matter.
Preparations. — Decoction ( i in lo). Dose 2 to 6 drs.
Actions and uses. — Nervine tonic and stimulant like coffee ; given
in low states of the system, in acute fevers, in hemicrania and neuralgias.
Galiom Aparine.
Syn. — The plant Cleavers, goose grass (Eng.)
Habitat. — Europe and United States.
Parts used. — The herb and inspissated juice.
I^eparations. — Succus Galii — dose i to 2 drs. Extractum Galii —
dose, 5 to 20 grs.
Actions and uses, — Acid, astringent, alterative and diuretic ; given
in dropsy, jaundice, suppression of urine, gravel complaints and skin
diseases ; also in scrofula, epilepsy, and obesity. A poultice of the herb
is used in obstinate psoriasis. The inspissated juice is locally applied in
lepra, eczema, and acne, and to promote healthy granulations in wounds
and cancerous ulcers ; also used as a styptic for bleeding wounds.
Gardenia Gommifera. G. Resinlfera. G. Arborea and G. Lnoida. G.
Campannlata, G. Florida.
Habitat. — Western Peninsula, Ceylon, Burma, Chittagong, India.
Parts used. — The resinous exudation from the fruits.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Kala-loxada, Kimk-kham. Burm. — Tsay-
tham-by-ah. Can. — Tella-manga, Chinaka-ringuva. Cine., Duk., Guz.,
Hind., Mar. — Dika-male. Sans. — Hingu-nadika, Pindanva. Tam, —
Kumbi. Tel. — Chiribikki, Tella-manga.
Characters, — Thcexudation occurs in masses or irregular flat cake?,
opaque, of a dull olive green colour, often mixed with soft bark leaf buds
and pieces of stem, &c. The smell is very foetid like that of cat's urine.
Dose, I to 2 grs.
Preparations,^ Emulsion with water (i in 50). Dose, i to 2 drs.,
and paste.
Constituents. — Gardenin — a' crystalline resin of a gold yellow
colour, another resin soft and of a greenish colour.
Actions and uses, — Antiperiodic, cathartic, anthelmintic, altera-
tive, and antispasmodic ; given in intermittent fevers, dyspepsia, flatu-
lence, and chronic skin diseases. A paste of it is applied for cleaning
334 IXORA COCCINKA.
foul ulcers and for the relief of itching in piles. It keeps away flies or
maggots from sloughing sores. As an antispasmodic the root of G.
Florida is given alone or combined with bharangi in hysteria. As a
cathartic and anthelmintic it is given to expel worms.
Hymenodlctyon Ezoelsom. Cinchona Eoelsa.
Habitat — W. Himalaya, Chittagong, Deccan, C. India, Tenasserim.
Paris used. — The bark.
Vertiacuiar. — Duk., Hind. — ^Bhaulan, Kalabachnak. Mar. — Kila-
kadva, Bhoursal. Panj. — Barthoa, Thab. Tam. — Sagapu-maram.
Tel. — Burija, Bandiru.
Characters. — Inner coat of the bark resembles, cinchona and is
bitter and astringent ; outer coat spongy, light and tasteless ; wood fine
close-grained, colour pale, mahogany-like. Dose, 5 to 20 grs.
Constituents. — A bitter neutral principle and an alkaloid hymeno-
dictyonine, allied to quinoidine, berberine paricine,and a glucoside.
Preparation, — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, J to i fld. oz.
Actions and uses, — A bitter tonic and febrifuge ; used during
convalescence from acute diseases and fevers.
Izora Panriflora, 1. Alba.
Habitat, — South of India.
Parts used. — The bark and flowers.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Rangan. Can. — Gorabi. Eng. — Torch tree.
Hind.— Kotha-gandhul, Runghun. Mar. — Kura-Kurat, Raikura,
Makadi. Sans. — Ishwara. Tam. — Shulundu. Tel.— Karivipola.
Ixora or Ishwora means a Hindu god. The plant is sacred to
Iswar (Shiva). It is used as a torch in the forest.
Characters.^¥\ovfQrs sweet scented ; root pale brown. The wood
burns very readily and clearly, and hence post-runners make torches
of it.
Constituents. — Fatty matter, tannin, red coloring matter, and ash
containing a trace of ferric oxide.
Preparations,— Decoction of the bark(i in 20). Dose, ^ to 1 fld.oz.
Actions and uses — Tonic. The flowers pounded in milk are given
in whooping cough ; the bark is a bitter tonic like cinchona and given
in anaemia and general debility.
Izora Coccinea, I. Grandlflora
Habitat.'-Vf. India.
Parts used. — The root.
F^r«tfi:«/ar.— Hind-Beng.— Rajana. Burm.— Pan-sa^eik. Eng.—
Flame of the forest, jungle or country geranium. Mar.— Bakura, Pent-
guL Maleal.— Shetti. Tam.— Vitchie. Tel.— Theti.
MORINDA CITRIFOLIA. 335
Characters. ^Root branched. Bark thick, smooth, and brown,
marked with warty prominences ; on cutting it a yellow juice exudes,
odour disagreeable, due to the presence of volatile fatty acids. Dose,
5 to 20 grs.
Constituents, — Tannin, saccharine matter, a little fat and coloring
matter.
Preparations, — Decoction (i in 20). Dose, i to i fld. oz.
Actions and usej, — Astringent, stomachic, and tonic ; given in
fevers and gonorrhoea. In dysentery it is generally combined with Nag-
kesar and cumin. As a stomachic tonic it is given in flatulence and
atony of the stomach.
Pavetta Indica, Izora Pavetta, P. Alba.
Habitat. — Ceylon.
Parts used. — The root.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Kukura, Chura. Can. — Pappadi. Cing. —
Pavetta. Mar., Hind. — Kakra. Maleal. — Malia-Mothi. Sans. — Pappana,
Papata. Tam. — Pavetti-maram. Tel. — Telia-papata.
Characters,— An ornamental shrub. Root crooked ^ to i inch in
diameter. Taste bitter. Bark gray, light brown, epidermis, papery.
Taste sweetish and aromatic. Dose, powdered root J to i dr.
Constituents. — A green resin starch, no tannin, an organic acid and
a bitter giucoside resembling salicin.
Preparations. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i fld. oz.
Actions and //j^5.— Bitter tonic and aperient ; given in torpor of
the liver and with ginger in dropsy.
Morinda CitrifoHa, M. Tin
Habitat, — Throughout India, Malwa, Malabar.
Parts used, — The leaves and fruit.
Vernacular, "^QWg* — Atchhu. Bur. — Yoi-yoe, Nayhgyle. Can. —
Maddi. Cing. — Ahugaha. Eng. — Indian Mulberry. Hmd. — Al, atchi,
ak. Maleal. — Kada pilva. Mar. — Baratundi, A*sa Nagakuda. Tam. —
Manja-pavattay. Tel. — Moolugu, maddi. Sans. — Achchhuka, Uchyuta
B^r^tondi is derived from Bara, twelve, and Tond a month. The fruit
is marked with as many as twelve scars which represent so many
months.
Characters. — Leaves oval, oblong, shining, smooth, alternate and
of a yellowish green or dark green colour ; taste bitter. Ripe fruit shin-
ing, fleshy, oblong, and marked with scars ; emitting a foetid odour.
By keeping the seeds and pulp become black or brown and sticky,
resembling seeds and pulp of dried pomegranate.
Constituents. — The root bark contains morindin, a dyeing
principle.
Preparations. — Decoction of leaves (i in 20). Dose, 1 to 2 fld, oz.
2^6 OLDENUUdMA UIOKLLATA.
ActUjfu and uses. — AstringeDt, tonic and febrifnge; genendly given
mixed with aromatics. Decoction is given in diarrhoea, dysenteiy and
iinf::Th : the ripe frait is an emmenagogoe, and given in disordered
metier uation. The juice of the leaves is used as an apptication for the
relief of pain in gout and healing of wounds and ulcers.
Mnasmda Frondosa. M. FlaTMOfiiift.
Habitat. — Nepal, Ce^'lon and Himalayas.
Parts used. — The root, leaves and fruit.
Vernacular. — Bomb. — ^Sarwad, Bhooteasse. Sanchount. Hind. —
Bebina, Sribar. Maleal. — Belila. Nfar. — Srivardoii, Bhut-kes.
Nepaul. — Asari. Tam. — Vella allay. Sans. — Shrivati, Nagavalli.
Characters. — Leaves white. Flowers deep yellow or golden coloured.
Taste bitter. Root slender, long and fibrous. Dose, 20 to 6ogrs.
Constituents. — Bitter principle — a glucoside, resin, sugar, mucilage
and colouring matter ; the bitter principle is soluble in water and
rectified spirit.
Preparations. — Juice of root or leaves. Syrup of flowers, dose,
I to 2 drs.
Actions and uses. — Alterative, and demulcent. The root is
given with milk in jaundice. The juice of fruit and leaves is used as
colly rium for the eyes. Syrup of flowers is a gentle expectorant and
given in coughs, asthma, flatulence, and ague. Extemall}* the paste of
the root is used as a cooling application in skin eruptions.
Oldenlandia Umbellata, Hedyotis Umbellata, H. ffiq^
H. Indica.
Habitat. — Peninsula of India, Coromandel coast.
Parts used. — The root and leaves.
Vernacular. — Cing. — Choya, Sayan- mul. Eng. — Chayroot, Indian
madder. Tam. — Emburel chedditel, Cheri velu.
Characters. — Leaves opposite, verticillate, linear, pale on the under
surface ; margins recurved, covered with bristles ; flowers white and in
racemes, root slender, long with few lateral fibres of an orange colour*
Constituents. — The bark contains a colouring matter.
Preparations. — Decoction (i in 20). Dose | to i fld. oz.
Actiotis and uses.^ The leaves are expectorant, and given in cough,
asthma and consumption. The root is alterative and used in cutaneous
diseases and applied over poisonous bites of venomous animals.
Oldenlandia Corymbosa, 0. Biflora, 0. Herbacea.
Habitat. — Throughout India.
Parts used, — The herb.
rOLICl^RIA DENSIFLOHA.
357
I \rutHufar, — G uz. , Mar., Keng, — Kl»t;t papra, Pilpapara. Can.^ —
KuUa Sabatra-sige. Eng. — TwoHowered Indian madder. Hiiid, —
Dnman-papra, Bakra, Parputt, Pitpapara* Sans. — Kshetra parpala.
Tarn. — Parpa dagam. Tel. — V'erineila vemu<
Charactefs, — Annual slender herb, leaves linear, with margins
recurved, nerveless; peduncle solitary; flower i to 4 ; capsule, broadt
hemispherical. Dose, I to 2 drs.
Comhiueut^, — An alkaloid^ and a large proportion of alkaline salts.
Preparatfofis, — A compound decoction called Pancha Bhadra,
meaning five bitters^ containing, parpata^ mustaka, gulanchai chiretta^
and ginger equal parts, given in remittent fever. Dose, i to 2 fld, ozs.
AciioNnand uses. — Tonic and antiperiudic, given in fevers with
gastric irritation and nervous depression.
Ophiorrhiza Mungoe.
HnhitaL — Mountains of As^am, Java, Sumatra, W. Peninsula and
Ceylon,
Parts used. — The root and plant.
P'erHficniar. — Can. — Kanjure, Rashme. Cing. — ^Mendi. Guz# —
Mungusvel, Nakuli. Hind,, Mar. — Rnsna. Java.— Kajomar. Sans* —
kNagasuganda* Tam.^ — Keri purandan. Tel. — Nakuli Sarpashe-
lieitu*
Characters — Root about 6 to 9 inches in length, and as thick as
the finger, contorted »tnd brown externally ; bark closely adherent and
corky ; ta^le hitter, like thai of gentian. Leaves opposite, lanceolate,
acuminate and glabrous.
Constttttcnts. — Starch, amorphous alkaloid, resin and fat &c*
Ptfparatiom, — Decoction (f in to). Dose, \ to l fid. oz.
yktthns ami uses* — Bitter tonic like gentian, and used a^ a tonic
in dyspepsia and diarrhoea. Among the Cingalese it has a high
reputation as a remedy against bites of snakes and mad dogs.
Pdliourla Densiflora, or probably from a Species of Nectandra.
Habitats — Bolivia, South America,
Parti used. — The bark — coto-bark, also para coto-bark from
another plant*
Characters, -^¥12^1 curved pieces, \ inch thick ; cork fissuredt
cinnamon coloured ; odour nutmeg like, pungent and agreeable ;
taste pungent and bitter, when chewed it increases the flow of saliva.
Dose, 1 to H grs.
Constituents. — An acrid bitter principle — cotoin, Piperonylic acid,
volatile oil and resin^ but no tannin. Paracotoin is found in parocoto
bark along with hydrocotoin; it occurs in small laminar crystals^ weaker
and paler than coloin ; soluble in ether, boiling alcohol, boiling water
and chloroform ; slightly soluble in water. Dose, ^ to 3 grs.
2t
33^ PILOCARPUS JABORANDJU
Cotoin occurs as pale yellow, amorphous powder or minute curved
crystalline prisms, non-volatile, oif a bitter taste and irritating to the
nostrils ; slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether,
chloroform and alkalies. Dose, ^ to 2 grs. ; it checks salivation and
night sweats.
Preparations. — Extractum Goto liquidum — liquid extract ; not
miscible with water. Dose, 2 to 6 ms. TincturaCoto (i in 10). Dose,
10 to 20 ms.
Actions. — A powerful astringent ; given in chronic intestinal
catarrh, dysentery and diarrhoea of rickets, typhoid fever, and phthisis;
also in diarrhoea due to teething in children — cotoin is given in the
night sweats of phthisis and in phthisical diarrhoea; it is also used
hypodermically in cholera, 15 ms. of a i in 4 solution in acetic ether
as an injection.
PfiBderia FoBtida, Psyohotria yolubilis, Apooynum Foetidam,
ConTolYolas Foetidus.
Habitat. — Himalaya, Bengal, West Peninsula of India.
Parts used. — The whole plant.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Gandha-bhadhuli. Guz.^Gandhana. Hind.
— Gandhali. Mar. — Hiranvel. Sans. — Prasarani, Gundha bhadalya.
Tel. — Savirela chettu.
Characters. — The plant has a very offensive odour of bisulphide
of carbon, when bruised.
Constituents. — A volatile oil of an offensive odour, 2 alkaloids,
namely, Alpha Paederine and Beta Psederine.
Preparations. — A liquid extract and a compound syrup or electuary
containing liquid extract of gandhali i part, ginger and pepper 2 parts,
E lumbago root \ part, and sugar 5 parts. Dose, i to 2 fld. drs.
riniment, contains liquid extract of gandhali i part, oil 8 parts and
camphor \ part.
Actions and uses. — The whole plant is alterative, antispasmodic,
and emetic. The root is an emetic. The compound s}rrup is given in
colic, rheumatism, gout and spasmodic diseases. The liminent is
used externally in rheumatism and over painful joints.
FilooarpoB Jaborandi, B. P., P. PinnatlfoliiiB, P. Selloanas.
HabitaL — Brazil, in forests, and on hill slopes.
Parts used. — The dried leaflets, Jaborandi Folia, B.P.
Characters. — Leaflets, long, short stalked, oval, marked with
numerous pellucid dots, punctate, entire, emarginate, oblong, lanceo-
late, of a dull, green colour, coriaceous and tomentose ; odour aromatic,
taste pungent and bitter ; when chewed it increases the flow of saliva.
Dose, powdered leaves 5 to 40 grs.
PILOCARPUS JABORAKHK
339
Ojtisitnirfifs. — Contain 4 alkaloids^ \ t^ — i pilocarpine, z pilocar-
pidinc, 3 jaborine antagonistic in action to pilocarpine and 4
jaboridine ; volatile oil^ malic acid, and salts.
Pilocarpina — Pilocarpine — a syrupy liquid alkaloid. To obtain it
add to the alcoholic extract of Jaborandi at first hydrochloric acid and
then any alkali, shake the whole with chloroform and finally with acidu-
lated water. Jaborine — also present in leaves, does not form crys-
tallizabte salts ; it is colourless and more liquid^ without any odour,
Pilocarpine and
pyridine. Pile-
I
Ptlocarpidinc is supposed to be dihydroxyhiicotine,
pilocarpidine have been synthetically prepared from
carpidine on oxidation yields jaboridine*
Volatile oil is obtained by distillation. It contains chiefly
turpene and a trace of paraffin-like substance,
PiliJcarpinseNitras B. P, Pilocarpine Nitrate. — A white crystalline
powder, soluble in water (i in 9), slightly soluble in cold and fieely
so ill hot alcohol. Dose» 5*^ to J gr, by the mouth*
Iniectio Pilocarpinae Nitratis Hypodermica — used hypoderraically
(I gr. m 20 ms.) Dose, 2 to 6 ms. Hvpodermiclamels or tablets co i-
tain \ gr. each. Guuae Pilocarpinae, 2 grs to i 02. Ophthalmic disc> »^o
gr. in each. Lotio Pilocarpinae — Pilocarpine nitrate 2 grs., quinine
hydrochloride 8 grs., glycerine 2 drs., rose water 6 drs., used in altipe-
cia. Pilula Pilocarpinae Nitratis — Pilocarpine nitrate ,'0 gr. with milk-
sugar and gtycenn of tragacanih — ^10 make one pilh Pilocarpin»
Hydrochloridum. Pilocarpine Hydrochloride — White crystals, deli-
quesLcnr, bitter, wiihoui any odour, freely soluble in alcohol and
water, insoluble in ether and chloroform. Dose» y*^ to ^ gr., used hypo-
dermtcatly» f*g to ^ gr. by the mouth. Pilocarpinae Pfienas — Pdocarpine
carbolaic, ascptolmc. A colourless oily hquid, soluble in alcohol
and water* used as hypodermic injection in phthisic (l in 5^000),
Pilocarpinae salicylas^Pilocarpinc salicylate — colourless crystals of a
bitter taste, soluble in water. Dose, ^*^ to \ gr,
Pt0patahons*—Oi Jaborandi Folia — Extractum Jaborandi liqui-
dum B. P. Liquor Jaborandi— Fluid extract of pilocarpine, not
miscible with water. Dose^ 5 to 15 ms. Extractum Jaborandi (solid).
Dose, 2 to 10 grs. Tinctura Jaborandi, B. P. (1 in 5)- Dose, | to i
achm. To check night sweat. Infusion (1 in 20). Dose, i to a 02s.
Physmhgical action, — Powerful sudorific and sialagogue, cardiac
depressant, myotic, emetic, galactagogue, and abortifacient ; taken
internally it paralyses the vaso motor system and is a stimulant of the
peripheral nerve ends» supplying glands and involuntary muscles.
It increases the general secretions, promotes sweating, causes
flushed face, increased salivation, catarrh of the nose, bronchi and of
the lachrymal duct. It is rapidly elinunatcd by the skin and sahvary
glands In large doses it causes drowsintss, contracted pupils, and
impaired or want of co -ordination oi reflexes, laboured respiration,
conn act ion of the bladder, uterus and spleen.
Therapeuttcs, — The leaves arc given in uremic convulsims, and
renal dropsy; it should not be given if the heart is weak. In aloumi-
nurU* anasarca, pulmonary oedema, diabetes insipidus, it relieves the
340 PSYCHOTRIA IPECACUANHA.
kidneys. It stimulates the skin, and hence used in fever. As ahairwash
it promotes the growth of hair in alopecia. As a galactagogue it
increases the flow of milk. In ptyalism it acts specifically in minute
doses on the salivary glands. In erysipelas and in diphtheria it is of
great benefit in detaching ihe false membrane and to prevent its
reformation. Its use should be supported by food and stimulants. As
an absorbent it is given with, iodides and mercurials, in pleuritis,
meningitis, retinitis, amblyopia due to alcoholism or tobacco, iritis and
in glaucoma.
Pilocarpine in small doses 3V to ^ gr., checks night sweats ; but
in hrge doses it is a most powerful sialagogue and diaphoretic, and
used in kidney diseases, dropsy, diabetes insipidus, intermittent
fever, severe hiccough and syphilis. In hiccough | gr. can be hypoder-
mically used ; also in deafness due to affection of the lab3Tinth and
to arrest paroxysm of spasmodic asthma.
Psyohotria Ipeoaouanha, B.P.
Cephaclis Ipecacuanha, Carthagena Ipecacuanha, Two varieties —
long styled and short styled.
Habitat, — Brazil, India.
Parts used. — The dried root— Ipecacuanhae Radix, B.P., Ipeca-
cuanha root.
Characters. — In Carthagena Ipecacuanha, the root is thicker and
the annulations less marked. Ipecacuanha root occurs in tortuous pieces,
6 inches long, and J inch thick, colour dark brick red or dark brown,
and closely annulaied, breaking with a short fracture, cortex greyish:
odour slight, but disagreeable, taste bitter. Dose, as an expectorant,
J to 2 grs., as an emetic, 1 5 to 30 grs.
Coftstitttents. — An active principle — an alkaloid, emetine, 1*3 p.c.
cephaeline '6 p.c, Ipecacuanhic acid allied to catechin, saccharose,
starch, fatty or oily matter, cholin, resin, pectin &c.
Emetina — Emetine — Emetia — the commercial article is a mixture
of alkaloids — pure emetine, cephaeline (both emetic) and another
alkaloid. Pure emetine occurs in white amorphous powder, taste
slightly bitter, sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether,
benzin, chloroform and dilute acids, scarcely so in caustic alkalies.
I^o*^» tU ^^ iV S^' **^" emetic ; ^ to j^ gr. of Ipecacuanha yields 2 p.c
of crude emetine, Vinum Emetinae (1 gr. of hydrochloride 01 emetine in
8 ozs. of sherry). Dose, ^ to 40 ms. Emetine has direct nauseant and
emetic properties— used in pulmonary diseases, and biliousness. It
rapidly darkens on exposure to light and air, and forms crystalline
salts as the hydrochloride and hydiobromide. The salts of cephaeline
are uncrystalluable. It occurs in crystals, white at first, becoming
dark \-ellow by exposure, sparingly soluble in ether, soluble in caustic
alkalies whicK distinguishes it from emetine.
Cephalic or Ipecacuanhic acid — An amorphous, bitter glucoside,
allied to cafiBeotannic acid* Occurs as brown powder, soluble in
alcohol*
PSYCHOTRIA IFECACUANHA,
34 »
Prf/>arations* — Of the root — Pulvis IpecacuanhaeCompositus, B.P.
— Dover s powder — Tpecacuanhii i, opium i, and potassium sulphate 8,
dose, 5 to 15 grs, Extractuiii Ipecacuanhae liquidum B.P. — Ipecacuanha
percolated with alcohul» (hen mixed with calcium hydroxide and again
percolated ; strength from 2 to 2*5 p.c. of the alkaloid. Dose as an
expectorant, 4 to 2 ms. ; as an emetic, 1 5 to 20 ms. Trochiscus Ipeca-
cuanh:^, B P., J gr, in each with fruit bases. Trochiscus morphinae et
I; -ihx, B.P,, j\ gr, of Ipecacuanha and ^*^ gr, of morphine
h\ -ride in each with tola basis. Pilula Ipecacuanhas cum scilla,
B,P. (opium 5 p c ). Contains Dov^er's powder 3, squill i» ammoniacum
I , syrup of glucose q,s. Dose, 4 to 8 grs. Syrup Ipecacuanhae aceticus,
Vinegar of Ipecac, l pint, sugar 2| lbs. Dose, } to 2 drs. Acetum
IpecacuanhcG B.P. (i in 20). Dose, 10 to 30 ms, Vinum Ipecacuanhae,
B.P. (i in ao). Extract of Ipecacuanha i,to sherry 19. Dose, as an expec-
toranti 10 to 30 ms. ; as an emetic* 4 to 6 fid. drs. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae
sine Emetina, Ipecacuanha from which emetine has been extracted.
Dose, 10 to 30 grs. Emetin, an extractive substance, soluble in water,
has properties like the root ; must tjot be confounded with the alkaloid
emetine* Dose, as an expectorant, y^ to ^ gn; as an emetic, ^ to 1 gr,
Actions and wy^^,— ^Emetic, nauseant, diaphoretic, expectorant,
sternutatory, laxative, cholagoguc, hemostatic, and vascular depressant;
as an emetic it is not so depressant as tartar emetic, but more depressant
than sulphate of rinc, mustard, 6t common salt ; it often acts as
cathartic* In moderate doses it depresses the circulation and hence
allied \o aconite and tartar eniettc. In small doiies, it is a diaphoictic
and expectorant* As an emetic it is largely used, especially in sthenic
cases to unload the stomach in the bet^innina of fever, and in indiges*
lions and in croup and diphtheria ; in bronchitis, especially nf children,
it promotes expulsion of fnucusfroni the bronchi. As a cardiac sedative
it is largely used in fevers to reduce the pulse rate, and to produce
gentle diaphoresis. In catarrh of the bronchi and lungs, pneumonia
and phthisis, its stimulating effects on the mucous membrane arc well
marked. Its principal value consists in its being almo» t a speciiic in
dysentery. Large doses of Ipecacuanha, as much as 20 to 30 grs., or
Ipecacuanha sine emetina, arc given. In order to prevent its being
vomited, no liquid is allowed before or after the dose, and the dose is
preceded by a morphia draught or morphia hypodermically injected*
Oftentimes in such cases mustard plaster is applied to the pit of the
stomach, a few minutes before Ipecacuanha is given* The dose may
often be repeated 3 or 4 limes*
Remarks.— The Goanese Ipecacuanha, the root of Naregamia
alata, Nat. O. Mc1iace:e, bears similar properties to Ipecacuanha.
Randia Dometorum, R Longispina Canthlam, Coronatam,
Gardenia Dumetorum. 0, Spinosa. Poaoquerta Dumetornm,
Ceriscna Malabarious.
//"^diV/i/.— Throughout India, Gujerat, DchraDoon, Ceylon, Coim-
baiorc.
Parii Hsed.^-Xht fruit.
342 RANDIA DUMETORUM.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Jouzel kowsul, Jouz-ul-kai. Beng., Bomb.
— Gelaphala, Pieralu, Menphal. Can. — Mangire. Cing. — ^Wali,
kukuru man. Duk. — Medaphala. Eng, — The emetic nut. Guz. —
Mindhal. Hind. — Mainphal, Mayina, Pinda, Mindhla. Mar.— Gehela,
Piralu. Punj. — Mindhal. Sans.— Madana. Tam. — Madu-karray,
maruk arang. Tel. — Mangha, manda.
Characters. — Fruit small, like J^ephala, globular or ovate, of a
deep grey or reddish brown colour. At its base is a small disc-like
stalk or rim of the calyx. Surface minutely and roughly wrinkled, and
obtusely ribbed ; ribs varying from five to seven cells or cavities, two
with thick woody walls, and covered with a yellowish grey, rather soft,
and unctuous pulp. Within the cells are the seeds, small, hard, numerous,
translucent, shining, and oblong, or rather kidney-shaped. Pulp is
nauseous in taste, and the smell is similar to that of valerian. Dose of
the pulp, IS to 20 grs.
Constituents, — An active principle, saponin, valerianic acid, wax,
resin and colouring matter.
Preparations, — Infusion of seeds (i in ip). Dose, ^ to i fld. oz
ethereal tincture (1 in 5). Dose, 15 to 60 ms.
Actions and uses.— A good substitute for Ipecacuanha. The dry
pulp is emetic, the thick shell and hard seeds are not emetic at all.
The Native Hakims give the pulp in combination with aromatics
in dysentery, fever (ague), headache, &c. It contains valerianic
acid, hence the tincture is used as a nervine calmative and antispas-
modic, in whooping cough and mania. The shell and seeds are cathartic
and anthelmintic, and used to remove biliousness and worms in children.
The fruit is used to procure abortion and as a fish poison like coculus.
A paste of it is locally applied as a discutient to disperse swellings
and abscesses.
Remarks. — The Arabic name Jouzul-akai is also applied to nux
vomica.
Randia Uli^OBa, Posoqueria Uli^osa, Gardenia Uli^osa.
Habitat. — Ceylon, India, in moist places.
Parts used. — The unripe fruit.
Vernacular. — Beng.— Chuvadi alu. Can. — Kare-pindalu. Guz. —
Pinglu. Mar.— Pendhuri. — Hind. — Pedalu. Sans. — Pindhaluka- Tam. —
Vagaia. Tel.— Guahu — Pedda-mranga ; Devota-malle ; Nalla-ika.
Characters. — Flowers large, white, and fragrant, in 2 or 3, on the
top of branchlets. Berry of tne size of an egg. ash coloured, or olive
grey, 2-celled. Seeds flattish, adherent to the pulp fibres. Dose of the
powdered fruit, 10 to 30 grs.
Actions and uses. — Astringent, roasted in hot ashes they are used
in diarrhoea and d}'seutery.
RUBTA CORDrFO!JA,
343
Rabla CopdifoHa. R. Munjishtba, Heart leaved Madder, R*
Tinctoria« R. Secunda.
Habitat, — Hilly districts, S. Europe, Asia, Assam^ NepaK Sind,
Siberia, and China,
Parts wjr//.— The roots.
Vfntaciilnr, — Arab. — Runas» Sabba-ghni. Beng. — Aruna, Manjith.
Chin, — Si*tsau-ken.Can,^ — Manjushta, Guz. — Majith. Mar., Hind., Duk,
— Manjtta. Eng.— Indian madder, Malyal. — Pooat, Pers,^ — Runis.
Sans.— Kala Mashika* Tarn.— Manjithi, Shevelli. Teh— Manjishta,
Mandastic, Tamravalli.
Charucters. — The stem is square, rough, and covered with short
prickles^ root creeping, short, with numerous cylindrical rootlets of the
siie of quills, suber, brownish, and thin. Bark red brown, odour some-
what aromatic, taste sweetish at first, then corky and acrid* Dose of
the root, lo to 6ogrs.
Cbw^/i/z/^w/j.— Resinous and extractive matter; gum, sugar, colour
ing matter, and sahs of lime. The medicinal properties are due to
resinous and extractive matters. The colouring matter consists of
purpuriu, manjtstin, garancin, alizarin (orange red) and xanthine
(yellow).
Preparations. — Infusion (i in lo). Dose, f to i fld. oz.
Actions and mes* — Alterative^ diuretic, emmenagoguc, and astrin-
gent. In pharmacy it is used to colour liniments and ointment. The
root is given in paralysis, dropsy, jaundice, amenorrhoea, and scanty
lochia; extern.iily as an astringent it is locally applied to inflamed parts,
swellings, ulcers, fractures, &c. Wrth honey it is applied to various
disculorations nl the skin, as bruises, contusi^ons, pityriasis versicolor,
leucodcrma and freckles.
Spermaooce Hiapida, 8. Saabra.
/^<;?3//fl/,'— Throughout India,
Parts Ki^d^.— The plant.
Vemacuiar* — Beng, — Madana-Banta-kadu. Eng. — Shaggy button-
weed. Malyal, — ThartaveL Mar.— Ghanti*chi-b^ji, Dhoti, gondi.
Sans.— Madanghanta. Tam.— Nutti choorie. TeL — Madana.
Characters. — Herb scabrous, procumbent ; root fibrous ; leaves
obovate, oblong, or elliptical with cartilaginous edges, and coriaceous;
flowers small, blue or white, and in a whorl ; capsules, pubescent ;
seeds oblong granulate and opaque.
Preparations. — Decoction of the root (l in lo). Dose, i to l 8d»
ozs. Confections of seeds. Do^e, ^ to I drs.
Actions and USUI. — Alterative and tonic. The seeds arc cooling,
iemulccnt and given in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root is alterative
ind used like sarsaparUJa.
344 NARDOSTACHYS JATABiANSI.
Taagiitfia BfinouL, Meynia S^son.
HahitaL — India .
Farts used. — ^Thc fruit.
Vtmacular. — ^Bombay — AIu. Beng. — ^Majoia. Can. — Maggare-gida.
Hin<L — Pundrika, Pinditak, Bangaxiki-Iakri. Mar. — ChirchoH.
Madandriksh. Sains. — Pinda, Pindilul^ Tarn. — Pedda-munga. TeL —
Vadanike, Chega-gadda.
Ckaractgrs. — Cymes of greenish flowers. Fruit a drupe, subglobose
fleshy, and of the size of a cherry. Colour yellow when ripe. Odour
terebinthinate.
/Vi^Ai/wjw.— Decoction (i in 20). Dose, 2 to 6 drs.
Actkns ami ms€S. — The fruit is rehigerant and cholagogue and used
in biliary complaint with hepatic congestion.
The jataminsi family. From valeo to be strong. In allusioo to
the well marked medicinal properties and p^^werful smelL
Herbs, leaves exsdoulate. opposite ; flowers, cymose. hermaphrodite
or rarely unisexual. Fruit dry and indehiscent, frequently pappose.
Seed pendulous, solitary, and ex-albuminous.
Habitat — Native of temperate climates.
l^rtip^ties. — Remarkable for the presence of a strong scented
volatile oil. They are stimulant, tonic and antbpasmodic.
Cdtiea (Sftidn qpica Gdtiea'.
HaHUL — Alpine Himalaya* Asia.
l\irts au^^ — ^The rhizome and oil.
FmrftjLikltr. — Arab. — Ara-ttl-::be. >uTxb*il-aI-asp£re-hiade. Can. —
Jata m;in»hi. Cing. — Jara mansi. Mar. Becig., Duk. — ^Jhata m-ina^i,
bniilocan. Eng. — Musk rooc» Indian srikenari. Hizsd. — Jara masi.
Kalsch.ftdj« sumbuL Rila chari. MalyaL — ^.feia zraixhi. Pers.. — Sombul-
^-hindi. Bekh>i-sambal, Sins — Ta:a rr.ar.a-?i Bhoiake^C Pisitx.
Tara^vini. Tam. — ^Jara mashi. TeL — JtCi Tr.nTshi
Billi ls>tan \Duk^ \a sasre also i?cL*i :^ Acayrha Irkixa) means
cat"* strugjc^* car » sure* -sec r.^ be voi :t :b^ pCxnc- Bh^rakesi Bhut.
aJerooQ. aad kea. hair — iev-:> hi.r — fr-zi :be ^SiT'-isa 5Crjc§
m3kQ ot the rocckts whtch are I:ke hx:-.
Cixr-A"jen* — Rhir^cein >hcr: rc^^"*^ arcci :>-e i?r.?ck!^5ss c? fcose
q::tlA. oc a cark f^y ccJccr arc ?*^m Jwz:ec bv j. r,LZsiIe cf reciish
livwa ibnes : ooccr heavy ard recvilia.r '.k;e i!ri: re rli^icul . rfece
Ntter aod an^outSc l^rse. 1 5 : : 4.5 £•>«.
Cimsi£ssbimSf^ — A vcitifjc cC oC*;:i=r -arirsar^jc^ -«£r. scuxr. starch
better eisaAititic oskdcf, sad gss.
V'^ALRRIANA OFKICTNALIS.
345
f^t/tarattons. — ^The oil. Dose, 2 to 6 ms. Tincture (i in 8).
Dose, J to 2 fld. drs. Medicated oil.
Actions (ind uses. — Same as those of valerian • In nervous
disorders it is combined with asafetida ; in chlorosis with iron and
strychnine ; taken habitually in small doses, it improves the appetite
and digestion without confining the bowels, As an cmmenagogue
it is very useful in amenorrho^a and dysmenorrhoea ; also used in
cerebral ansemia, vertigo, or fainting, &c.
Valeriana Officlnalla, B. P.
Hahttat, — Europe, N. Asia, Sind, Burmah, Ceylon, New
England, Vermont.
Pttrts used, — The dried erect rhizome and roots.
Vfrnmuiar. — Arab, — Sumbul-ul-asfar. Duk, — V^ilayeti jhata
manasi, Eng. — True valerian. Hind. — Sugandha biU chhara* Pers,
Sumbul-ul-tib. Sans. — Bdia Hrivera.
( ^:f.— A large herbaceous plant, with small while rose-
C0I0U1 ' 1% rhiiomc^hort, erect, dark or yellowish brown external-
ly and whitish or yellowish internaJly. Roots numerous, slender and
brittle ; colour same as that of the ihizome, odour aromatic and musk-
like ; taste camphoraceous or somewhat pungent* Dose, 5 to 30 grs.
ConsHtuettts. — A volatile oil 2 p-c^ valerianic acid, formic, acetic
and malic acids, chatininc, tannin, starch, sugar, resin, gum and
extractive.
Oleum Valerianae — A volatile oil obtained by distilling the root
with water. A pale green liquid, of a pungent, valerian-ltkc odour, and
of an aromatic tasu and aciii reaction^ suluhle in alcohoK On exposure, it
becomes vij^cid and yellow. By oxidation is developed valcrene, vaJeroi
or baldrian camphor and valerianic acid. Dose, 2 to 5 ms.
Valerianic acid,^ — An oxidation product. The volatile oil on expo-
sure to the air becomes oxidized and converted into valerianic acid.
It is also obtained as a product of oxid^ttion of amylic alcohol with
sulphuric acid. It is an oily liquid, of a characteristic and sweet t;iste ;
used in preparing various valerianate."!, as v-ilerianates of iron, zinc,
ammonium and quinine. It also occurs in many other plants, and in
cod liver oil.
Preparutinns. — Of valerianic acid — Validol— a combination of
valerianic acid and menthol, a clear viscid liquid. Dose, 10 to 15 ms,
Iheparattons^ — Of valerian — Extractum Valerianae fluidum. Dose,
10 to 30 ms. Infusion. Dose, 1 to 2 ounces, Tinctura Valerianae
(l in 8). Dose, ^to i drs. Tinctura Valerianae ammoniata, 0, P*(l in 5).
Dose, \ to I fld. dr. Zinci valcrianas. Dose, i to 3 grs.
Actmns arid ust^, — General stimulant, anudytJe, hypnotic, anti-
spasmodic, vermifuge and diaphoretic. It often stimulates sexual
powers. As a sedative to reHcx excitability, its action is opposed to
that of btucine, thebainc, and strychnine. In full doses it stimulates
the heart, raises the temperature, and produces exhilaration of spirits
34^ VALERIANA WALLICHII.
If long continued it leads to melancholia. In very large doses it is a
powerful irritant of the brain and of the gastro-intestinal tract, leading
to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, frequent passage of urine containing
lithates. The oil paralyses the brain and the spinal cord, lowers the
blood pressure and slows the pulse. Valerian is used in epilepsy,
hysteria, hemicrania, nervous cough and hiccough. As a tonic it is
given in fevers and low states of the system ; also given in whooping
cough, diabetes, dysmenorrhoea, convulsions, worms and flatulence in
children. In the coma of typhus fever the oil is very efficient. As
an antispasmodic it is inferior to asafetida.
Validol is used in asthma, hysteria, and as a preventive against sea-
sickness. As a stimulant, antispasmodic, anodyne it surpasses valerian
in energy and rapidity of action, and besides it has anaesthetic properties.
As an hypnotic it produces sleep like morphia, and chloral hydrate 5
minims are sufficient to produce tranquil sleep without any depressing
action on the heart. It has been found very serviciable in biliary
colic.
Valeriana Walliohii, V. Hardwiokii, V. Brononiana.
Habitat. — Temperate Himalaya.
Parts used. — The rhizome.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Sumbul-jibali, Asaruma. Beng. — Taggera
ganthoda. Bhutan. — Pimpe. Can. — Naudibattal. Hind. — Bila
Taggar, Chhar ganthona, mushkwali. Ind. — Asarun. Panj. — Mushk-
i-wali, vala, Bala. Pers. — Rishaiwala. Sans. — Pindi-tagara, Nandy&
varta, Nandini, Varhini. Nahushakhya.
Characters. — A fragrant herb, rhizomes short, knotty and about I
to i^ inches long, diameter varying from that of a quill to that of a
little finger, colour dark brown, surface highly wrinkled, and here and
there marked with transverse ridges and prominent tubercles, or scars
of fallen leaf-sheaths; lower end blunt, very hard and tough; upper end
broad with traces of long stripe-like leaves ; odour, aromatic and
pungent, resembling that of officinal valerian, but much more
powerful; taste camphoraceous.
Constituents, — The root contains volatile oil, tannin, glucose
resin, albuminoids, starch, &c.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 20). Dose, J to i fl. oz.
Actions and uses. — Stimulant, nervine tonic, antispasmodic and
sedative ; used in hysteria, headache, epilepsy, chorea ; also in suppres-
sion of urine. As a stimulant it is given in advanced stages of fever, &c.
Composite or Asteracese. The Thistle or the Sevati family.
Shrubs or herbs, rarely trees, forming almost the tenth part of the
described vegetable kingdom ; leaves opposite, alternate, and exstipulate,
simple or lobed; flowers variegated, hermaphrodite, unisexual or neuter,
and arranged in capitula ; fruits achene, dry and indehiscent, one-
celled ; seeds solitary, erect, and ex-albuminous.
ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM. 347
Habitat. — Universally distributed, abundant in hot climates.
Properties. — Many are bitter and tonic; some purgative and
anthelmintic; others stimulant and narcotic; some contain volatile oil
and are diaphoretic, aromatic and carminative.
Achillea Millefoliam, A. Mo8ohata» A. SantoUna.
Habitat. — W. Himalaj^a^ N. America,
Parts useti.'^The flowering tops and leaves.
Vernaculars. — Bomb. — Roja mari, Eng.— Nose-bleed, yarrow.
Egypt. — Barbara. Indian. Bazars. — Riranjasif. Panj. — Rui-Madaran,
Momadra, Capendiga. Pers. — Bui-e-Madar;\n.
Characters, — Perennial herb, stems hairy and furrowed ; leaves alter-
nate. soft, hairy, linear, dentate, lanceolate; globular beneath; and nine
to twelve inches long, segments toothed and of a dark green colour.
Flowers white and corymbose Fruit achene, odour feeble, aromatic,
like that of chamomile. Taste bitterish, saline and aromatic.
Cottstituents. — Yarrow yields on distillation, a dark green coloured,
butyraceous volatile oil, a bitter extractive — achillein, hIso resin,
tannin, gum, and various salts as malatcs, nitratcn. phosphates and
chlorides of potassium and calcium, and ash, 15 to 18 p.c.
Achillea Moschata contains a volatile oil known as Jvaol. of a
refreshing odour and mint-like taste ; it also contains ivain, achillcine,
achilletine and moschatine.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, i to 2 fld. ozs. Volatile
oil. Dose, 10 to 20. Decoction (i in 20), Dose. 1 to 2 fld. o/s.
Actions and uses. — Medicated vapour bath containing yarrow,
lavender flowers, wheat bran, and milk is used in nasal catarrh and fever.
It has a specific action on the pelvic organs and used in amenorrhfca,
menorrhagia, and Icucorrha-a. As a bitter tonic it is given during
convalescence from fevers, and in atonic dyspepsia to promote appetite.
Its chief use is in relaxation of the sphinctor ani with discharge of
mucns or blood during defecation. The infusion is applied to relaxed
throat and sore nipples with benefit.
ABthemift HobOit, B.P^ llatrieaiia Chanumillku
Habitat. — Europe, N. India, Persia, W. Asia, and Australia.
Part^ used, — The dried expanded flower heads, Anthem idis florcs,
chamomile flowers, B. P., and oil, oleum anthemidis, B. P.
Vernacular.^ Xx'kh — TufFah -ul-arz, Shajrat-el-kafur, BahiinAj
(flower). Chin, — Kau-kiuh-hwa. Can. — Shime-Shy^-Mantijje
Eng. — True Chamomile. German Chamomile (matricaria). Guz.,
\far.. Hind. — Babund. Maiyal. — Shima-Jevcnti. Pers. — Babi^nah.
Tam. — Chiiman duppu, Tel. — Sima — chamanri push pamu.
Shajrat-ei-kat'ur. Shajrat, plant, and Kafur, camphor. The ''cam-
phor plant,'* the odour of its flowers being like that of camphor.
3#^ jtarcsBxs^ iudsoijs^
QmrmOesn^ — Aa jannoLl jussl Tht tna^ irmmuia yiecgi rfatqo
fitnwrt &aimgxbtenau. bdcsII, Trinii:, or iKarhr vini* in cciioxxr^ broad and
iaterjw - ixxvuttxcrt vii r cir 5 ri^wt zf imkzmg araca and obmse scalar
^1-21^ a xntTistraDCiw Toazg^ sue i: LrvmcaQ and fioHd TcoepgJcV,
iiu]Q:>w is xcxmsaraL Fjoreii^ hgp'taK- anc atinLCs of stroi^ jcrcniiatic
CiMEst^!aE€«^. — ^A Tolank: c£: 3 jui^ axcfbtanexic, arnt^fgnk arid, a
OxasBGomk; cal. ct^nm *Tv»^*«*wT \rK«> £. P. Tlit xiilaxile cil is a
d&cnk Hof:, u£ii« irsmspicrf-ixu ibkikifjih li^idd. In* tt«ygrg Iracaniit g
jE7t«SD and brcnro, c<f 21 fiiTciiig ascazx and varm. arcimatic taste.
PoDSJom aslhtaiKjiL Dqul } to 5 ics. JLdiIkudc^ — lo ohtaxn it
ci'fiaim fihaTciQiPDak: fio^verf arxni iion arBtir arad... iaiimrm laif, and
j/mapaSMie iht prK^dzxcn wjah a]cc«bcu ssiZ crapome — occm as
cnittaK ix&cilBlxfe is alcchdL tshw, d^drctionzu scihaii^ is aoBtic mad,
TI)« ime dxasioimle ooQ caoudiKs Taraoa^ erhcy% as ii>e az^«^es and
raVerianaus of bmrl- Doie, r ms. cm sxtgar.
PrefmrmtKon. — I nfu t aunB arnhfTTridis <^i in 3c). Dcse^ i to 4 fid.
oziu Ejmacnan autbcnddis. B-P. Dcse, r 10 !^ grs. Ti3ictiiTa amlie-
xoiis (] is 2^ Dose, 3 to lo ms.
PIntifjhipcal acti^m^ — S:onnafhir ionic, carnnsaiiTe, emmesiagogiie
and aDtipmodic. As a siimnlasi of tbe g^uic ssscons locmbnne,
2t increases tbe appelate and aids digestico.
Therapeutics. — It is given is fiatokzii colSc, drsf^epsia, dilorosis,
amenoniMca asd during convakscesce frc^na acute febrile and dhcr
dihcasc^ The varm infosjOG causes Txmiting. hence it is given in colic,
biliary derangements, periodic headache and to ocnfermed dnmiiards
and hearj ginttc^is. ThecoM infasion is a stomachic tooic and given in
indigestioo, flatolenoe, and summer diarrhonu As an antiperiodic it is
given in malarious fe%*crs. Fomentation of chamomile iiowers is a very
soothing application to rdeve local co-icky pains. The oil is a stimu-
lant and antispasmodic and is given internally to rdiere reflex
coagfa, pulmonary caurrh. diarrhoea of children, spasmodic asthma,
and whooping cough ; also in d\^meix>rTho» and in hysteria. W*ith
other stimulating liniments it is applied over sprains and rheumatic
afiections.
Anaejdvs Pjrntinm, B. P.
Pyrethrum from p}TOs, fire. The roots having fiery spicy taste.
Habitat. — N. Africa, .Algeria, and Europe.
Parts mud. — The dried root, Pyrethri Radix^ B.P. Pyrethrum root
or Peilitory.
Vernacular. — Arab. — .Akara-Karhi, ud-el Karih-Jibbali- Hind.
Guz., Mar., Duk., Beng. — Akalkara. Bcm. — Mitho Akalararo. Burm.
— Kukaiji or Kulayi. Can. — Akkalakare. Eng. — Spanish peilitory,
ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM.
349
Indian fever root. Spanish Chammonile* MalyaL — Akke Karuka,
Pers.— Akar-Karah. Sans.— Akara-Karabha. Tarn .—Akkira-Karam,
TeK — Akala-Karra.
Characters* — The root resembles the narrow end of sambarasinga.
It is long, compact, tapering at both extremities. The crown of the
root is covered with a tuft of hairs ; also shrivelled and marked with a
few scars of fallen rootlets ; surface smooth and marked with longi-
tudinal, or irregular furrows ; colour light brown ; on section homo-
geneous and pithy in the centre where the colour is whitish. The taste
is rather sweet at first and then becomes hot. acrid or pungent, acridity
depending on a fixed acrid oleo resin, deposited in vesicles in the bark.
It produces a glowing heat in the mouth» followed by a tingling and
pncking sensation on the tongue and lips. Dose, 30 to 60 grs. as a
masticatory.
Constituents, — Pyrethrin— -an acrid brown resin, Pyrethrinc 5 px,
«^am alkaloid, 2 fixed oils, inultn 50 p,c., gum, salts, a trace of tatinin,
Prrpara(mns*—V^eQOQim\\ Pyrethri (1 in lo). Dose, 2 to 4 fid,
drs. Tinctura Pyrethri B. P, (tins). Dose, ^ to 1 dr, Confectio
Pyrelhri, ** Akara Kara-bhadi churana " — contains akalkaro^ kesara,
jaeplial, lavang, rakta chandan, each 2 drs., afim, i dr„ dhaturii-
na bij i dr., mix, add siikar 6 drs. Dose, 6 grs. As ati aphrodisiac.
f^ysiologicai action, — Stimulant, rubefacienti irritant and siala-
gogue ; locally rubefacient. When chewed it at first irritates or
stimulates the nerves and vessels of the mouth, salivary and buccal
5 lands and then deadens and blunts their sensibility. In small
o&es it is stimulant and cordial. As a maslicatary sialagogue it
produces pricking sensation in the tongue, with heat, pungency and
copious flow of saliva, cuubtriclion in the fauces and increased buccal
mucus. In large du^es it is an irritant of the mucous membrane of
the intestines, causing bloody stools, tetanoid spasms and profound
stupor. The pulse becomes accelerated*
Therapeutics, — The infusion is given with lesser galangal and
ginger in low states of the system with drowsiness and lethargy. The
tincture is given in neuralgic head ache, toothache due to caries, in
paralysis of the tongue and in neuralgia of the face ; as a local
aojcsthetic gargle or lotion or a mouth wash it is used in sore throat,
relaxed uvula, aphonia, &c. Aa a sternutatory, the powder is inhaled in
chronic catarrh u\ the frontal sinuses. The confection is given in im*
potence and in chronic seminal weakness. As a sialagogue it is an
etTicient remedy in chronic iodine poisoning where it secures a prompt
and rapid elimination.
Pyrelhrum Roseum — P. Carneum* Persian Pellitory — Persian
sweet powder. The plant resembles chamomile and is found in
Western Asia and Persia, The powder of flower heads is used
for kilimg insecu, 4 grs. is sufficient to kill one fly.
350 ARNICA MONTANA.
Arotinm Lappa, L. Major, L. Minor, L. Tomentosa,
Lappa offloinalis.
Grass Burdock, Lappa clotbur.
Habitat, — Europe, N. Asia, and United States, Temperate Zone.
Parts used, — The fruit, root and seeds.
Characters, — It is a biennial weed common on road-sides and
waste places. The root is about twelve inches or more long and about
one inch thick, nearly simple, fusiform, fleshy, longitudinally wrinkled
and crowned with a tuft of whitish soft, hairy leaf stalks, of a grey brown
colour, bark rather thick ; inner part and soft wood radically striated,
parenchyma studded with cavities, and lined with snow-white remains
of fibrous tissues ; odour feeble, and unpleasant, taste mucilaginous,
sweetish and somewhat bitter ; seeds angular, obovate, slightly curved,
flattened and brown grey mottled with black. Dose of the root, 20 to
60 grs.
Constituents, — The root contains inunlin, a trace of volatile oil,
bitter extractive, sugar, resin, fat 9 p.c. tannin, glucoside and ash 4 p.c.
The seeds contain oil, resins and lappin.
Preparations, — Of the root. Extractum Lappae Fluidum. Dose,
J to I fld. dr. Decoctum Lappa (1 in 20). Dose, i to 2 fld. ozs.
of the seed. Tinctura Lappa (10 p.c.) Dose, i to 2 fld. drs. before
meals.
Actions and uses, — Alterative, aperient, diuretic and diaphoretic;
used in scrofula, constitutional syphilis, skin diseases as psoriasis,
scurvy and in copious urinary deposits ; also pulmonary catarrh,
gout and rheumatism ; externally the decoction is uselul for baldness,
haemorrhoids and chronic sores.
Amioa Montana, B. P.
Mountain arnica, mountain tobacco, leopard's bane, accident
plant. Accident plant from its use in cases of sprains, contusions, con-
cussions due to accidents.
/^tf^i/tf/.— Indigenous to European Mountains, Germany, Siberia,
Switzerland, Alps, Missouri, Columbia.
Parts used, — Flower heads — Arnicae Flores; and the dried Rhizome
and roots, Arnicae Rhizoma, B. P.
Characters, — Perennial plant, flowers large, orange yellow and
broad, involucre in two rows, receptacle, flat and hairy, odour
aromatic. Taste pungent and bitter. Rhizome with several rootlets
thick, brown, curved and wrinkled, rough from the scars of leaflets ;
dark brown, externally and whitish internally ; bark thick containing
a circle of resin-cells, and a large spongy pith. Rootlets thin, not
numerous ; odour aromatic, taste acrid and bitter, distinguished from
valerian by its smell ; from serpentaria from the latter having many
contorted rootlets ; from Veratrum, from thick rootlets. Dose —
Flowers, 5 to 20 grs. Rhizome, 2 to 20 grs.
ARKKA MONTANA
351
O-.r: ■ — The flowers contain Arnicin — a glucoside,
Irimeth, an ammoniacal alkaloid and the active principle,
volatile oil, rtsins, and salt?.. The rhizome contains in addition
capronic and caprylic acids* Inulin lo p.c, tannin, an essential oil,
and mucilage. Arnicin. To obtain it — pass the tincture through anitnal
charcoal and evaporate. Add clher to the residue which dissolves,
arnicin and fat ; shake with alcohol to dissolve arnicin. It occurs as
ycflow amorphous miss ; of an acrid taste, soluble in alcohol, ether
and alkalies, very sparingly so in water.
/V^/^m/ib«5.^Tinctura arnicse florura ii in 5). Dose^ 5 to 30 ms.
Infasum arnicx florum (i in 5). Dose, \ to 1 tid. 02.
Best for local use as it does not excite dermatites. It is free from
the volatile oil and from arnicin. Tinctura Arnica; Radicis B. P. (1 in
20), DoAc, i 10 ] fld, drs. Extractum Arnicse. Dose, \ to 3 grs. Emplas-
trum Arnicas Radicis, 33 p.c. of the root to 67 p*c. of lead plaster.
Phystohgical action, — Gastric and intestinal irritant, cardiac
stimula'nti antipyretic, and sternutatory ; also diuretic and
emmenagogue. In small doses taken internally it stimulates the
heart beat and raises the arterial tension* In large doses it at first
stimulates but soon depresses the circulation, respiration and the
nerve centres ; it gives rise to headache, convulsions and even
unconsciousne^, paralysis of motion, with dilataiion of the pupils, It
often leads to collapse and death.
77ufa/>ftJitcs, — As an antipyictic u is used in typliu% and typhoid
fevers, also given in concussion nf the brain, in chronic catarrh, and in
internal haemorrhages as epistaxiiSj liactnoptysis, &c., as a diuretic it is
given in gout» rheumatism and dropsy. As an ernmenagogue it is
given in amcnorrha^a and chlorisis ; also tor internal bi uisc«^, in chronic
diarrhciea, dysentery and in paralysis of the bladder* Locally its
infusion is applied to sprains, contusions, cchymosis, kc. The solu-
tion is used to promote union of cut surfaces.
JlrtemUla Jlbstnihium, &. Vulgaris, A. Indioa, A. Grata.
Uabtttit. — Waste places on chalky soiU, Nepal, China, Japan.
Indigenous in Europe, Asia and mountainous districts of India,
cultivated in the United States.
Parts usttL — The dried herb, leaves and flowering tops.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Afsantin-e-hindi, Kashus-Rumi. Duk.,Guz.,
eng — Mastaru, Nagdoni. Can,— Utuvalu, Urigatlige j Machi patri,
ig. — Walko-gundo. Eng* — Wormwood, Mugwort (A. Vulgaris).
Hind. — Machiparna Guud-mar mastaru, Duna murwa* Mal^ — Tiru-
oitri-pachcha^ Mar» — Surpana. Pers. — Barunji^sif-i-kohi, Artemas^saya,
Sans.— (ndhana. Tarn. — ^Machi pattiri. leh — Tartiha, Moshe*patre*
ChtiracUrs, — Bundles of the dried herbs of a brownish white or
ash colour, of a s-ilky touch, leaves tnfitl, or simple, pinnatifid, and
tomentose on the under surface ; flower heads small yellow in racemef*,
hoary and ashy on their under surface, pannicled» and ovate; smell
352 ARTEMISIA MARITIMA.
agreeable and aromatic, due to the volatile oil it contains, taste bitter.
Dose of the herb, 15 to 30 grs.
Constituents, — Volatile oil, a bitter extractive matter — absinthin ;
tannin, resin, succinic acid, matates and nitrates of potassium &c.,
and ash 7 p.c. The volatile oil is obtained by distillation.
It is a dark green liquid of a strong carophoraceous odour and
aromatic taste. It contains Thujone or absinthol, terpenes 2 p.c, and
a deep blue oil. Absinthin — to obtain it precipitate the infusion with
tannin. It is an intensely bitter white or yellowish brown amorphous
glucoside, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, slightly so in ether, insoluble
in water. The odour is camphoraceous.
Preparaitotts. — Extract. Dose, i to 4 grs. Oil. Dose, i to 3 ms. ;
Tincture (i in 8). Dose, ^ to 2 fid. drs. Infusion (i in 10). Dose,
^to 1 fid. oz. Vinum Aromaticum absintheum (i p.c.) or absinthe, a
French liquor — It is an alcoholic solution of the oil containing marjoram,
angelica, anise, etc.
Actions and uses. — The oil is a narcotic poison if long used. It
stimulates the heart and the brain, gives use to tremors, stupor,
epileptic-form convulsions, stertor, involuntary passage of urine
and fiaeces, &c. It irritates the stomach and gives rise to morning
nausea and vomiting. As a local sedative the herb steeped in hot
vinegar is used as fomentation to the head in cephalalgia, to the
joints in gout or rheumatism, and over painful sprains and bruises.
Absinthium is a bitter, stomachic tonic ; it increases appetite
and promotes digestion ; given in dyspepsia ; as a febrifuge, it is
inferior to clerodendron inerme. It is also given in hysteria, in
spasmodic affections as epilepsy, in nervous irritability and in nervous
depression; also in mental exhaustion. As an enema its infusion is
used as an anthelmintic.
Remarks, — A, Sieversiana differs from Artemisia Indica in its
odour, which is more aromatic and camphoraceous, and its flowers
more ashy and tomentose.
Artemisia Maritima Tar. Steohmanniana, B.P., A. Santonioa,
A. Pauoiflora.
Habitat. — N. Turkestan, Khurdistan, Plains of Kirghiz, Asia
Minor.
Parts used, — The dried unexpanded flowering heads and young
branches (Santonica).
Vernacular. — Arab. — Shih, sariphima, afsant-el-bahara. Eng.—
Levant worm seed. Mar., Guz, — Kira-mani-ova, Kir-mani-ajmo.
Hind. — Kirmali. Pers. — Darmanah. Sans. — Juviiniya, Gadadhara.
Characters. — A small perennial plant, flowers oblong, ovoid, obtuse,
smooth, glossy, greyish green, on exposure becoming light brown, yel-
low or brown, consisting of closely imbricated involucre 12 or 18 glan-
dular scales with broad midrib, very small, elliptical, numerous florets
ARTEMISIA
(TA.
353
buds, flowering axils and pieces of very slender stems covered with a
white down ; smell ;igreeable and aromatic, taste bitterish and mint-
Uke. Dose, i; to 60 grs.
Cntistitufftts. — ^V^olatile oil 2 p.c, (of a peculiar smell and tastei ; a
crystalline substance santoninum, or santonin 2 p.c* ; resin, sugar, fat,
and salts of lime.
Santoninum, santonin, B.P., a neutral principle ; to obtain it
|i|{est flower heads in alcohol and sUked lime^ evaporate, then atld
^acetic acid when santouine will be separated. Met with in white shining
crystals or prisms, odourless, of bitter after-taste, neutral reaction,
becoming yellow on exposure to the air and light. Scarcely soluble in
cold water, sparingly so in boiling water (i in 250), soluble in
chloroform (i in 4), in cold alcohol (i in 40), ether (i in 140) and in
bolting alcohol (1 in 3) freely so in solution of caustic alkalies, DosCi
a to 5 grst
Preparaiiom, — Infusion (1 in 20) of flowering heads. Dose, I to
2 fld* ozs, Trochlscus santonin, B.P, (1 gr. in each),
PhYsioh^kitl rtr//>;m.— ''I'aken internally it passes into the blood
as sodium santonruate, and alTects the ^i^ht, objects appearing bluet
green, red, and lastly yellow. It renders the urine Jf acid, ofagrcen
yellow colour, and if alkaline, reddish purple. It aho produces cneurests.
If long continued it may lead to blindnt'ss. In large and poisonous
doses it acts upon the brain, heart and rcHpiratiun, disturbs consci-
ousness* produces intoxication, tremors, cold surface, cold sweats, feeble
pulse, slow respiration, vomiting, convulsions and death by asphyxia*
Therapeutics, — The itrlusion is given in flatulence, amenorrhrra and
dyspepsia ; locally a poultice of the flower buds is used to relieve pain
from the bites of scorpions and other venomous reptiles, Santonine^ — the
active principle does not kill worms, but its presence being distasteful to
them, u causes ihem tolly away from their resting place and lodge
in the large inieslines from which they are dislodged by a purgative
such as calomel or castor oil the next morning. It may be used
as suppository against round worms, but it has no enect against
tape worms ; often given for nodurnaJ incontinence of urine
with bene^t. It should not be given to children during fever, Dor
in constipation*
AFtemisia Sieversiana.
The fresh herb is used in Persia, and is cultivated in Bandora,
near Bombay. The PorttJguese know it by the name of Ajtarona.
Stem erect, suffrulicose. Leaves ashy, tomentose beneath, lower ones
pinnatifid, upper trifid. Heads of flowers racemose, pannicled* Dose^ 15
to 60 grs. It contains absenihatc of pota:»h, a bitter substance, and a
green volatile oil ; used as an infusion (1 m 20), Dose, 2 to 6 drs. The
herb is a tonic, stimulant, febrifuge, and anthelmiirtic — locally it is
an antiseptic and discutient. It is given in jaundice, dropsy, gout and
hysteria.
Artemisia Frigida.
Mountain sage, found in Western United States. Used as the
powdered herb, dose, i to 2 drs, ; and fluid extract, dose, I tea drs.
354 BLUMEA BALSAMIFERAa
Actiom afid tises. — A new substitute for quinine. It produces no
head symptoms, such as ringing in the ears, deafness and temporary
delirium. Given in rheumatism, sciatica, neuralgia and general
malaise. In rheumatism, scarlet fever, diphtheria, &c., it is given hot
until perspiration and urination are established.
Artemisia Steraatatoria, A. Pkannioa, Gentipeda orbaoolavis.
HahitaL — Plains of India, Ceylon.
Parts used. — ^The plant.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Afkar. Beng. — Naka chhikani. Enjj,—
Sneeze-wort. Guz. — Chhikani. Hind. — Naka chhikani. Ind. —
Hachitte. Mah. — Naka chinkani.
Characters. — The drug consists of broken pieces of stems or
stalks of a light ash or brown colour, furr-owed and woody ; of pieces of
numerous wedge-shaped leaves which are sessile, dentate and villous,
and of flower heads which are hermaphrodite, small, roundish, of a
yellow colour, and surrounded by oval bracts. The odour is pungent,
taste acrid, and bitterish.
/V^um/ibiw.— Compound powder, known as Nak-chhikni, contain-
ingN&k chhikni 2, Arithi-Chhala 2, Navsagar, Tambakhu, saphed miri,
kadavi turai, and kali chuno, each one part — mix and make a powder.
Actions and uses. — Its powder is used as a sternutatory in headache,
cold in the head, giddiness, hemicrania &c.
Blomea Balsamifara, B. Densiflora, Conyza BalsamifiNrat, Conyia
Odorata, Baooharis Salma.
Z^tf^tto/.— Tropical Himala3ray Burma, Eastern Peninsula, Fiji
Islands, Ceylon, and Moluccas.
Parts used. — The plant.
FirriuicKAir.— Beng. — Kuksungh. Burm. — Pungmatheing. Chin.
Ngai. Cochin China. — Kaidaibi. Hind. — Kukronda. Java. — Sum-
bun. Malay. — Bonga chappa. Sans. — Kukundara Kukkura-dni.
Kukkuradru — meaning dog's bush.
Characters. — Shrubby plant, branches erect, covered with coloured
bark ; leaves alternate, short petioled, lanceolate, serrate and pinnati-
fid, downy beneath ; flowers, small and yellow, odour like that of worm-
wood and camphor, taste pungent. Dose, of the powdered leaves,
I tea drs.
CoHstitutnts. — A volatile oil having the odour of wormwood, and
a camphor, called Ngai camphor, similar to Borneo camphor.
P^parations. — Infusion of the plant (1 in 10). Dose, i to i fld.
oa« A compound decoction ^i in 10} containing Blumea Bdisamifera,
Vitex Negundo^ Careya aiborca, citrus acida, ot each one part. Dose
I to a oxs.
BLUMRA RRfANTHA.
3SS
Ac/ions and //jii-f.-- Diaphoretic, expectorant, anthelmintic and
astringent, A compound decoction h given in fevers and catarrhal aflTec*
tions ; also in dysentery, diarrhoea, chronic uterine^ and other dischargesi
leucorrhcBa, menorrhagia, 8tc. It is used in thread worms and tinea
tarsi* As a deobsiruent and resolvent it is used in Bengal in disease
of the nose known as ahwah. The oil is highly esteemed as a remedy
for renal dropsy. In coryza the powder of the leaves is used as snuff,
and also given internally as a stomachic and antispasmodic in colic,
hysteria, &c. The camphor is used for the same purposes as ol^cinil
camphor.
Blatnea Eriantha, B. Laoera, Lag|6ra Aurita, B. Aurila*
Habitat, — Western and Southern India, Ceylon*
I\irts used* — The plant.
Vernacular — Arab. — Kami phitus. Burm. — Mai-ya-giu* Duk,
— Devari Muli, Jangli kasni. Guz. — Chancharman, Kalar. Hind. —
Kakrunda. Mar. — Nimurdo, Bhamburdi. Tarn. — K4ttu Mullangi,
Niirak Karan-doi. TeL — Kiru-pdgaku» Adavl Mullangi,
Chanchermari — Chmichar^ a flea, and mari, to kilL in allusion
to its property of killing fleas. Bhiimbhurdtt and Chancharmuri are
names indiscriminately applied to all Blumcas. Divarimuli, from
Divar or Dival, a w all, and muli, the root, in allusion to the root
or the plant being generally found near the walls of ruinous buildings
or in graveyards. Adavi Niallangi — Adavi, small, and Mullan, a radish
— a small radish, in allusion to the resemblance of its leaves and root
to a small radish, Jungli muli — Jungli, wild, and muli, radish.
Characters, — ^The plant is remarkable for the clusters of globose
and woolly buds near the crown of the root. Flowers yellow, odour
thai of carraways.
Cfinstiiuenis, — Rei-in, volatile oil, tannin, malic acid, and a crystal-
line principle allied to quercitrin. and ash H 3 p.c, of brown colour^ and
containing a trace of manganese and iron.
Pte^aratifjHs, — Infusion (i in. 10). Dose, ^ to 1 lid. ou The herb
is used to drive away fleas.
Actiofis and uses. — The juice is carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic
and emmenagogue ; given in catarrhal affections, fevers, amenorrhcea.
[ leucorrhcea, &c. The herb with the leaves of Vitex Nugunds and Careya
Irborea is used for fomentations.
Calendula OflSoinalis*
Syn* — Garden Marigold, Marybud Calendula.
Habitat. — S. Europe, cultivated everywhere.
Parts used. — The floreU and fresh leaves*
Characters. — The florets are wide, linear, strap-shaped, j-toothed,
E>f an orange yellow colour, and of a slight heavy odour and a bitter
liBe taste. Dose, 15 to 60 grs.
356 CARTHAMUS TICTORnTS.
Comhtunts. — A volatile oil, bitter amoiphons pruKiple
calendulin, sugar, gam. Calendulin is a gnrnmy principle allied to
Bassorin. It is yellow and tasteless, soluble in alcohol and swells into
a jelly with water.
Pnparatifins. — ^Tincture (i in 5). Dose, | to i fid. dr. Fluid
extract. Dose, 5 to 30 ms. Decoction (i in io\ Dose, i to a
ozs. Ointment, i to o. Insufflation amtains Tincture i niin« and
boric acid 4 grs.
Actmns mmd uses. — Stimulant* tonic aud febrifuge ; given in scro-
fula, low fevers, amenorrhoea and jaundice ; externally the lotion is used
in otitis As an embrocation the tincture is used in sprains and bruises.
The ointment is used for incised wounds, bums and ulcers. It pro*
motes cicatrization with but little suppuration.
CmHiiamiis netorins; C. (teyeantha; Cvoeas ladkas.
HmhitaL — ^Throughout India.
Ikaris msea. — ^The plant, seeds and flowers.
remacM/mr, — Eng. — Safflower, Parrot seed. Arab. — Zurtum,
Usfiar, Bair-el-ahris. Beng. — Kajirefa. Burm. — Hsoo. Can. — Kusumbe.
Guz. — Kasumboc Hind. — Kasumba Rar. Mar. — KardL Pers.— >
Khasaka danih, Razirah. Sans. — Kamalottara. Tarn. — Seodur Kum.
Tel. — ^Agni sikha.
CiiMFmeiers. — ^Annual herb : leaves bnuadied, lanceolate, and
spinose ; flowers, orange red, coroUa tubular. Flower heads of a saffroo
coloor and surrounded by numerous !ea^ bracts : seeds white, angular,
smooth, and shining like little cooch sbetts, broad at the base and
pointed towards the apex, apex marked with ooocentric rings^ Near
the base is a small brownish scar : cot3riedofis. greyish and ochr : odoor
slight, taste better.
Cpmst^memtt. — ^The flowef s mntain a red colouring principle
carthamin, a yellow cokxiring matter, ceHnlose. extractive matters*
albumeSt silica, manganese, inxi. &c^ the seeds contain a £xed oil.
/VrjMfwikiBW. — Inluskiu and dccoctsoo { i ia 2o\. Dose. ^ to 2
oas^ Medicated ctl — the p£act boued ia sesamom oti.
ArCtizMS ^md msts. — The seeds are pargativ«. The medkated oil is
localhr ^if^lkd to rheumatk and patnrcL iocnpi^ paraSvtx hmbs and
iDtractabie ukciv The hoc infusico cc tir^ec llcwen b gives as a
diaphocelic ia jaundxe, nasal catarrii aai mnssouar rbeoBu^sssn. A
oc^ iotusf-od b used as a Uxarive aai tocic in aaeasjes asi icirLadna to
f xTocr efiorescence off c m y cie c k .
KtmMrts^ — The Vcit^cs hai« the profcrtr tc c-rcLe milk like
resnet. hence it can he wsed in m a k^ j: cbeese.' It i:^ a:sc extessivelj
Qsed If >:« d}nein£ red tape.
CHRYSAKTHEMIJM CORONARIUM.
357
Vcrnacttiar. — Arab,— Bahaman Abiad. BottibM Hind. — Saphcd
bahamen. Eng.— White Rhapootic, White Behen. Pers,— -Bahaman-
i-suphcd. BAhman or Brahtnan means supreme intelligence. Baman
is also the name of the eleventh Persian month and of the second day
of each month.
Characters, — The roots are of a light brown colour, and i or 2
inches in length. They are rather twisted, shrivelled and having two
■ ^t three branches at their lower portion. The upper end of the root
blunt where it is marked with blackish rings, which are the remnants
&f sheath-leaves. In some the remains of leaf buds are seen
ffesembling in shape a bunch of grapes ; on section^ it is whttc»
homogeneous, and starchy* The odour ts rather aromatic ; taste
^mucilaginous and sweetish.
Constituents, — Fat, sugar, gum, and ash.
Preparations.-'DtQOQiion (i in ao). Dose, ^ to i fid. ox.
Confection (i in 5). Dose, i to 2 drs.
Actions and uses, — As a diuretic, it is given in calculous afTec-
tions and jaundice. As a mild aperient, it is used like rhubarb. It is
a good substitute for sapheda inusali, and used in seminal debility, &c.
Cintaurea Benedicta^ Carduus Benediotus^ CnicuB Benediotns.
An annual plant cultivated in Europe. It contains cnicin, an
imorphous bitter principle. It is used as tincture (1 in fo). Dose, |
lo I ^T, Cnicus is bitter tonic» antiperiodic, and irritant of the
ah*mentary tract* causing burning sensation and constriction in the
throat, nausea, vomiting, colicky pain and diarrhoea. The seeds are
used as a bitter tonic, like calumba, gentian^ taraxacum, &c.
ChrysanthemDm Coron&ritim, C RoxborghlL
Habitat, — Mediterranean regions and India*
^^»r^s used, — The flower heads.
Vernacniar, — Beng., Hind*, Guz. — Sevati, Guldiudi. Can,—
ShyAvantigc-huvu. Duk. — Guledaudi» Eng.— Christmas flower*
.Mah.— Shcvanti. Maly. — j6vanti-pCiva. Sans.— Shevantika, Tarn. —
^Shimantippu. Tel. — Ch^manti.
Characters* — Dried flowering heads of a pale brown colour ; coroUas
in some detached, in others overlapping the whole flower heads.
Within the corollas are silky bracts, large or small, and of a white or
yellow colour. When fresh, the odour is very sweet and agreeable,
taste bittcri*h and rather mucilaginous. When chewed for a long time,
tingling sensation is produced on the tongue like that produced by
Lpyrethrum.
Preparations, — Infusion (f in 10). Dose, ^ to 1^ fld. oz.
Actions and wsfj.— As a diuretic, it is given in uric acid diathesis j
nbiacd with kilkld miri it is used as a demulcent for gonorrhoea;
■^Olher uses similar to those of chamomile flowers for which it is a
substitute.
358 CICHORIUM INTYBUS.
Ciohorlum IntybuB, Wild Suooory or Chicory (Eng.). CSohMrliim
EndiYia.
Habitat. — Persia and Europe, cultivated in India.
Parts used. — The seeds and root.
Vernacular — Kasani. Arab.— Shikoriah. Hind., Bomb., Beng.^
Hinduba, kftsni. Chin. — Ku-tsai, kuku. Eng. — Endive, chicory.
Mar. — Kachani. Pers. — Kasni, Ambuboia. Tel. — K^sini-viltulu.
Tarn. — Kashini-virai.
Hinduba is a corruption of Intuba, or Intybus.
Characters. — Seeds small, colour light or dark brown, angular,
furrowed, and rather cuneate or narrow at the base, apex crowned
with numerous torn calyces or teeth. Sides of the seeds rather curved,
taste slightly bitter ; root of a brown colour with radiating lactiferous
vessels ; bark thinner than that of taraxacum, light, soft, pithy and
corky ; taste bitterish.
Constituents, — ^The seeds contain a bland oil. Burnt chicory
contains sugar, free extractive, cellulose, ash, nitrogenous matter, fat,
&c. The roots contain nitrate and sulphate of potash, mucilage, some
bitter extractive principle, and inulin, 36 p.c. The flowers contain a
colourless crystalline glucoside insoluble in ether, soluble in hot
water and alcohol. In alkalies it dissolves and becomes yellow.
Preparations, — Decoction of seeds (i in 20). Dose, x to 2 fld. ozs-
Fluid extract of the root. Dose, i to 2 fld. drs., and powder.
Actions and uses. — The seeds are carminative and cooling, used
in bilious complaints. Like taraxacum, chicory increases the secre-
tion of bile and promotes digestion ; it also promotes the secretion of
the bowels and kidneys. The decoction of the seeds is largely used in
torpor of the liver, enlargement of the spleen and general dropsy.
The root is bitter, tonic and demulcent, and given with other vegetable
bitters in dyspepsia and fever. The dried root, roasted and powdered,
is used as a substitute for coffee and for adulterating it.
Oynara Soolymus, Gynara hortentis.
Habitat. — Southern Europe, India, Dekhan.
Parts used. — Succulent receptacles, fleshy leaflets of the calyx,
and leaves.
Vemacular.^Axzh. — Kirshuf, Kharsjuf. Eng. — Artichoke. Hind.,
Pers. — Kanjir.
Characters, — ^The plant is perennial and so named from all its
parts being sharp like dog's teeth. It has large flowers of a violet blue
colour. The leaves are very bitter.
Preparations. — Tincture (i in 10). Dose, J to i fld. dr. The
juice, extract and infusion of leaves.
Actions and uses, — The juice is tonic, diuretic and astringent;
used in dropsy and ascites. The leaves contain tannin, and are used in
place of galls.
ECHINACEA ANOUSTIFOLIA.
Doronicam PardaliancheSt Doronicam Scorpioides.
359
Scorpioides — The rhizome has the form of a scorpion.
Habitat. — Europe, Syria.
f^irt med, — The rhizome.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Darunaj-i-Akrabi, Eng. — Leopard's bane.
Hind* — Dafunaj-i-Akrabi, AkrabL
CharacUn. — Rhizome brittle, horny and knotted. In scorpioid
forn% flat and jomted, greyish externally, dirty white within, upper sur-
face scaly, under surface marked with scars of rootlets, smell aromatic,
resembling that of shapeda musali, taste insipid at first, then
mucilaginous and somewhat acrid or faintly bitter, and lastly giving a
warm pricking sensation to the tongue.
Constituents. — A large quantity of glucose and fat.
Preparations, — Decoction (i in 20). Doscp i to 2 fid. 02s.
Actions ana uses, — Stomachic and tonic ; used in dyspepsia ^
flatulence, nervous depression and impaired digestion. Given with
milk iu powder is used in seminal debility.
Eohlnacea JLnguBtifolia, Nigger-head.
Habitat. — Western States, Kansas.
Part used, — The root.
In Kansas it is known as nigger head from the shape and sombre
colour of its fruit.
Characters,^ An herb ; root thick, of the sire of a little finger»
deep brown or black, wrinkled longitudinally. Woody portion consisting
of medullary ra3rsand a greenish pulpy substance^ taste pungent ; stems
numerous, 2 or 3 feet Iong» stout and bristling with hairs. Leaves 3
veined, lanceolate or linear, very slender at the base, with short petioles ;
involucre consists of z f ows of bracts. Flower disc concave at first, after
a time becomes ovoid, and the receptacle assumes a conical form.
The receptacle is surrounded by bracts which are boat-shaped and
concave, becoming narrowed into a stiff spine-like projection. The
fruit is acutely four-angled, one seeded, dry, indchisccnt ; pericarp
firm, tough and corklike in texture.
Constitnents. — The root contains an acid organic resin, nearly
colourless, and of a persistent and acrid taste.
/Vr//fm//o;i^.—Ecthol— prepared by mixing the active principle
of echinacea angustifolia and thuja occidentalis in equal proportions,
A fiiinl yellowish liquid. Dose, 10 to 40 ms,
detions and w^^jr,— Ecthol is antispasmodic, antisuppurattve
iHd antidote to blood poisonini' : crtviti in .nal.rlfi (*'\cr^ cholera,
cry'^pclas. In pyicmia it is ^ cd externally
also. Locally applied incarbuniiw.>, t^^'ii^ *iMu Wu mh.:^. It is used as a
360 ECLIPTA ALBA.
remedy for bites of snakes, stings of insects, and for pimples. In
suppurative disorders of the mucous membranes it is used as a wash
or gargle. Under its use suppuration is sometimes avoided.
Eohinops Eohinatus.
Habitat. — Himalaya, Mysore, Rajwara.
Parts used, — The plant.
Feniacu/ar.—Guz.^XJtkBtkrOf utakanto. Hind.— Oontakatira.
Sans. — Unthkantaka, Utati.
Oontakantaka is derived from oont or oonth, a camel, and
kantik, kanti, a thistle. It means camel's thistle because camels
consume it readily.
Characters. — Plant thistle-like, one to two feet high, erect and
much branched ; leaves pinnatifid, tomentose, cottony and spinous ;
upper surface viscid, hoary, and tomentose, and cottonj' beneath ; flowers
spiny and toothed ; flower heads terminal, solitary, and globose ; root
tapering and of a whitish brown colour.
Preparations. — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, ^ to 2 fld. ozs-
Expressed juice of leaves. Dose, 30 to 60 ms.
Actions and uses. — As an alterative it is given in dyspepsiai
scrofula, syphilis and fever; a chief ingredient in various alterative and
tonic decoctions. As a tonic it is used in seminal weakness.
Remarks. — Often mistaken for Bhuiringni, it having similar spiny
leaves. In utakatira the leaves are tomentose and cottony.
Eolipta Alba, E. Prostata, E. Ereota.
Habitat. — Common weed, in irrigated fields and gardens through-
out India.
Parts used. — The herb.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Kadun-el-bint. Beng. — Kesuryia. Can. —
Garagada-sappu, Kadige-garaga. Duk., Guz., Mar. — Bhangra,
Markava. Hind. — Bharangraj, Bharngraj. Malyal. — Karish^nganni,
Cajenneam. Sans. — Kesaraja, Brinjraj, Markava. Tam. — Karesha-
langanni, Kaikeshi. Tel. — Gunta-Kalagara.
Characters. — Herb small, prostrate, or erect; colour darkish brown.
The whole plant is pleasant and aromatic to the taste, covered all over
with white stiff* hairs ; leaves opposite, entire, lanceolate or rather
waved. Flower heads axillary, or terminal in pairs, pedicelled or stalked
and of a white colour. Seeds rugous of a dark brown colour, wedge
shaped, or compressed and marked by a ridge in the middle of both
surfaces ; taste acrid, odour disagreeable ; root white, fibrous and much
branched.
Constituents, — A large amount of resin and an alkaloidal principle,
ecliptine.
Preparations. — Expressed juice. Dose, i to 2 fluid drs. Decoc-
tion (i in 10). Dose, J to 2 fld. ozs. Oil. Dose, i to 3 ms.
A kind of khir or porridge made up of bangra juice i part, juice of
ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER.
361
iSS^ 2e>']anica i, ginger 2, vhcx trifolra (juice) i, sesbania grandiflora
5, boil in cocoanut juice antl adJ rice and treacle. Dose, 2 to 4 fluid
ozs. Giveu in tetanus.
Actions and uses* — Cholagogue similar in action to taraxacum.
The expressed juice of leaves is tonic and alterative, and given with
ajowan seeds in catarrh, cough, and enlargement ot the liver and spleen*
A paste ofthe plant is locally applied to chronic glandular swellings and
to elephantiasis and in skin diseases. The expressed juice is dropped
into the ears in earache. Mixed with castor oil^ it h given to expel
worms ; also used to dye hairs black.
Remarks,— In tattooing, the natives after puncturing the skin,
rub the juice of white Bhtlngrtk over the part which thus becomes
indelibly blue. Bluhii^d is of \ kinds : yellow, white, and black. The
yellow or Piiahi Bhdnj^rd is Wedella Calendulacea. This herb has
yellow flowers on long peduncles. White Bhdngrd (Eclipta prostrata)
has white flowers and darkish green leaves. Black Bhdngrd has dark
coloured stems. It is a variety of white B/nUigrd^ It is the same plant
which when in flower is called white Bhdngrd^ and when in fruit,
KdU Bhdngrd, In the latter the white corollas having withered away,
ihev are followed by the development of a dark green or black achenes
or fruits which are mistaken for flowers by the natives.
Elephantopus Scaber.
llahiiat, — Throughout India in shady places.
Parts usfd^ — The root and leaves.
rVr;//i<:i//f/r.— Beng,— Shamdulum, Can. — Hakkarike. Eng» —
.Frickly leaved Elephants' foot. Hind,— Gnbhi* Mar.— Go-jibha.
**Matcal. — Ana-sltovadi. Sans. — Go-jihva. Tarn. — Anashavadi. Tel. —
Husti-Kasaka.
Go-jibha-*ox tongue ; Gcijibha— Go, a cow, and jihba, a
tongue.
Charact€rs,^KocA fibrous ; leaves radical, and spreading flat upon
the ground, wrinkled, crenulate, and very hairy. The plant is mucila-
ginous and astringent.
PrtparntifiHs- Decoction of the root and leaves (1 in 10), Dose,
4 to 2 fluid 02s.
Actiofu and uses. — Alterative, astringent, and mucilaginous. The
decoction with cumin and butter milk is used in dysuria ; also in
diarrhoea and dysentery*
B^igeron Canadense, E. Vfscosam— Canada Fleabane (Eng.)
Squaw Weed.
Habitat, — W, Himalaya, Punjab, RohJIkhand, Europe^ and N,
America.
Piirts fa<*(/.— Volatile oil distilled from iresh liowering herb (oil of
Fleabane.
362 EUPATORIUM AYAPANA.
Erigeron. — From eri, early, and geron, hoary, aged, or an old
man, in allusion to the early aged appearance of the plant before
spring. Fleabane, in allusion to a supposed property of the plant to
destroy fleas. Large bundles of this plant soaked in milk are suspended
in the rooms to allure flies to their destruction. Squaw weed, from
the weed having a special action upon the uterus.
Characters. — A flowering plant ; stem erect, striate, slender with
scattered hairs ; branches numerous, ascending ; leaves radical, obovate,
dentate. Flowers yellow in disks. Achenes flat, glabrous, odour mint-
like ; taste astringent, bitter.
Constituents. — A volatile oil, bitter extractive principle and tannin.
Oleum Erigerontis is obtained by distillation. The oil is a pale yellow
liquid becoming darker and thicker by age, of a peculiar aroma and
persistent odour, taste not very pungent, terebinthinate, and aromatic ;
of neutral reaction, readily soluble in alcohol. Dose, 5 to 10 ms.
Actions and uses. — The drug owes its virtues to the volatile oil.
It acts like turpentine, but is less irritating and less efficient. It has
a special action as a haemostatic on the uterus and intestines, and is of
special value in uterine haemorrhages, menorrhagia, intestinal haemor-
rhage of passive form, and in typhoid fever. It relieves irritability of
the bladder, and is given in cystitis, calculus, &c. It is also given in
bronchial catarrh, in haemoptysis without fever, and in diarrhoea,
dysentery and dropsy.
Eupatorium Ayapana, E. Triplinerve, E. Aromatious.
Habitat, — America, cultivated in India, damp and swampy
places, meadows and banks.
Parts used. — The dried leaves, flowering tops and twigs.
Vernacular, — Hind. — Ayapana. Guz. — Allepa. Tam. — Ayap-
panni.
Characters. — Shrub of a pleasant aromatic odour; branches reddish,
and straight, with scattered hairs ; leaves triple nerved, opposite,
smooth and lanceolate. Flowers yellow, taste bitter.
Constituents, — A volatile oil and a neutral crystalline principle
Ayapanin. In long needles, soluble in ether and alcohol, but insoluble
in water.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, J to i fld. oz. Fluid
extract. Dose, 10 to 30 ms.
Actions and uses, — Bitter tonic, expectorant, antiperiodic and
diaphoretic ; in full doses, aperient ; given in derangement of the
stomach and bowels, dyspepsia and cough. It is also given in
ague. It is very efficacious in cough. The leaves when fresh are
applied to foul ulcers, and to bites of venomous animals. Its action
resembles that of chamomile.
EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM,
363
EapatoriQm Cannabinum, Rusticomm Panacea, Hemp Agrimony,
//ii^fV/jA— Temperate Himalaya and Europe.
Parts used. — The root anc^ leaves.
Characters.— boxing shoots have a mealy appearance owing to
the presence of white balsamic exudation. Leaves opposite, in pairs,
fleshy, lanceolate and smooth ; midrib thick ; flowers purple ; odour
aromatic ; taste bitter,
CfinstitHents.—T\\^ flowers and leaves contain a bitter alkaloid.
Preparaiitim, — Infusion (l in 10). Dose, \ to 1 fld. ox.
Actions and ru^^.-- Diaphoretic, diuretic and emetic, used in fever,
jaundice, scurvy, and locally for foul ulcers.
Eupatorium Perfoliatum.
Syn. — Bone-set, wood bone set, ague weed, fever wort, vegetable
antimony, sweating plant, Indian sage, thorough wort,
Eupatorium from Eu^ well, easy, and pater, father, born of a noble
father* Or from Mithridates Eupator, King of Pontus, who used
it medicinally,
Bone^set. — It relieves the pain in bones and hmbs in influenza and
bone fever (Dengue),
^tf^iV^ A— America,
Parts used. — The leaves and flowering tops.
Characters. — ^Stems hairy, erect, much branched at summit ; leaves
opposite and united at base, lanceolate, wide tapering, crenately serrate,
fugosely veined, rough above, downy, resinous and dotted below.
Flower heads corymbed and nurnerous* ; florets, tubular, white with
bristly pappus in ;i single row* The plant has a bitter astringent taste
and weak, and aromatic odour. Dose, 30 to 60 grs.
Consttfticnts, — ^A neutral bitter principle, Eupatorin (gJucoside)
a volatile oil, tannin, wax, gum, resin, sugar, ash 7*5 p.c, Eupatorin-*
a crystalline glucoside, soluble in water, akohol» chloroform and ether,
f^teparaiions, — Extractum Eupatorii Fluidum, Dose, lo to 6oms«
Infusion ( I in 10), Dose, i to 2 fld* oxs.
Actions and i/j^'jr,^ Bitter, tonic and an efllicient diaphoretic. In
large doses purgative, emetic, and antiperiodic, similar to chamomile ;
given during the shivering stage of fevers, acute caCarih, or general
cold ; also in muscular rheumatism, bronchitis, influenza, and sore
throat* As a bitter tonic it is given in dyspepsia and general debility.
Eupatorium Purpureum — Queen of the Meadow, Gravel root,
^<iAf/<7/,-^United States.
Paris used, — The root.
364 GLOSSOCARDIA LINBARIFOUA.
Characters. — Perennial herb,*with green or purplish band at the
joints. Leaves petiolate, in whorl, long, white and downy beneath ; •
flowers purple, corymbs, wood dry. Dose, i to 3 drs.
Preparations. — Fluid extract, 30 to 60 ms. ; solid extract, 3 to 10
grs. Eupurpurin (abstract) i to 4 grs. '
Actions and uses. — Lithontriptic. It has a decided power over
the uric acid diathesis. Given in rheumatism, gout, and acidity of the
urine.
OloBsooardia LinearifoUa, 0. Bosyallea.
Habitat. — Central India, Deccan.
Parts used. — The plant.
Vernacular. — Deccan. — Pitta-Papdd&. Mar., Hind. — Phatara-suvi.
Phatara suva. Phatar a stone, or rock, and suva, anethum.
It means rock anethum ; Pitta papada, a name also given to Fumria
as well as to some acanthaceous plants.
Characters.-- Small annual plant ; stems many ; leaves alternate,
linear at the base, and much divided; flower heads solitary and yellow,
each with a short naked peduncle, taste bitter and odour fennel-like.
Constituents.— The root contains an essential oil. The leaves,
stems and flowers contain a bitter alkaloid.
Preparation. — Confection (i in 20), i to 4 drs.
Actions and uses. — It is used as an emmenagogue to promote the
flow of menses.
Orangea Haderaspatana, 0. Adansonia, Artemsia Maderaspatan.
Habitat. — Throughout India, Bengal.
Parts used. — The plant.
Vernacular. — Beng. — Namuti. Eng. — Madras wormwood.
Mar. — Mashi patri. Maleal.— Nelampata. Tam.— Mashiputri. Tel. —
Mustaru.
Characters. — Stems procumbent, difl'use and villous, growing flat
on the ground ; leaves solitary, sub-globose, pinnate, sinuous and
obtusely lobed with terminal peduncles. Flower-heads solitary, yellow
and sub-globose; odour like that of wormwood.
Preparations. — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, J to i fld. oz.
Actions atui uses. — Stomachic and uterine stimulant, combined
with ginger, pepper and sugar used in obstructed menses, and in
dyspepsia and hysteria. Externally it is used as fomentations to
inflamed and painful parts ; as an antiseptic application the powdered
leaves are applied to wounds and ulcers.
Orindelia Robusta, 0. Sqarroaa, Onm plant.
Habitat. — California, Mexico, N. America.
Parts used. — The leaves and flowering tops.
OUrrOTIA OLEIFERA.
36s
Characters, — Herbaceous, perennial plant. Lea%^es about 2 inches
or less long, oblong, or l»nccolate» sessile or clasping, obtuse and sharply
serrated, pale green, smoolh, finely dotted and brittle. Flowering tops
many involucre, hemispherical, about half an inch broad, composed of
numerous imbricated scales ; the involucres and often the leaves are
coated with glutinous oleo-resin ; floretSt yellow, ligulate ; odour bal-
samic, taste pungently aromatic, and bitter. Dose, 10 to 40 grs*
Cofutituents^ — Resin, bitter principle, a fixed and a volatile oil, an
alkaline principle grindeline, fat, wax, sugar, robustic acid, gum,
tannin and ash 7 px.
PreparaitQtss\ — Kxtractum Grindelise fluidum. Fluid extract of
grindelia. It is alcoholic and contains much resin Dose, 10 10 50 ms*
Tinctura Grindelia5(i in 10). Dose, ^ to i fid, dr. Infusum Grindelia
(I in 20). Dose, i to 2 fld, oz. Extractum Grindeliai. Dose, 2 to 5 grs.
Mistura GrindcHx, — liquid extract of Grindelia 30 ms., liquid extract
of liquorice J dr,, mucilage mixture i oz.
Physiahgical Acitom, — Grindelia is acrid hitter, when chewed. It
incrtsii^cs the flow of saliva. It is antispasmodic, and a motor
deprosanl, a powerful diuretic and mild expectorant* In large doses
it IS an irritant, producing scalding and high coloured urine. In small
doses, it relieves prostration and quieti^ the nervous system- It is
regarded as a palliative and sjMtcific for asthma^ it gives instantaneous
relief, especially when the asthmatic paroxysms recur at night. In
whooping cough it modifies the intensity, and lessens the frequency
ol the paroxysms. In dyspnrea accompanying inveterate chronic
bronchial catarrh, and in chronic bronchitis of the aged and in
emphysema, given in combination with bromide of ammonium, it
allays irritability. It is aha used with considerable relief in dyspncea
of the heart and pulmonary disi^ses, and in coughs due to cardiac
hypertrophy.
TherapeuHct. — A« a sedative it is used in chronic cystitis, in
N^Minful coudilions of the sexual organs, as priapism and in vaginitis and
^'Wo in cancer of the stom;ich. The addition of calomel in minute
dosc^ increases the expectorant effects of grindelia ; it is generally
given with iodide of potassium or with bromide of ammonium.
Grindelia has been regarded as a specific in the bites of venomous
serpents and in the stings of insects. As a sedative lotion (i to 9) it is
used for burns and scalds when these are supcificial ; if applied in
the form of wet cloths, it soothes the agonijting pain in skin
diseases with itching and burning sensations in vagmitis, uterine
calafTh and herpes zoster. Chronic ulcerations, e%^en when deep and
foetid and exquisitely tender, are often speedily cured by the topical use
of this drug.
Oulzotia oleifera, Ramtilla oleifera, 6. AbyBsinlca.
Habiiai. — Africa, cultivated in India.
P^rU usid. — The seeds and oil.
366
INULA HELENIUM.
Bomb., Guz, — Rumalil,
seed. Tarn, — OiHjhcllu.
kalaliK
Tel—
Ventacular* — Beng., Hind,,
Caa. — Hutchu-ellu, Eng.^ — Niger
Ulisif valesalu.
Charactefs^ — ^Seeds greyish black, somewhat angular, compre^^^-^^'
laterally and tapering at the base; surface smooth, taste oily and v\s
The expressed oil frora the seeds is sweet in taste and of a pale yellow i!jii
colour,
Comtituents. — The seeds contain oil 43,2 p.c, albuminous
substances 19,3 p.c, sugar, gum, 13 px., cellulose 14 ^nd ash 3 p.c.
The oil is light yellow or brown, solidifies at a low temperature. It
contains 94 px. of fatty acids.
Actions and uses, — Emollient. The oil is rubbed over the
painful parts in rheumatism as a substitute for linseed oil.
Inula Helenium. I. Qnadriflda or Policaria Crispa.
Habitat. — C. Asia, S. Europe, N, America.
Pari used, — ^The root.
FefTtacuiar, — Arab* — Ussul-ur-rasun. Eng. — Elacampane, Syrian
costus or Syrian ginger. Hind, — Phatmer or PhatmeL Pers* —
ganjabil-i-shami, piUgush. Rasan, kust-i-shami.
Pil gush means elephant^s car. Phatmel : — phata^ rent, and me).
union.
Characters. — Root 6 to J2 inches long, one inch thick, very ticsiiy,
divided below into several branches ; sliced longitudinally and
transversely ; bark overlapping, transverse slices concave and
somewhat striated, wrinkled and brownish externally and white
internally, odour slightly foetid, peculiar and aromatic, taste bitteft
Dose> 20 10 60 grs.
Consiiluents-^A volatile oil, an acrid resin, bitter principle, wax<
helenin and inuline. Volatile oil contains Alantol or inulol and alant
camphor or inula camphor, Alantol is an aromatic liquid of peppermint-
like odour and taste. Inula camphor is in white crystals of
camphor-Hke odour, very slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Inulin — a peculiar body allied to starch. It has no concentric
formation and does not gelatinize, Ii occurs as a fine while powder and
is only coloured yellow by iodine, tasteless and without odour. It is
contained from 19 to 45 px. ; also found in arnica, taraxacum, &c-
Dose, 1 to 3 grs. Helenin — Alanto Lactone or Elecampane camphor,
an active principle* a crystalline camphor or a stearoptene is obtained
from the root, in light white acicular crystals or needles, like
quinine sulphate in appearance, of a faint odour and aromatic taste-
insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol. Dose, J to 2 grs*
Preparatmis, — Decoction and Infusion (1 in 10). Dose, J to
I fid. o2. Ointment (i in 8).
Physifyhgical AciiOH.--The root is diuretic, tonic, expectorant
and emmenagogue. In Urge doses it is iiritant and produces nau:K^a
and vomiting.
LACTUCA SATn"A.
3^7
Tkfrapmtics. — Given in cough, asthmai, vesica! catarrh, amenorrhcca
and dropsy ; also in dyspepsia^ acidity of the stomach and rheumatis^m ;
an ointment is used in skin eruptions and in bites of animals* [t is also
used to flavour absinthe. The active principle hek-nin or helenina is an
antiseptic and (i in looo) arrests putrefaction and prevents the growth of
bacilli, and used as a wash inozicna. Internally it is given in diarrhura,
malarial fevers, and tuberculosis, in tubercular infantile and catarrhal
diarrhoea ; also in bronchitis and spasmodic asthma to arrest profuse
ftecrelions ; its chief value is in phthisis. A solution dissolved in oil is
used as a patnt in diphtheria. It keeps ofT mosquitoes and other insects,
Inulin is aromatic, tonic, stimulant and expectorant ; used in dyspepsia
and pulmonary affections, Alantol is similar in actions to Helenin,
mixed with alantic acid it is more efficacious in tuberculosis than
helenin,
Lactuoa Sativa, L. Scariola, L. Capitata, L. VtroBa.
HahitaL — E. and S. Europe, cultivated throughout India and
Persia.
Pafts me(f,^Tht seeds and concrete milky juice (lactucarium.)
Vtrnaculiif, — Arab. — Barrul-khasa, Guz., Duk. — Kahu. Eng. —
Acrid garden lettuce, strong scented lettuce, prickly lettuce.
Hind— Kahu-khaskabija, Fers. — Tukhrnc-kahu* Tam. — ^Shallatulvirai*
Tel. — Kavu vittulu.
Ckarackrs. — A biennial plant ; seeds very smalt, whitish brown,
ribbed longitudinally^ and little curved vertically, elliptical, lanceolate
and compressed ; apt^x pointed ; smell slightly aromatic, taste bittensh*
Lettuce opium or laciucarium — a concrete milky vi&cidjuiceof abrown
colour ; to obtain it wound the stems of wild lettuce and evaporate the
juice. It occurs in circular plano-convex cakes, or irregular, angular
pieces of a dull greyish brown colour. When cut into, it has a waxy
yellowish white lustre, odour narcotic and opium like, taste bitter* It
is partly soluble in alcohol and in ether ; with water it forms a turbid
mixture*
Ojustitnenh, — ^ Laciucarium is a mixture of lactocin, and three
bitter principles — lactucin, lactopicrin, and lactucic acid. It also contains
lactucerin, an inert waxy substance abuut 50 p.c. and a trace of
hyoscyamine \ also a non-volatilc acid and a volatile acid smelling like
valerianic acid ; albumen 7 p c* ; mannite 3 p.c; and ash 3 to 6 p.c. ^
which contains potash, soJa, manganic oxide, ferric oxide, and lime.
Lactucin occurs as a yellowish fusible bitter waxy body, in white
crystals or scales, soluble in Ho parts of cold water, moderately soluble in
alcohol and acetic acid and less soluble in ether — used as a sedative and
I hypnotic. Dose, i to 5 grs. The leaves contain albuminous matter,
Starchy sugar, gum> cellulose, chlorophyll, fat and ash, rich in nitrates.
Prfparnthm. — Tinctura Lactucarti (50 p.c). Dose, 10 to 30 ms.
^ Lactucarii, contain* to p c. of the tmcture. Dose, l to 4 drs,
i urn Lactucarii. Dose, 5 to 15 grs. The Ku-chin-kan — a Chinese
368 SAUSSUREA LAPPA.
preparation. It is obtained by cutting off tips of the full grown lettuce,
collecting the milky juice which exudes and inspissating it by a
moderate heat.
Actions and uses. — Anodyne sedative, hypnotic, diuretic, and
expectorant ; in action similar to opium, but it leaves no bad after-
effects. It is given in palpitation of the heart and in nervousness.
The seeds are cooling, demulcent and refrigerant, used in fevers,
acute inflammation, and in coughs. The leaves are slightly hypnotic
and sedative, and are used in wakefulness due to mental over-
work. Ku-chin-kan is said to produce sleep without producing any
narcotism, to prove sedative without any previous stimulation, and to
afford an excellent substitute for opium where opium is inadmissible.
Dose of the seeds, 2 grains to an infant.
Remarks — Kihu is also the name of Arajuna sddrd — Terminalia
Arjuna, with which it should not be mistaken.
Hikania Gnaoo.
Habitat — South America and West Indies.
Parts used. — The leaves.
Preparations.— ^ovfdQxtd leaves. Dose, 30 to 60 grs. Fluid
extract, 30 to 60 ms.
Actions and uses, — Stimulant, alterative, bitter tonic and febrifuge ;
also used as a preventive and cure for the bites of serpents and insects;
given in chronic rheumatism, both internally and externally, and in
intermittent fever and atonic dyspepsia. It is recommended as a local
application in gouty paroxysms.
Saassarea Lappa, Anoklandia CostuB, Aplotazis Aurioalata,
Arabian Costas.
Habitat. — Cashmere.
Paris used. — The root.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Kust. Beng.— Koshta, Kust Patchaka.
Can.-— Koshta. Guz,— Upalet. Mar., Hind. — Kutha, Kushta Patchuk,
Uplete. Malyal. — Sepudday. Sans. — Kushta-Pushkaramula. Tarn.—
Koshtam. Tel. — Goshtamu, Kashm Koot. — Pers, Koosht-i-shirin.
Characters. — Root very light, in crooked twisted pieces, brown
externally and marked with longitudinal ridges, texture very firm.
Internally lightish brown, and here and there sprinkled with resinous
shining granules ; odour somewhat aromatic, resembling that of
Jatamasi. Taste bitterish at first, but soon becoming hot, pungent
and biting on account of the resin it contains. Dose, S to 25 grs.
Constituents. — An odourous principle, composed of two liquid
resins, an alkaloid, a solid resin, salt of valeric acid, an astringent prin-
ciple, and ash which contains manganese.
Preparations. — Infusion : — containing cardamoms i, kusht 3, water
32. Dose, I to 2 ozs. Medicated oil known as Dhupel Tela, lotion and
paste. Dhupela tela contains Upaleta i^ Kapura kdchari 2^ Agmra z.
SIHaESBCCXlA
3«»9
ChaitdaHa i, Gddha kali \^ Vdio i, Ptitcha pdmiri \^ Nakkaid i,
Gakmld l, Motka l, Lohana kodinn ^^ Si!iama*na-chhQdan l. Mix
and reduce to a coarse powder and then intimately mix with Kopareh
tela 40, Add to this Vd^h^ and the whole wrap up in a piece of
cloth and put in an earthen pot, invert this vessel over another earthen
vessel and the two cemented together with cUy% the whole is put into
a fire made of fire wood for several hours, when the contents are
intimately mixed together.
Actkns and line, — Asa stimulant it is given in spasmodic diseases,
as cough, at^th ma, cholera, and deranged digestion. As an alterative
it is used in chronic skin diseases and rheumatism. Locally a paste of
it made in rose uiiter is applied to swollen hands and feet and to swelled
abdomen in obe>iiy, aiidas a cooling lotion tosprains, contusion, and to
the head in head4che. It is also smoked like opium. Externally it is
used as an astringent ointment on ulcers. Dhupel tela is used for itch,
baldness, &c. Indies use it as a hair oil to relieve headaclie» to remove
pedicuH and scurf from the head or hair.
Remarks, — It is used as an incense aud a pci tumt-i and to protect
clothes or bales of cotton, or Cash n\ ere shawls from the ravages of
insects as moths. Other drugs similar in action to upalcta and used
to protect clothes are kapura, mirt, patcholi, kapura kachari, &c.
SiegesbeGkia OrientaUs.
//ddrVa^— Persia, throughout India and tropical climatc4».
Parts used. — The herb.
Vernacular, — Chin. — He-ki-en^ Kau*kau. Tam*— Katampam
Kaiampu.
Cimracttrs, — Herb erect» and much branched $ leaves opposite,
triangular or ovate, toothed and scabrous ; flowers yellow ; fruit acheneSf
without pappus*
Consittueitts, — A bitter |»rinciple, named darutyne, similar in
properties to salicin, a derivative of salicylic acid. Darutyne- to obtain
It treat strong decoction of leaves with acetate of lead to precipitate
the colouring matter, remove the lead by diluted sulphuric acid and
evaporate, freat the extract with alcohol and water and Bnally
crystallize. Occurs as crystals, soluble in alcohol and ether, but insoluble
in culd water, dilute acids, alkalies and chloroform.
Prefiara tiorts, ^Fluid extract. Dose, lo to 30 nw. Tincture
(l in 8)« Dose, 10 to 50 ms. Syrup, Dose, I to 2 drs.
Actiom and uses. — As an alterative combined with potassium
iodide, it is given tn scrofula, syphilis, gout, rheumatism and skin
diseases Locally the juice or tmcture is used in tinea, thrush,
gangrenous sores and other skin diseases ; also for healing gangrenous
and sloughing sore^ ; it forms a coating like varnish on wounds and
ulcers. As a stomachic tonic its properties are similar to chamomile.
SI
370 SPILANTHES OLRRACEA.
SphsBFanthuB Indions.
Habitat, — India.
Parts used. — The herb.
Vertiacular, — Arab. — Dookkon, KamazariyCis. Beng. — ChagUl-
medi. Can. — Mundi Kasa. Duk. — Moondi. Guz. — Gorukh-mundi-
Hind. — Khamadrus, Zakhim-i-hyat, Gurak moondi Moondibuti
Malyal. — Adak-majyen, Atakka-mani. Pers. — Kamadariyus. Sans. —
Munditika, Bhikshu, Parivraji. Tkm. — Kottak Karandai. Tel. — ^Boda
Saram.
Characters, — A small plant. Leaves thick, sessile, obovate, covered
with long white hairs. Roots fibrous ; stem slightly furrowed, oblong or
perfectly rounded. Flower heads solitary, mostly terminal, and
sub-globular ; flowers many, minute, in close contact with one another ;
bracts hairy and ciliated ; seeds very minute and of a grey colour ; odour
of the whole plant peculiarly aromatic, taste rather acrid and bitter.
Dose, 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents, — The herb yields a deep cherry-coloured essential oil-
The stems, leaves and flowers contain a bitter alkaloid — sphaeranthine.
Preparations. — Distilled water, a paste.
Actions and uses, — As an alterative it is given in S3rphilis,
rheumatism and boils ; as a demulcent in urethritis, frequent micturi-
tion, &c., externally a paste is applied to piles and swollen glands.
Spilanthes Oleraoea, S. Aomella, S. Calva and S. Panioulata.
Habitat. — Throughout India.
Paris used. — The flower heads.
Vernacular, — Can. — Vana Mugali. Eng. — Para cress. Hind.—
Pokarmul. Mar. — Acharabondi, Pipulka.
Acharhondi — achar, a breast, and Bondi, Botdi, a nipple. The
flower buds resemble a well developed nipple to a breast.
Characters, — A pot herb ; stem small, smooth, succulent and highly
coloured. Flower heads with long stalks, solitary, of a brown colour and
conical in form. In size they resemble un^b ; smell aromatic, taste acid,
pungent and warm, resembling that of the true pellitory root.
Dose, 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — A resin similar to pyrethrin, fixed oil, yellow
colouring matter, astringent organic acid, glucose, extractive matter
and mineral matter.
Preparations, — Tincture (i in 10). Dose, 10 to 30 ms.
Actions and uses, — Powerful stimulant, and sialogogue. Flower
heads are chewed to relieve toothache, which they do by producing
irritation of the gums and salivation ; also chewed m headache^
paralysis of the tongue, cough, &c. The natives regard it as a local
specific in inflammation of the periosteum of the jaw, and the appli-
cation has a speedy eflect in relieving pain and swelling. It is also
used as a fish poison.
TANACBTUM VULGARE.
37J
Tanaoetum Umbelliferum, Pyrethrum Umbellferum*
HabitaU — Eastern Persia.
Paris ttsed.—Th^ root.
fVr«<icw/ar.— Hind., Bomb.^ — Mitha Akalakaia. Eng. — Swcel
Pellitory. Pers.— Bozidan.
Characters. — The root is devoid o! the acridity of the true
pclliloiy root, which in appearance it closely resembles. It is larger
and of a lighter colour than the true pelHtory* It is rough and
furrowed externally, and hard and whitish within ; on section it is
starchy and fibrous. The taste is sweet. Dose, if to 60 grs,
Cotisitinents. — Ver>' little Pyrethrin, inuline, a trace, and sugar*
/Yf/farahoffs, — Decoction (1 in 10). Dosc^ J to 1 fld. ox.
Actions and uses, — As an aJteralivc given io rheumatismi gout,
and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
Tanaoetum Yalgare, var. Crispum— Common Tansy.
Habitat. — Europe, Asia» N. America.
Paris used^~Thc leaves and tops.
Charac/ers. — ^An herbaceous perennial plant. Leaves long, bi-
piiinatifid and seiratcdy of a dark green colour^ surface smooth and
glandular. Flowers yellow. Dose, 10 to 60 grs.
Constiimnis, — A volatile oil, a bitter principle, catted tanacemi,
fat, resini tannin, mucilage^ sugar, tartrates^ citrates and tnalatcs.
Volatile oil— obtained by distillation of the leaves and Ifower ton^ by
water or steam. It contains a tcrpcnc, ketone, tanacetone, alcohol and
tanacetyle 10 p.c. It is a greenish ycHuw liquid, having camphoraceous
odour, pungent taste, soluble in alcohol.
I^eparatiom. — Fluid extract. Dose, 10 to 60 ms. Infusion
&{n 10). Dose, i to 2 ftd* ozs. Oleum Tanacetl, oil of tansy.
ose, J to 5 ms.
Actions ami uses. — Stimulant, tonic, and eumietiagogue. In
large doses an irritant narcotic poison ; it causes clonic spasms,
disturbed respiration and cessation of the heart's aciiun. Generally
given in hysteria, for worms in children, intestinal colic and
amenorrha:ia. Locally the oil is rubefacient and used in rheumatism,
bruises. In large doses as a narcotic it is given in wakefulness.
Taraxacum Officinale, B. P., T. Denalaonis,
Leontodon Tarajtacom*
Habitat, — Europe, Himalaya, NUgiris» N.-W. Provinces- N\
Ameriai.
Parts HStd.-^lhv frr^li and the dried roots* Taraxaci Radix B. P.
Taraxacuni,— i > from dcr»s, tooth; and lea, lion. The
ieavt^ are of tbe slu^^c vi umO^s teeth.
372 TRICHOLBPIS GLABERRIMA.
Vernacular. — Eng. — Swine Snout, PuflF ball, Dandelion, Lion's
tooth, White wild endive. Hind. — Dudhal, Baran, Kanphtd« Pers. —
Tarkhash Kun.
Characters. — Leaves direct from the root crown, 6 to 8 inches long
and 2 to 3 inches broad, edges toothed, teeth bent backward 5 or 6 on
a side, sessile, glabrous, colour bright green ; root nearly cylindrical,
very long and thick, crowned with several short thick heads,
longitudinally wrinkled, colour dark-brown ; fracture short, fractured
surface exhibiting concentric rings. All parts of the plant exude
from any break or wound, a bitter milky juice. When dry the
root is wrinkled and shrivelled longitudinally ; axis, porous and
yellow ; bark thick and white, with it are many milk vessels in
concentric circles ; without any odour, taste bitter, closely resembling
the Intybus root.
Constiiuents. — The milky juice contains a bitter amorphous
principle — Taraxacin, a crystalline principle, taraxacerin, also
potassium or calcium salts, resinoid and glutinous bodies. The root
j^ontains inulin 25 p.c. ; pectin, sugar, levulin, ash 5 to 7 p. c.
Preparations. — Of the fresh root : Extractum Taraxaci, B. P. Dose,
5 to 15 ms. Succus Taraxaci, B, P. Dose, i to 2 drs. Decoctum
Taraxaci, (i in 20). Dose, i to 2 ozs. Extractum Taraxaci Liquidum,
liquid extract of taraxacum, B. P. Dose, ^ to i dr.
Actions and «j^^.— Diuretic, bitter tonic, and aperient ; hepatic
stimulant in large doses ; given in cases of chronic hepatic and
splenic congestion, hepatic inflammation, especially among residents
in the tropics ; also in dyspepsia, constipation and dropsy. Used as
an excipient for pills.
Trioholepis Glaberrima.
Habitat. — Central India, Marwar, the Concan and the Deccan.
Parts usecl,-~The plant.
Vernacular, — Bomb. — Brdhama dandi. Mah. — Brahmo dandi.
Sans. — Aj&dandi.
Characters. — Drug of a p^le brown colour consisting of pieces of
stems and flower heads ; stems slender, round, furrowed, slightly hairy,
soft, and containing a white pith ; flower heads, conical and surround^
by numerous bristly bracts. Within these or in the middle of the
flower heads are numerous down-like serrated pappus, white in
colour and surmounted on seeds which are erect, wrinkled, furrowed
and of a darkish brown colour ; taste bitterish. The flowers smell like
chamomile.
Prepaiatvjus. — Infusion (1 in 10). Dose, 4 drs. to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Aromatic bitter, nervine tonic, and aphro-
disiac ; recommended in seminal debility, impotence, hysteria,
&c.
TlJSSILAao FARFARA.
Trlcholepifi Pracumbens— Volatarella Divaricata.
Habitat. — India.
I\iris used, — The herb.
Vtrnncuhn, — Arab, — Shanukat-cl-baida* Hind., Bomb. — W\6k-
varda. Mah. — Sukayi , Pers. — Asphar-i-bari, kangar-i-supheda .
Badaward.
Characters. — Plant thorny, slender, whitish, smooth, ajid
triangular ; stems tough, thick as the thumb ; flower heads white,
surrounded by three needle-like spines and covered with a white
down resembling that of Brahama dindi ; bracts not ciliated and broad,
apex terminating \i\ a long white needle shaped and channelled
bristle ; slightly mucilaginous and of bitter taste.
Constituents , — A green volatile oiK an acid resin, fatty matter, an
alkaloid, and gum.
Peparatiom^ — ^Decoction (i in 20). Dose, J to 2 fld. ozs.
Actions and uses. — Stomachic, and tonic, given in dyspepsia,
itulence» nervous depression, and impaired digestion. It is also given
rith milk in seminal debility.
Tiiitilaga Farfara.
ffaditat.^W, Himalaya, Persia, Europe, Paojab*
Parts t4sed.^The herb.
f Vft//?cf////r— Arab. — Fanjiun, Eng.-^Cotts* foot. Hind* — WatpAn
Afan^iun. Ind* Ba2a»ir» — Fanjiun.
Characttrs.-^Fhnt mucilaginous and bitterish ; a creeper with
tnaijy fibren ; flowers bright yellow ; leaves erect, furrowed, and heart
•shaped, and sharnjy tm>ilied, very smooth and glaucous, green above-
white, and densely cottony beneath,
Constituents, — The leaves contain caoutchouc, gallic and tannic
acids, resin, glucoside, wax, gum and saponin.
Prfparations. — Infusion (l in to). Dose, \ to i fld. oz.
Actions and nse$\ — ^Astringent aud demulcent, given in cough.
The cotton like down of the leaf is used as a sty pic dressing to
wounds.
Vernonia Anthelmintica, Serratula Anthelmintica, Conyza
Anthelmintioa, Asoaridia Indioa.
Nahitat, — Throughout India.
/^Jrts used — I'hc fruit.
I'ern*7cu7fif\ — Arab. — Atarital. Beng, — Somaraj, Bukachi, Kalijiri.
Can. — K4du-Jirugc. Cing, — Sauni-nAya. Guz., Duk. — Kadvi*Ziri*
Eng* — Purple flt-abane. Hind.--Bakachi. Mar, — Karalve, Riimi-chA-
jrre. Malyal.— Kattai Jirakam. Pers. — Itrital. Sans — Vakuchi Alavi
JiriUcah, kanana-jiraka Avalguja, Somaraj in. Tam* — Katiu shiragam.
Tel. — Adivi-jifakara. Kadvi J ire — Bitter jrCin.
374 VERNONIA CINBREA.
Characters. — Fruit black or dark brown, about 3 or 4 lines in
length, and i or 2 lines in breadth, cuneate at the base, and seated on
a glabrous, sessile ring, becoming broader as it approaches the apex.
Apex Clowned with brownish white coloured scales the remains of the
toothed calyx ; surface covered with whitish scattered hairs and marked
\vith 10 or 12 longitudinal ribs. Seed one, small, oily of a brown or dark
colour and conforming with the fruit ; taste bitter and nauseous ; odour
faintly aromatic. Dose, 20 to 60 grs.
Constituents. — The seed contains resins, an alkaloid known as
veKionine, an oil and ash 7 p.c, free from manganese.
Preparations, — Compound powder — Tiktajir^kadi Churana — con-
tains vernonia seeds 2, chiretta 4, Picrorhiza root 3, dika malee i, rock
salt 2, ginger 5. Dose, ^ to i dr. Infusion (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i
fld. oz.
Actions and uses. — Anthelmintic, stomachic, antiperiodic and
alterative ; given in leucoderma, lepra, psoriasis and other skin
diseases. As an anthelmintic, the powdered seeds are given for
the removal of ascarides. As a stomachic, in loss of appetite,
dyspepsia, &c. ; as an antiperiodic the compound powder is given in
fevers. Native women use a paste of the seeds for destroying pediculi.
Yernonla Cinerea, Ck>nyza Oineria, C Parparea.
Habitat. — Throughout India and Bengal.
Parts used. — The leaves, seeds, and flower heads.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Kukseem, chota koksun. Guz.— S^deori.
Hindi. — Sahadevi. Kak-jangi. Mar. — Sahadevi, Sadidi. Malyal. —
Puvanku runal. Sans. — Sahadevi. Tam. — Sira-shenga-lanir, Nedsitu.
Tel. — Gheritte-kamina.
Characters. — Leaves oblong, oval, roundish, or ovate, slightly
toothed and of a darkish green colour ; flower heads of a pale blue
colour. Dose, 10 to 30 grs.
Preparations. — Infusion of the whole plant (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i
fld. oz.
Actions and uses, — The seeds are alterative, and used in leprosy
and chronic skin diseases. A poultice of the leaves is used as an
application to guinea worms. As a diaphoretic the whole plant is
given in fevers to bring on perspiration. The seeds are used to
destroy vermin in the hair.
Xanthiam Stramariam.
Habitat, — Hotter parts of India, Ceylon, Europe.
Parts used, — The herb.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Hasak, Hamazel, Amir. Beng. — Banokra.
Can. — Kadvala mara. Chin. — Ts'angurh, Si-rh. Eng.— Broad-leaved
Burweed. Hind.— Lane-tonru, Shankhahuli. Pers. — Ispahan-Harada
LOBELIA INFLATE
Kh^r-i>khn&ak* Mar,- Shanktshivar, Gokhru Kalian. Panj\ and Sind,
— Goghiu Kalian. Sans, — Sankhini. Shankhapushpi. Tarn.— Marlu'
niatta. Tel. — Veritel-ncp. Ciokhru Kollan means Great Gogharu.
Characters, — The herb contains a yellow colouring matter ; stenif
erect, scabrous, mottled with dark coloured spots ; leaves alternatet
kidney shaped, or cordate, notched and scabrous ; flowers terminal ;
fruit prickly. Dose, 3 to 15 grs.
ComftUfetiis.'^Thc fruit contains fat 38*6 p. c, ash 5 'a p.c,
albuminoids 56*6 p.c, sugar, resin» organic acids, anu a glucosidc named
xanthostrumarin related to datiscin. Xanthostruniarin is yellow,
amorphous mass, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzol and
chloroform.
Pre/>arations,'^Decoction (l in 20). Dose, | to i fld, oz.
Actions and uses, — Diaphoretic, diuretic and sialogoguc ; given in
urinary and renal complaints and long standing cases of malarial fevers ;
other actions resemble those of Jaborandi.
Lobeliaoeae— The Dhavala of Lobelia family.
Herbs or shrubs abounding in acrid milky juice ; leaves alternate
and exstipulate ; calyx, superior; corolla, monopetalous, valvate;
stamens 5 ; ovary, inferior 1*3 celled ; ^tyle i ; stigma surrounded by a
fringe of hairs ; tube adherent lo many seeded pod ; fruit capsular,
a-valvcd, dehiscing at summit ; seeds numerous, and albuminous.
//ii&ifaL — Natives of temperate climates and tropics.
Properties, — Some species contain the milky juice, which is very
acrid ; some are narcotico-acrid, others emetic, purgative and vesicant.
Lobelia Inflata, B.P.
Loobelia BJ*. — Bladder podded lobelia, wild or Indian tobacco,
emetic herb or weed, asthtna weed, vomit wort, gag-root. Inflata
from inflatus, inflated or swollen. The pod is egg-shaped and inflated.
Habitat, — N, America.
Parts used. — The dried flowering herb collected after the portion
of the capsules has become inflated.
Characters. — An annual weed growing on the roadsides ; stems
anguiar, and channelled ; leaves long, upper ones scssilei lower ones
petiolate, ovate, dentate and hairy, of a pale green colour ; flowers small,
m long racemes, of a pale blue coUtur ; calyx superior, 5 toothed, ; corolla,
bilabiate ; cnpsules inflated, two-celled, stcds minute, oblong, brown
and reticulated ; odour heavy, unpleasant, slightly irritating, and acrid ;
taste nauseous, mild acrid and tobacco^like. Dose, as an expectorant,
I to 5 grs. As an emetic, 15 to 20 grs.
Comtituents* — Lobeline, a narcotic principle ; Lobelacrin, an acrid
principle ; Inflatin ; also Lobelic acid, resin, wax, gum, fixed oil, lignin,
salts of calcium, potassium and iron, Lobeline — Lubelinium : to obtain it
triturate acetic or alcoholic tincture,or the extract with magnesia, agitate,
37^ LOBELIA XICOTLKXiEFOLIA.
add ether, filter and evaporate. It is a 3'ellowy aromatic liquid, soluble
in water. Dose, -^^^ to ^ gr. Lobelacrin : to obtain it, to the tincture
add charcoal ash, with water and exhaust the residue with boiling
alcohol. Lobelic acid — ^precipitate the 3ecoction with sulphate of
copper and decompose with sulphuretted hydrogen
Preparations. — Tinctura Lobeliae ^therea, B. P. (i in 5). Dose, 5
to 15ms. Extractum Lobelia Fluidum. Dose, i to 10 ms. Decoction
or Infusion (1 in 20). Dose, ^ to i oz. Acetum 10 p.c Dose, 5 to
40 ms. Oil of the seed 2 to 5 drops.
Actions and uses. — In small doses, diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-
spasmodic and sialogogue. In large dose emetic and purgative ; like
tobacco, the leaves, when chewed, excite nausea, vomiting, giddiness
headache, general relaxation, increased flow of saliva, and of gastric
mucus, of urine and of perspiration: as an antispasmodic it is given in
paroxysmal asthma, dr>- cough with tickling in the throat : also in whoop-
ing cough, angina, influenza, chronic bronchial catarrh and pneumonia.
An enema is given in twisting, or intussuscepti(Hi of the bowels and
in strangulated hernia, in impaction of the foeces. Drop doses of
the tincture every hour gives relief in habitual constipation or
10 drop doses at bed>time act favourably. As an emetic it is too
depressing for children.
Lobelia RiootiaiiAfidia.
Habitat. — Ceylon, Travancore, Bombay.
Parts used. — ^The plant.
rernacular, — Can. — Kadahoge Sappu. Eng. — ^Indian wild tobacco.
Mah — Bokenul, Deonul, Dha\*al. Tam. — Kottu popillay. Tel.— Adavi
pogaku.
Charactrrs. — An annual plant, studded with grannies of resinous
exudation. Leaves large, resembling th"«e of tDbacco. finely serrated,
and covered with simple hairs : dried stalks hollow in the centre; flowers
white, in spikes, and supponed on a tubular sem ; fruit globular ; cap-
sules about the sixe of a pea, two-celled ; seeds many, \-ery small, oval,
flattened and marked wiih delicate lines : c V.o^ar light brown : taste hot
and acrid. Dose, as an emetic 10 to *c grs. As an expectorant 1 to
5 gr^-
C:MsUtxrr:ts. — ^Two alkaloids. Lobeline and Inflatine.
Frrt^'^» xs. — Iniusi.^n ti in 20K IX>«, | to i fli oz. Tincture
'1 in icV Dose, 10 to 30 ms^
Ars^r.KS asa stsrs, — Seeds are ejttT>Mnely aaid : infusion of leaves
is expectccant, diaphonftic and anti5]pasmodic ; :n Jarge doses emetic
and rurgaiiv*, iv»ch>nng much depnessavVi, ccJd sw>eats ic. ; used in
sfttsnK^K asihma, lan-ncial ard brx>nchial catarrh, whooping coagh^
and in dyspncra.
ARrrOSTAPHYLOS.
377
Ericaoett-^Heaih family.
Trees or shrubs ; leax'cs ever green, opposite or whorled and
exstipuiate ; calyx inferior ; corolU regular, hypogynous ; ovary
5 to lo celled, surrounded by a disk or scales ; fruit a capsule* baccate
or berry, generally edible ; seeds numerous, small ; albumen, fleshy.
Habitat. — Found universally.
Proper tm.^^^^ny species are astringent, tonic» and diuretic ;
some narcotic, others poisonous ; fruits of manv are edible*
Arotostaphylos, Uva Urai, B. P.
Bear berry ; wild cranberry ; bear's grape.
Arctostaphylos-arctos a bear ; and staphyUi a bunch nl grapes.
The fruit is rough like a bear, and the berries occur in clusters like
grapes. Uva ursi — uva, a grape ; ursus or ursip bear ; the berries are
tough or bearish.
Habitat, — Europe, Asia, mountain?, dry and rocky soil, N,
America.
Partt f/jr</.— The dried leaves — Uvae ursi folia, B, P, Bearberry
leaves*
Characten.^Low^ evergreen shrub. Dried leaves, yellowishi
green, obovnte, lonjj, broad and short -stalked ; corinceous and obtuse ;
margin rcvolute ; upper surface shining, glabrous wiihdeprcssed veins j
lower surface reticulate; odour faint, hay-like ; taste very astringent
and bitter. Dose, lo to 30 grs.
Cnmtiiuents. — Arbutin, EricoHn, bitter and amorphous ursone,
'also tnnnin 6 to 7 p.c, gallic acid, volatile oil a trace, and ash 5 p.c,
Arbutin is a bitter neutral crystalline glucoside ; to obtain it
Erccipitale the decoction with lead acetate, add sulphuretted hydrogen.
Iter, evaporate and crystallize* It occurs in needles, insoluble m ether,
soluble in warm water ; freely soluble in hot water and alcohol.
Dose» 5 to 5 grs. Ursone — a resinous crystalline principle; to obtain it
exhaust the decoction by ether and evaporate^ Fine needles of a
neutral reaction, without any taste ; insoluble in water, sparingly so
in ether and alcohol.
Pr^^/im/rbw^.^Infusum Uvae Ursi, B. P. (i in 20). Dose, \ to i
fid* ot. Extract of leaves. Dose, 2 to 10 grs.
AcHans and tne^. — In small doses diuretic, sialogogue and
antilithic. In large doses it produces vomiting and purging. It has a
specific action on the urinary organs, Arbutin splits up in the system
into glucose and hydro-quinone. Uva Ursi is given in cystitis^
urethritis, urinary gravel, nephritis, incontinenceof urine and dysuria ;
also in obstinate gonorrhoea, gleet and leucorrhciea. Arbutin is given in
cardiac dropsy and in urethritis with success.
37^ GAULTHfeHIA PRAGRAXnSSnfA.
Chimajihfla Umbellata, Pipcinewa ChimaphiUu
Prince's pine, rheumatism weed, king's cure, bitter winter green,
noble pine, pine tulip. Chimaphila means winter loving. The
leaves remain green all the winter as though loving that season.
HahiiaL — N. America, certain parts of Europe, Asia.
Parts us$d. — The leaves.
Characters. — An evergreen plant. Leaves long, sharply serrated
above ; wedge shaped, nearly entire towards the base ; coreacioos,
smooth, and of a dark green colour, of no odour, and of a bitter astring-
ent taste. Dose, lo to 60 grs.
Constituents. — Chimaphilin, a neutral yellow and oystalline
principle. Arbutin, a crystalline but colourless substance ; ericolin ;
urson, tannin 4 p.c. : resin, sugar, gum and ash 5 p.c.
Preparations. — Liquid extract. Dose, J to 2 drs. Decoction (i to 17).
Dose. I to 3 ozs.
Actions and uses. — Similar to those of buchu, uva ursi, pareira,
scoparius. As an agreeable gastric tonic, it increases the appetite
and aids digestion. As a stimulant of the kidneys, it is given in
dropsy, lithic acid gravel ; also in hematuria and chronic cystitis
attended with albuminuria. It lessens uric acid secretions and hence
useful in gout and rheumatism. It has a peculiar influence upon
the lymphatics. If used for a long time it causes atrophy of the testes
and mammas. Fresh leaves bruised and applied are rubefacient.
Ganitheria FFaggantiaiima, G. Prooombens, Andromeda
LeachiiaiiltiL G. LaaehnaiiltiL
Habitat. — Hills of India, Nilgheries, Burmah, Ceylon, Himalaya.
Parts used, — The volatile oil distilled from the leaves— oleum
gaultherise.
Vernacular. — ^Bomb., Hind. — Jav, Gandapuro. Eng. — ^Winter
green.
Characters. — An aromatic evergreen shrub ; branches glabrous ;
leaves 3 cornered, ovate, thick and coriaceous ; contain an essential oil
of a yellowish or reddish colour ; flowers in white racemes, axillary;
berries of a blue colour.
Constituents. — Volatile oil, arbutin, ericolin, ursone, resin, tannin
6 p.c. ; ash 5 p.c.
Volatile oil. Oleum Gaultherix — oil of winter green, is a liquid
of a peculiar brick-red colour, owing to the presence of iron ; of an
aromatic odour, sweet, warm taste and acid reaction ; readily soluble
in alcohol. The oil furnishes carbolic acid identical with that
obtained 'from coal tar. It contains methyl salicylate 90 p.c,,
gaultherilene — a hydrocarbon, 10 p.c- Dose, 3 to 10 ms.
Salic^'lic acid.— To obtain it add to Gaultheria oil, diluted caustic
alkali, saponify by heat and dissolve. Decompose the solution with
mineral add, separate the met hylic alcohol, evaporate and qrystailii^.
ANAGAtUS ARVRKSIS.
379
Spfritus Gaultheris, Spiiii *«f naiiltl»crta(i in 20) of the ail. Dose,
^ to I dr. used for flavouring.
Acdotis and uses, — Like other aromatic essential oils it is antisep-
tic, carminative, stimulant, diuretic ; in large doses it is a gastric
irritant. The oil is used as a flavouring agent in dentifrice prepara-
tions. As a caustic, it is locally applied to warts, corns, &c. Like salicylic
acid it is given in gout, rheumatic fever, migraine, sciatica^ diabetes,
cystitis and diphtheria. Locally an ointment is used in eczema and
other cutaneous eruptions.
PrimulaceaB— The Priraroae Family.
Herbs ; leaves, simple and exstipulate ; tiowers regular, perfect ;
calyx 4-5-cleft and persistent ; ovary superior ; fruit capsular, dehis-
cent, transverse or valvular ; seeds numerous ; albumen fleshy.
Habitat, — Native of cold and temperate regions^ rare in the
tropics.
Properties* — The flowers of the cowslip are sedative and
diaphoretic, the roots of some are purgative and emmcnagogue.
AQa^alliB ArYensia, A. Caerulea
//abttal.'-lndh, Europe, W. Asia, Nepal, Kamaon, Khassya.
fhrts used.— 'Th^ herb.
Verna c u /a r,-^ At iih. — Marijaneh, Eng — Scarlet PimperneU Hind.
— Jonkmari, Jam gh.ini. Kashmir — KdlA-Changra. Pers.— Geah Surkh
gul. Jonk mari— Jnnk, a leech, and mari, to kill. The herb is given
to kill leeches.
Characters, — Herb, male with red flowers and female with blue
flowers ; root small ; stem more or less procumbent ; leaves sessile,
many nbbed, dotted with purple at the back ; fruit pale, of the size of
a pea ; taste bitter and acrid,
Constituenis*—i\ substance identical with saponin to which its
fjoi^onous properties are due ; and a strong smelling, volatile oil of a
pungent and acrid taste.
Preparations, — Infusion (i in 10). Dose, 2 to 4 drs. ; a medicated
oil.
Actions and t4ses, — ^As an alterative given in melancholia, epilepsy,
hydrophobia ai>d gout ; as a local sedative it is jpplicd to relieve the
pain in the Ilvcr and kidneys ; also used in bites of rabid animals.
Cyclamen Persioum.
//.^r<5/^i/.— Persia, LeN-ant.
Parts used, — The tubers^
Vernacular. — Pers. — AzarbU| Chabok-Punjeh-Marium, Ushnan*
Eng.— Sow bread. Hind.^Hathajoree. Ind Bazaar— Bakhtir-i-
Miryam,
3^0 DIONYSIA DIAPENSIiCPOUA.
Characters. — ^Root roundish and tuberous ; leaves roundish,
ovate, marfi^ins sometimes angular ; capsule 5 valved, coiling up spirally
with the seed vessel in the centre.
Constituents, — Cyclamin — an active principle similar to saponin.
Taste bitter and acrid. Forms a soapy mixture with water. Boiled with
acid it is converted into glucose and a resinous substance named
cyclamireten.
Preparations. — Ointment (i to 40).
Actions and uses, — Locally used as a resolvent of tumours. As an
irritant applied to the abdomen to cause vomiting and purging and
to the pubes to induce diuresis.
Dionysia Diapensiafolia.
Habitat. — Persia .
Parts used. — The plant and the seeds.
Vernacular. — Ind.-Bazaars, Hamima. Pers. — Mahilu.
Characters. — A small shrub like a bunch of intertwining woody
stems. Flowers small, like wall flowers ; leaves like those of moss ;
seeds 2 lines in length, elliptical, concave on one side and keeled on the
other, of a brown colour. Dose, 15 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — A light brown resin ; a crystalline body ; and free
fatty acid. The resin on exposure to the air becomes covered with a
glaucous film. It is soluble in sulphuric acid and in alkaline solution,
The taste is pungent or acrid. It increases the secretion of saliva.
Preparations. — Poultices ; Infusion (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i fid. oz.
Actions and uses, — Local sedative applied to boils and scorpion
bites. Internally the infusion is given as an alterative in gouts
torpor of the liver and in enlarged spleen.
Plombagiiiaoea— Lead wort or thrift, or Chitraka family*
Herbs or under shrubs : leaves entire, exstipulate, and generally
covered with white or brownish powdery bloom. Flowers regular, rose
white or blue coloured ; calyx tubular, 5 partite; corolla membranous ;
fruits utricular, or dehiscing by valves at the apex ; seeds solitary,
embryo straight, albumen mealy.
Habitat. — Found in seashore salt marshes and in temperate
regions.
Properties. — Most species are acrid and astringent. In some
species the roots, applied to the skin when fresh, cause blister.
Plumbago Zeylanioa and P. Rooea.
Habitat. — Sikkim, throughout India.
Parts used. — The root.
r>rfi<ic#i/#fr.— Arab. — Shitaraj. Mar.,Bom., Guz., Duk., Beng. —
Chitra-niul Burm. — Ken-ky-ok-Phyoo. Can.— Chitra mola. Cing. —
Sudu nitual. Eng.— White lead wort Hind*«-CiiitrOb chitiika.
hPOCTHAlCMM,
^
Malyai. — Tumba-Kodivali. Pers. — Shitarah. S
Tarn-— Codiveli, chitra oiiilaiii* TcL — Agm
MooHd.
P. Rosea bears the same vernacular nam
addition of adjective red, insteadof wlttie.
Characttrs. — The fresh root esodo a jwi
toot is in pieces from 2 to 4 tncJiet lao^
little finger ; bark thick, brittle, fSKXidi cf
marked with small scars of Ukn roodc£»:
irregular fissures ; wood hard^ tou^ and oc a
acrid and disagreeable. Red diitr^a— cbe
and the flowers of a red colour, aod beoce tfe 1
Co;u//A/i'»/i.— Plunibagio, an acri^
the ethereal extract of the root with vatcfvi
tallize. Ill delicate needies or priiiBS» tiiCe
acrid and biting, melts readily and voJafiiilgi^
neutral reaction. Insoluble in cold, mor caoioMc to
suiubic in alcohol and ether, with sCroog oitrie aad k ckl^pBia iittp
yellow, with alkalies to cherry red.
Dose, 10 tu 30 ms. CocDpamid pomiet
emblic myrobolanst himaj, long pepp e r ,
each equal part. Dose, 20 to 140 gri* S.^
powder, it contains chitr^kt mimytC9. .— ^ w
kutaki, ativisi, and Himaj eqiol paru. Doie, I 4c.
flatulence.
Actions and uir^. — A' lodgaiUic
Die diarrhceia, dyspepsia a: ^ ^al anasarca. IjaaUf^ %
the root causes more pain than the ordmary Uatoi aatfcfe
docB not heal readily. A paste oC the root ii mmA m a
application to rheumatic joinu, Kqiroqr prafjrticJtahl aai i»
to promote suppuration. Thccnm[
in flatulence, rneumatism* The root i» acri4 a«| if i
the OS uteri causes abortion. Lai cfcierafca m J
vesicant than chitro or safed chitraJo* wmA a^ giMi «i
of caustic application. Taken iolcrfiaOf ftkaiyM
whether dead or alive. In large do«e»iil m a
Apocyn&ceie.*-I>og kmm bmSkf*
Trees tir shrubs, usually with acrid Mftf iakr ; km
exstipulatc» Di^mmonly opposite, •^^fii\%i% mCHt fj$
generally iraooth and with pajaltri f«m ; Ar/fr«n of rc^ wmui m
yellow colour ; calyx 5 partite ; corolla 5 lobed; mmy % ^sM^ ; mM%
fiti^ma t reiicmbting tn shape an hour ^am or das^ kdl * im^ktiu
orbmy;iMi»
us^. Fruit, I or 2 follicles, a caf
JUS.
//a^/M/.— Found iu tropical refioan, Aiu, AfJtM« OMcml
Pcmnsula of India, Malacca, Beogali Java, ' ^^T7«^
382 ALSTONIA SOHOLARIS.
Properties, — They abound in milky juice with which some acrid
principle is frequently combined, hence many of them are intensely
poisonous. The fruits of a few species are edible, of others are drastic
purgative. The bark and seeds in some are tonic, febrifuge and
astringent. India-rubber is obtained from the juice of many species.
Allamanda Cathartioa, A. Aubletii, A. OrandiJSora, A.
Yertioellata, A. Angustifolia.
Habitat, — America, cultivated in India, growing wild on the
Western coast and in Goa.
Parts used. — The leaves and bark.
Vernacular, — Burm. — Pha yung Chan. Mar. and Bomb. — Jheri
Sontaka. Can. — Arasina. Malyal. — Arali.
Characters. — Climbing shrub; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, and
on short petioles, arranged in fours round each stem ; flowers large
and funnel or chimney-shaped.
Constituents, — An alkaloid and a glucosidal acid, similar in action
to cathartic acid.
Preparations. — Infusion of the leaves (i in 20). Dose, ^ to i fld*
oz. Extract of the bark. Dose, 1 to 2 grs.
Actions and uses. — Hydragogue cathartic, in large doses, emetic.
Used in lead or painter*s colic, biliousness, and constipation.
Alstonia Constricta, AoBtralian or Queen's land fever bark.
Habitat. — East Indies, Australia.
Parts used. — The bark.
Bark in flat pieces about quarter foot in length, one to two inches
broad and about \ of an inch in thickness, highly fragile, very light
and of a soft spongy texture ; colour deep brown externally, yellowish
brown internally, with deep longitudinal Assures on its outer surface ;
smell rather disagreeable ; taste acrid and bitter. Dose, 3 to 5 grs.
Constituents. — Alkaloid — Alstonine or chlorogenine.
Preparations, — Tincture (1 in 10). Dose, J to 2 fld. dr. Fluid
extract. Dose, 2 to 5 ms.
Actions and uses. — Astringent bitter tonic and antiperiodic ; it
possesses the combined properties of quinine and nux vomica, and is
an excellent substitute for cinchona bark ; especially indicated in
remittent fevers which do not yield to the salts of quinine. It is also
useful in chronic diarrhcea and as an anthelmintic in worms. It is
however inferior to dita bark,
AlBtonla Soholaris, A. Oleandrifolia, Eohites Soholarls.
Scholaris — school board ; in allusion to the planks prepared from
the bark of this species and covered with sand being used as a school
board. In old days children used to trace letters upon these planks.
Habitat. — Drier forests of India, Travancore, Assam, Coromandel,
Bengal, South Konkan, Western Africa, Moluccas, Philiipine Islands.
APOCVKUM CAKNAfilNUM.
383
Parts used. — The leaves and bark, " Dita bark."
Vernacular.— ^nxm, — Lik-htuk. Can. — Jan thalla. Ciiig. — ^Rook-
tanna-gass. Eng. — Dita bark. Beng., Hind.— Datyiini, Chhatiin.
MalyaK— Pala, niukaii-p&la* Bomb., Mar. — Satavin, Hori kowan.
SaD$. — Sapta-chhada, sapta parna, visliala tvdka, vrihat^ tvaka,
rguchha pushpa, Tam.^ — Ezhilaip palai. Tel, — Edikulapilla, P4la-*
> garuda,
Satvin from Sat, seven, and vin» leaves. Satvin is a corruption of
the Sapta pdrnd, septa, seven, and paina, leaver, in allusion to the
plant having verlicels, each bearing from 5 or 7 kaves, Vishaia ttak
or vrihat tvak. Vishala or vrihai means ** broad or large ^* ; and tvak,
dark, the satavina bark being large or broad, and of a daik colour.
CharacUrs, — Leaves, 5 to 7 in a whorl, obovate, oblong,
obtuse. Dita — bark, in flat pieces or irregular fragments of from
2 to 4 inches long, one to two inches broad, and about I of an
inch in thickness, very light, and of a spongy texture ; external surface
darkish brown, and deeply longitudinally fissured ; imernal surface, pale
or yellowish brown, spongy and resinous looking ; smell disagreeably
acrid ; taste bitter like gentian. The milky juice furnishes gutta
percha.
Conshtutnts. — An alkaloid diiamine ; two bases echitamine
and echitencne ; also echicaoutchin, an amorphous yellow mass ;
cchicerin, in acicular crystals ; echitin, in crystallized scales ;
echitein, in rhombic prisms ; and echiretin, an amorphous subslance-
Ditamine. — To obtain it exhaust the powdered bark with
peitroleum ether, and add boiling alcohol. An amorphous, or crystalline
powder, having alkaline reaction and bitter taste, similar to quinine.
Dose, S ^o '5 g>^'
PrtparaWofts* — Tmclurt; (i in 10.) Dose, 1 to 3 fld. drs. Infusion
(1 in ao). Dose, 1 to 2 fld, ozs. Liquid extract* Dose, 3 to 8 ms. A
compound decoction (i in lo). It contains alstonia scholaris (bark).
Tynospora cordifoUa (stem) ; Azadirachta Indica :,bark) and Betula
Bhojpatra (bark) equal parts. Dose, 4 to 13 drs. in dyspepsia.
Actions and uses. — As an alterative, the bark is given in gout,
I heumatism, skin diseases, &c. As an astringent in chronic diarrha-a,
and in advanced stage of dysentery. As a bitter tonic, in convalescence
from exhausting diseases and fevers. The compound decoction is given
in dyspesia and in cachexia due to enlarged spleen. The alkaloid is
regarded as febrifuge equal to quinine in elTicacy, and is given in all
forms of mali^rial fevers. It is also a decided Ralacl^jgogue*
Apooyntun Cannabinum. k Andro8ffinufolium
Canadian hemp, Indian Physic.
/Ai^iifa/.— Canada, United States.
Parts used. — The root,
CkaracUrs. — ^An indigcntnis perennial plant. Root cyHndricaJ,
somewhat hr;inclied, thick, brown ur brownish grey, loi Ny
wrinkled and transversely fissured ; the bark is tJrick, abound n _ iky
384 ASHDOSPERMA QUBBttACUO.
juice ; without any odour and of a bitter agreeable aromatic taste*
Dose, as a diuretic i to 5 grs., as an emetic 10 to 30 grs.
Constituents. — Apocynin : Apocynein ; gallic acid, tannin, resin,
bitter extractive, wax, caoutchouc, starch and ash, i p.c. Apocynin
— a peculiar active principle, not a glucoside, but a resin amorphous
mass, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether. Dose, ^ to | gr.
Apocynein — A glucoside of a yellowish colour, soluble in alcohol
and water, acts like Digitalin.
Preparations. — Liquid extract, 5 to 20 ms. Tincture (i in 10).
Dose, 20 to 60 ms. Decoction (1 in 40). Dose, |^ to ^ fid. oz.
Actions and uses. — The root is a powerful emetic and hydra^ogue
cathartic ; in small doses antiperiodic, diuretic and diaphoretic, similar
in action to strophanthus, adonidin and digitalis ; given in dropsy,
ascites and anasarca of Bright*s disease. Apocynin is a nauseating
expectorant and soporific ; it induces drowsiness and diminishes the
frequency of the pulse. As a hydragogue carthartic and diuretic, it
is given in uraemia. Under its use albumen and casts are decreased.
It is given as a resolvent in pleuritic effusions, in hydrothorax and as
an anthelmintic for destroying worms.
Aspidosperma Qoebracho-Blanoo, White Quebracho.
Habitat, — South America, chiefly in Chili and the Argentine
Republic.
Parts used* — The bark.
Characters. — A large evergreen tree. The wood is white ; bark
in flat, or curved pieces, \ to i inch thick, yellowish grey, deeply
fissured externally reddish, yellow and striated withm, fracture,
franular ; without any odour and with bitter aromatic taste.
)ose, 15 to 6t)grs.
Coftstituents.^ it contains 6 different alkaloids, aspidospermine^
aspidospermatiue, aspidosamine, quebrachine, quebrachamine, hydro-
quebrachine : a peculiar sugar called quebrachit ; and tannin, 3 — ^4 p.c.
Aspidospermine and quebrachine represent the activity of the
drug.
Aspidospermine — a crystalline body only soluble in oils and fats as
cod liver oil, from 6 to 8 p.c. With acids it forms salts as sulphate or
muriate which are freely soluble in water.
Preparatiotis. — Tincture (i in 5). Dose, \ to 1 fld. dr. Liquid
extract, not miscible with water. Dose, 10 to 60 ms. Solid extract ;
Dose, 2 to 8 grs. Vinum quebracho. (6 p.c.) Dose, i dr. to i oz.
Actions and uses,-^ In small doses, a bitter toniCf antispasmodic
and antiperiodic, assists the oxygenation of blood, stimulates the
respiratory centres and promotes digestion. It is known as digitalis of
the lungs. It is given in dyspnaea due to phthisis, bronchitis,
emphysema uraemic and spasmodic asthma and spasmodic cough.
It should "be avoided in dyspnaea, due to heart disease or in old persons.
It enables one to endure fatigue, to climb elevations; it decreases
the sensation of need of air during faitguing exercise ; it is also given
CARtSSJi CARANDAS.
38s
in typhoid and other fevers. The solution is used as a protective lo
wounds. Aspidospermine sulphas has been used hypadcrmically in
cardiac neurosis and in asthma. Dose, Vt ^^ sV g^*
Carissa Corundas, Capparis Corundas, Eohites Spinosa.
Habitat. — Throughout India, dry, sandy or rocky grounds,
Kangra and Katah jungles.
Parts used^ — The fruit, bark, and leaves,
Vertmcuiar. — Beng. — Karamoha. C ing, — Maha-karomba. Eng . —
Bengal currants. Malyal. — Keelay, Hind., Gu/.,, Mar. — ^Karwando,
Karonda Timukhia, Sans.^ — Karamardaka, Krishna pal. Tarn. — Pcrin-
kalak'phalbm. Til. — Pedda kalivi pandu.
Charactets. — A large, thorny bush. Fruits oval, resembling large
olives; unripe fruits milky and of a greenish colour, surface shining and
smoDth, taste a*»tringent and acid; ripe fruits, purple, dark purple, or
bUck, and contain a delicious sweet pulp ; leaves subscssile, coria-
ceous, base rounded or relume, ton rarely mucronate ; root bark with
large stofiy cells forming a network round the wood,
Comtiiutnis. — The root contains a fixed oil, a volatile oil, a dark
yellowish re^iu and an alkaloid.
Pfeparaiiuns* — ^Syrup of fruits. Dose, I to z fid* drs. Juice of
fruits. Dose, 50 to 90 ms. Decoction of leaves (i in 5).— Dose, 1 to a
fid. ozs.
Actiofis and uses* — ^Thc fruits arc stomachic, antiscorbutic, and
digestive. The unripe fruits arc astringent, used for preserves
and pickles, and as an antiscorbutic. The ripe fruit is cooling,
digestive and lefrigerani. The juice of ripe fruits mixed with
sdkara and elachi is a cooling drink, during hot weather and in
biliousness. The decoction of the leaves as a refrigerant is used io
fevers- A paste of the root is applied with lime juice atid camphor
in hch.
Oarisaa Schimferi Acocanthera Ouabaio*
//<?iiV/7A— Somali Coast,
I^ris used* — The root and wood.
Constiturnts, —A glucuside ouabain ; u\ vvliiic, transparent,
rectangular crystals, bitter to the taste, sparingly soluble in cold water,
much more readily snluhlc in hot waler, insuluble in ether and chloru"
form, soluble in stong alcohol, homologous to digitahn and strophan-
thine being more powerful cardiac tonic but less cumulative. Dose, ||^*|y^
to jto of a gr.
PreparaiidtiS. — Watery extract of the root. Dose, ^^5 to ^ gr.
Acihns and uses, — Ouabain, a direct heart sedative, paralysing the
cardiac mTisrlc. H>'podennic4lly it is used as a powerful emetic. As
a ' tic it is even superior to cocaine. In medicinal doses
it secretion of urine, stimulates the intestinal peristalsis
and promotes defecation. It chicBy acts on the respiratory cenlresi
25
386 HOLARRHKNA ANTIDYSENTERICA.
hence given in whooping cough to cut short the attack, to reduce the
violence and to hasten convalescence. In diabetes it lessens the quan-
tity of sugar in the urine. It promotes the action of the skin and
produces perspiration. Generally given with potassium bromide or
chloral hydrate. The juice is used as an arrow poison by the Somalis
in East Africa.
Cerbera OdoUam, C. Manias, C. Quaternifdlia.
Habitat. — Salt swamps in Malabar and creeks on the sea coast
of India, Ceylon, Laccadives.
Parts used, — The seeds. •
Vernacular, — Can. — Honde. Eng. — Odailam tree. Beng. — Dabur,
Dhakur. Burm. — Kullua. Hind. — Pili Kirbir. Mai. — Odailam. Man —
Sukanu. Pers. — Kaner zard. Tam. — Kat arali.
Characters, — Carpels ripe, ovoid, fibrous and woody within ; seed
one, broad, white and compressed ; cotyledons two and oily. The seeds
yields 55 p.c. of a bland fixed oil of a pale yellow colour. Dose, of the
kernel,' i to 4 grs.
Constituents, — A poisonous glucoside identical with thevetine.
Actions and uses, — The bark, leaves and milky juice are emetic
and purgative. Like thevetia neriifolia, the kernel is emetic and
purgative, in large doses irritant and used for criminal purposes to
procure abortion. The natives use the fruit combined with dhatura
seeds in hydrophobia.
Holarrhena Antidysenterica, H. Pabeaoens, Echites Antidysen-
terica, Chensmorpha Antidysenterica.
Habitat. — Throughout the drier forests of India.
Parts used.-'The bark and seeds.
remaas/ar. — Arab. — Lisan ul asfir-al-mur. Zaban-i-gungishk-i-
talk. Beng.— Kurchi. Can.— Kodasiga. Bomb., Guz .Duk. — Pandhra-
koora, Karva indaijaw, Kudabija, Dholakuda. Eng. — Conessi or
TcIIicherry bark. Goa. — Khao, Kurro. Hind. — Kueya, Kaureya.
Portuguese. — Codagapala. corte de pela. Malyal. — Kotakap-pala. Mar.
— Pandhra Kuda. Panj. — Kuro. Pers. — Zabane kunjashke. Sans. —
Kutaja— Kalinga, Vatsaka Giri-walika, Sakra sakhin and sakra sina,
Bhadrayava Vatsa, Kav>'a-sakravija, Tam. — Veppa brishi. Tel. —
Amkudu.
Vatsaka— cow tree, Sakra sakhin — Indra*s tree, Sakra sana
— Indra's food. Sakri vija — Indra's seed. Indrajav or Indraj-ana,
the name of a small hand instrument used by the Hindu god
Indra, The instrument resembles in shape a barley seed or
Java. Zabin-i-jjangish-i-talkha — Jabdn a tongue, gangish a
sparrow, and talkha, which means bitter. In allusion to the
bitter taste of the seeds resembling in shape the sparrow's
tongue.
tCHNO CARPUS FRUTKSCKNS,
3*^7
Characters. — Stem bark, brittle, thick, often twisted or quilled,
colour dirty white or snuflTlilte. Surface rugous, soft internally; taste
slightly, bitter at first which soon becomes intensely increased, and
resembles that of RnnajAi. Root bark, reddish brown, less thick than
that from the stem, and studded with prominent small warty growths;
taste very bitter; seeds whitish, resembling oats, or of cinnamon brown
colour, narrow, elongated » about ^ to | of an inch long, compressed and
chanelled on one side, with tuft of hairs on the end most remote from
the root stock ; convex on one side^ concave and marked by a pale Hne
on the other, easily broken between fingers; taste bitter; odour
unpleasant, resembling that of Wrightia Tinctoria,
CoristilNtJiis, — A non-oxygenated alkaloid. Wrightine.
Wrightinc — To obtain it treat powdered seeds with carbon
disulphide ; remove the fat oil, then dry, and exhaust with alcohol ;
add hydrochloric acid and mix with ammonia, when a copious
flocculem precipitate is thrown down. It is an amorphous powder
insoluble in ether and in carbon disulphidc, soluble in water and
alcohol ; aUo in dilute acids,
Preparatimis. — Decoction (J in lo), Dose, i to 2 fld. drs. Tincture
(l in 8), Dose, J to 2 fld, drs. Vine Kutej arishta. Dose, \ to i dr*
Compound Powder, PalhA dya Churana : — Contains Indrajav 5,
Lodhra 4, vcnivcl 4, hela 5, Jul chitrak 2, Irikatu 4, jAmbul chhal 5.
dalimb chhrtl 5, dhivuriphul 4» kutaki 5, ativish 5. Jirfm 5, N»'igar
moth 5, dAtu hnlad 4, Kari^itu 5, kuda chhiit equal in weight to alt
the above ingredients Dose, i to 2 drs» Confection ** Kutajaleha'*; —
To decoction of kud/ichhal 20» add jaggary 5, Rasavanti 2. mocharus
2, trikntu 2, iriphla 2, chitrak I, vcniveJ 2, bcla phal 3, Indrajav 5,
vekh;lnd 2, blnlamo 1, ativi!»h 5, vavadtng 4, v^lo 4* madli 12 parts.
Dose, i to 1 to be given in milk or chhds*
Actions and uses. — The bark and seeds are antiperiodic, similar
to cinchona alkaloidsi but do not produce nausea, vomiting or
headache. They arc given in fever, chronicdiarrho^a, dysentery, worms,
internal haemorrhages; also in chronic chest diseases, as asthma, in
renal colic, and lo allay the vomiting in cholera. They arc used after
delivery to give lone to the genital so*t parts (vagina). It is seldom
given alone, generally in combination with a number of aromalics and
a«tiingcnt>. Palhadya churana is given in dysentery and itncstinai
worms* The confection in piles, chronic dysentery and the vine in
dysentery and diarrh ra,
lohno Carpus Frutescens, Apocynum FratesoaiiB, Echiles
Frutescens.
//i^i'/fl/.— W. Himalaya, Bengal, the Deccanand Concan.
l\irts used. — The root.
Vtruactt/ar.-^B^ng.f Hind,, Bomb.— Sy am lata. Can.— Kireumbu.
Duk— Krishna Sariva* Malyal^Palvulii, Teh^Nallatiga, Moonla-
gajja namu.
388 NERJUM ODORUM.
Syamlata — black creeper.
Characters. — The plant a creeper, roots similar in appearance to
those of hemidesmus indicus ; bark dark-brown, closely adhering to
the wood, harder than that of H. Indicus and having a central pith;
taste almost absent.
Constituents^ — Acid, allied to cincho tannic acid — a red colouring
matter: resin, a small quantity of coumarine and a caoutchouc Hke
substance.
Preparations, — Decoction (i in lo). Dose, i to 4 drs.
Actions and uses, — Alterative, tonic, diuretic and diaphoretic,
similar to Indian sarsaparilla, given in syphilis, scrofula, skin diseases,
convalescence from fevers and other dyspeptic affections, and in uric
acid diathesis.
Nerium Odorum, N. Oleander (Bose-berry Sparge.)
Neriura from Neros, humid, the habit of the species.
Habitat. -'CQnUdX India, Baluchistan, Afghanistan W. Himala}ra,
Levant, moist places.
Parts used, — The root and root bark.
Vernacular. — Arab. — Sumul-himar. Beng. — Karabi. Can. —
Kanagila. Chin. — Kiah Chuh-au. Duk. — Ganer. Eng. — Sweet
scented oleander, solander laurel. Mar., Bomb. Guz., Hind. —
Kaner, Khasuba, Khar Zahra. Malyal. — Aralu. Pers. — Khar Zahrah.
Sans. — Svela Pushpa, Rakta Pushpa Prati Lasa, Ashva Maraka,
Karavira. Tarn. — Arali. Tel. — Kasturi Patte.
Sveta Pushpa, white flowered ; Rakta Pushpa, red flowered ; Prati
Lasa, laughing. Ashva Maraka — Ashva a horse and Maraka, a killer.
The root if given to a horse will kill the animal. Sumul-Himar or
Khar-zaharah means asses' bane.
Characters. — Root crooked ; bark of a pale whi e colour, exter-
nally thick and corky and marked with very -mall longitudinal
fissures ; internally very white; wood pale yellow nd porous; odour
acrid, taste bitter. Oose, 1 10 3 grs.
Constituents. — The tuber contains two bitter non-crystallizable
principles. Neriodorin and Neriodorein (both powenul heart poisons) ;
a glucoside. Rosaginine; an essential oil; and a crvstaiine body, neriene
identical with digituleine ; tannic acid — wax. The oaves contain an
alkaloid oleandrnie ; a glucoside pseudocurarine : ilso Neriene and
Neriantine.
JWf^rattons. — Medicated oil II 6. To prepa it boil oleander
root kura\cradva-taila in tila oil 8 and add chitrak.* nt and vax-adinga
seeds each I . DcctKtion or infusion (i in 10). Dose, r. to 2 drs. Paste,
Actions afui uses. — Olcanderin, if hypodermic • Jijected, causes
the heart*s beats to tall from 75 or $0 to 10 or 12, i = inued for some
time the heart ctMKs to beat and with it the rer :i- 1. Both the
root and the roi^i Kuk are poweiful diuretic an ulrac tonic, like
PLIIMERIA ArrMINATA.
389
Strophanthine and digttalin^ — an infusion is given in cardiac systole as
well as in dropsy. The root h often used to procure abortion and for
the purposes of self-destruction. Villagers use the powder of the
dried leaves as a remedy for colic, and as an errhine. The wood is
employed as rat^s-bane, the oil is used as a local apfjlication in skin
diseases such as itch, herpes, eczema, impetigo, &c* The paste is applied
to chancres and ulcers on the genitals and on ringworm.
Plnmeria Aoanilnta, P. AcoUfolia, P, Alba.
Habitat, — Throughout India,
Parts usciL — The bark, flowers, leaves and juice.
Vf macular. — Beng. — Gabar Champa. Duk. — Gulachin. Eng, —
Jasmine tree, Pagoda tree. Bomb , Hind,, Ouz,, Man— -Dholo Champo
Khair Champa, Pers, — Aachin, Sans. — Kshira Champa. TeL — Vaaa-
ganneru.
Characters. — Plant with milky juice and several blunt truncated
branches, the leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, smocth and with
Earallel veins; floivers. delicate and of an orange colour; root with
lunt-ended branches. Dose of the juice, 5 to 10 ms.
Constituents. — The juice contains calcium sail ; a kind of caout-
chouc, resins, and plumcric acid.
Preparatiom* — Decoction of the bark (1 in 80). Dose, ) to 1
fld« D2.
Aciihm and tuts. — The leaves are used as a poultice to reduce
indolent swellings The juice, like gamboge* is counter-irritant, and in
combination with sandal -wood oil and camphor it is applied to relieve
rheumatic pains, to dispel swellings^ and to cure itch. The root bark
is a violent cathartic. Asa demulcent it is largely used in gonorrhoea
and gleet. The flowers are used as antiperiodic. Its branches are used
like those of chitraka to procure abortion*
Banwolfla Serpentiita, Opbloxylon Serpentinuxii*
/f^WflA— Throughout India. Ceylon.
/^rts used, — The root.
Veftmculitr, — Beng. — Chandra, Bomb. — Harkai. Can, — Sutruna-
bhi. Cing. — Avulpori Jovana. Hind. — ChhotaChand. Malyal. — Chivan
Avelpori. Sans — Sarpagandha, Chandraka. Tam. — Chivan Melapodi.
TeL — Patalagandhi,
Characters* — Root in pieces, each from 3 to 5 lines in diameter
crookcdi and somewhat tapering ; bark soft, corky, of a light brown
colour, and marked with longitudinal fissures, cut portion presenting
the appearance of a honeycomb \ wood brittle; odour acrid, taste very
bitter.
Constituents, — Alkaloid ophioxylin, an orange coloured crystalline
principle, resin, starch and wax. The ash contains iron and
manganese.
390 STROPHANTHUS KOMBE.
/^^jr^/fon^.— Decoction (i in lo). Dose, i to 2 ozs.
Actions and uses,--The root is a bitter tonic and is an antidote to
snake bites and scorpion stings. It is given in colic, dysmenorrhcea,
dysentery, diarrhoea and cholera. In cholera it is given combined with
aristolochia indica. It promotes the expulsion of the foetus.
Strophanthns Kombe, B. P.
S. Hispidus, known in Africa as onage or orage. Strophanthus —
strop— turning, to turn, to twist; and anthos a flower. The corolla is
twisted and tailed lobed. Hispidus — Hairy, bristly; seeds covered with
long, coarse hairs.
Habitat, — Tropical and sub-tropical regions, Africa, Java, Sumatra,
Asia, Zambesi, Guinea, Senegambia*
Part used. — The mature ripe seed, freed of its long awn.
Strophanthi semina, B. P.
Characters, — A climbing plant, pods scimitar shaped ; seeds J
inch long, | inch broad; each seed has a compressed comose appendage
attached to the apex resembling that of Taraxacum but longer. It is
oval, flattened, obtusely edged, of a greenish fawn colour, covered with
silky hairs and with longitudinal ridge on one side ; kernel white, oily ;
cotyledons straight ; odour characteristic; taste bitter. All parts of the
fruit are poisonous.
Coftstituents. — Strophanthin, Inein, combic acid, oil, &c., but no
alkaloid. Strophanthin strophanthinum — a neutral active principle, a
glucoside. The seeds contain it S to 10 p.c. To obtain it add acidulaied
hydrochloric acid and alcohol to powdered seeds, and ex-aporate and treat
the extract with water. White shining colourless or yellowish crystalline
powder. Taste bitter, slightly acid ; freely soluble in water and alcohol.
1 nsoluble in ether, chloroform and benzin. With hot diluted
sulphuric acid it splits up into strophanthidin and glucose. Dose, j^^ to
jV of a grain used hj-podermically. Strophanthin Tannas — an amor-
phous yellowish white powder, soluble in alcohol, contains 5S p.c.
of strophanthin, used in a toxic preparation known as the kombe
arrow poison.
Preparations, — Extractum strophanthi, B. P. Percolaie the
seeds with ether and the residue with alcohol, mix with milk sugar
2 to I and concentrate. Tinctura strophanthi, B. P. (i in 40J.
Treat the seeds with ether to remove the oil, add spirit (i in 10).
Dose, ^ to I dr. Decoction (i in 150). Dose» \ to i dr. Tabelbe.
Mix the tincture with chocolate. Each contains ^ ms. of the tincture.
Dose, I to 3.
Acthns and uses. — Strophanthus is like digitalis — a powerfu'
diuretic and cardiac stimulant. In small doscs it increases the
force and lessens the rate of the heart's action, it is not
cumulative, does not cause any gastric or intestinal irrita-
tion. It has a powerful effect over rigors: it cuts them short
and prevents their recurrence. In large viosts it paralyses the
THEVETIA NERIIKOLIA. 3QI
heart in systole, and leaves the cardiac muscle in a state of
powerful contraction, thus relieving cardiac dyspnoea. In chronic
Bright's disease with dropsy, in uraemia, in valvular diseases of the
heart with anasarca, in palpitation, in pulmonary oedema, in
exophthalmos with tumultuous heart, in asthma &c., it well replaces
digitalis. Is is useful in endocarditis, atheroma of the arteries, hysteria,
chlorosis and in rigors following operations on the urethra. In tetanus
2 minims of the tincture is found useful.
Remarks, — In America arrow poison is prepared from S.
Hispidus. The extract is used to coat hunting arrows. It kills the
game but the flesh is not injured by the poison.
Taberna Montana Caronaria, Nerium Diyarioatam and
T. Heyneana.
Habitat. — Cultivated in India, Australia, Tropical Asia.
Paris used, — The milky juice and root.
Veniacu/ar. — Can. — Nandi-battal. Eng. — Ceylon Jasmine.
Hind., Guz. — Tagar. Malyal. — Karata pala. Sans. — Nandi Vriksha.
Tam, — Ghandi Taggarapu. Tel. — Nandi Vardhana Chettu.
Characters. — Shrub 6 to 8 feet, much dichotomously branched ;
bark pale ; leaves glossy, cariacious ; flowers, pure white, often double
and sweet-scented or fragrant; all parts of the plant abound in a bitter
cream-like sap or milky juice which is free from acridity.
Constituents. — The root contains resin, extractive matter, and an
alkaloid. The milky juice contains caoutchouc and resin.
Actions and uses, — Local anodyne, the root when chewed relieves
toothache. The juice is very cooling, and is used as an application with
lime juice in opacity of the cornea, in ophthalmia and wounds. The
flowers are also used in inflammation of the eyes.
Thevetia Neriifolia, Cerbera Thevetia.
Habitat. — West Indies, India, Calcutta.
Parts used.-r-The bark and oil of seeds.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Kolkaphul. Burm. — Molamiyai-pan. Eng.—
Exile or yellow oleander. Guz., Hind., Duk., Mah. — Pivala Kaner.
Malyal. — Pachcha- Arali. Tam. — Pach-ch-ai -alari. Tel. — Pach-cha-gau
neru.
Pivala Kaner — Pivla, yellow, and kaner, the plant ; the colour
of its flowers which is yellow and safiron like. The colour of the
foliage resembles that of oleander.
Characters. — All parts of the plant abound in a milky venomous
juice, of an acrid smell. Flowers large, saffron coloured, bell-shaped.
Foliage like that of the oleander. Fruits fleshy and contain
a hard stone ; kernels of the seeds are extremely bitter when
chewed, and produce numbness on the tongue. The oil expressed
from the kernel is of a yellow colour, taste agreeable, and mild like
392 WRIGHTIA TINCTORIA.
that of almond oil. Bark in quills, of the thickness of cinnamon,
externally of an ash colour, soft, corky and brittle. Internally white,
also soft and full of milky juice, taste bitter. Odour disagreeable.
Two grains of this bark is equal to lo grains of cinchona bark.
Constiinents. — The seeds contain 41 p.c. of a bland oil. Thevetin;
theveresin the active principles, and pseudo Indican. The bark
contains thevetin. The oil is limpid, almost colourless. Taste
mild and agreeable like that of fresh almond. Exposed to cold it
becomes pasty, and even entirely solid at a very low temperature. It
consists of triolein 63 p.c, tripalmatin 23 p.c, and tristearin 27 p.c.
Thevetine, a glucoside, is obtained from the cake after expression of
the oil.
Preparations, — Tincture (1 in 5). Dose, 5 to 15 ms. as an
antiperiodic ; 20 to 60 ms. as a cathartic and emetic.
Actions and uses, — The bark is bitter, antiperiodic ; it is given
with benefit in remittent and intermittent fevers. In large doses, it
acts as an emetic and purgative, and in poisonous doses as an acrid
poison. The oil is emetic and purgative. Like olive oil, it is used
externally.
Wrightia Tinotoria, Nerium Tinotoriiim, W. Rothii.
Habitat. — Central India, W. Peninsula, Burma, Coromandel,
Coimbatore, Godavery.
f\trts used, — ^The seeds, bark and leaves.
Vernacular, — Arab, — Las4nul-aasd-fer. Beng. — Indeijou. Bomb. —
Kali kura, Bhurkury. Cing. — Vep&l-arsi. Eng. — Sweet Indrajao.
Hind«, Mar., Guz. — Mitha Indrajav, Kali kudu. Code Indrajava.
Malyal. — Kota kappala. Pers — Tukhme-ahare-shirin, Zabane kun-
jashke shirin. Sans. — Hya-maraka. Tam. — ^X'etpala-Verai. Tel.—
Ankudu Kodisha.
Characters. — Leaves pale green, soft, elliptical, lanceolate, ovate or
oblong, acuminate or glabrous ; panicles terminal ; flowers white,
follicles in pairs, jasmine-like, and fragrant. Tube o( corolla twice as
long as the calyx : bark over the stem free from red colouring matter
and smooth : root bark, dark brown or black, and here and there marked
with warty growths. It is not distinctly sweet, but is free from bitter-
ness and tinge the sali\-a red : seeds greyish brown, more pointed at the
ends than those oi karava indrajava, and marked with irregularly
longitudinal fissures, some having a tendency to become channelled :
interior is homogeneous, and of a darkish red or brick>red colour.
/V^parati ns. — Decoction of leaves and bark ^i in 10). Dose, ^
to 2 (id,' oxs.
Actr'ji^s ar:d uses. — Stomachic tonic and febrifuge in combination
with other vegetable bitter&« given in bowel complaints and during
convalescence from fe\*er, and other acute diseases. The seeds are
tonic and are given in seminal weakness^ Leaves when chewed relieve
ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA.
393
toothache. The bark is confounded with that of Holarrhena,
anrfdysenterica,
Aaelepiadaceee— The Dpalasari^ Asclepias. or milk-weed family*
Asclepiadacere — i^vsculapius, Asclepias, tutelary god of medicine*
Shrubs or herbs, generally milky, succulent, and frequently of a twining
habit; leaves opposite, entire and exstipulate ; flowers regular, pink,
greenish yellow, white or purple; calyx and corolla 5 partite ; stamens
5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla t fruit with two follicles, running
when ripe at an acute an^le, and thus resembling the two horns of a
calf; seeds woody and frequently comosc with thin albumin. Other
characters and properties are allied very nearly to those of Apocynacere.
It is a Dative of Tropici, Southern India, Arabia, Ceylon/Assam,
China* Japan,
The roots of this whole order contain chiefly a hitter acrid juice
which renders thern stimulant, emetic, acrrd, purgative, and diaphore-
tic ; sonte .npecies are used as antidotes to poisoning by snake bites. The
roots of some are aromatic and alterative. The root bark of Mudar is
a good substitute for ipecacuanha, and that of upalasari for sarsa-
parilla. The milky juice of sev^eral species yield caoutchouc* while
others afford indigo.
AsclepiaB Curassavioa.
Blood-flowcr ; wild or bastard Ipecacuanha ; Indian root or
yellow milk weed ; silk weed or wild cotton. Blood-flower because
the herb or the Ica%es have the property of checking capillary
haemorrhages when applied on a fresh wound. Bastard Ipecacuanha,
the root i* employed m some of the West Indian islands as an emetic
like ipecacuanha.
Habitat. — Central America and West Indies, introduced into
India and has run wild over all the Peninsula.
Parts usfd* — The root and juice.
Vernacular , — Bomb. — Kurki, Kakatundt.
Characters, — Herb with oleander I ike leaves; flowers red, saffron
' orange coloured ; seeds and hairs glossy, hence called vegetable silk ;
root stock short* abruptly divided into yellowish brown rootlets; bark
thin, 9ini^ when fresh exuding a milky juice; taste bitter and somewhat
acrid. Dose, 1 5 to 6a grs.
O '?. — An active principle, Asclepiadin, a glucoside, closely
resemb tin.
Pteparaimns, — Fluid extract Dose, 20 to 6oms. Decoction (i In 20).
Oose* \ to I (Id. 02. Syriip of the juice — Dose, 2 to 6 fld drs.
Actiotts and uses* — In large doses it gives rise to vomiting,
diarrhoea; in small doses powdered dried root is an emetic like ipeca-
cuanha. Syrup of the expressed juice of the leaves given on an empty
stomach acts as a very prompt ta?niacide (anthelmintic). Decoction
is used with benefit as an injection in vaginal leucorrhc^a.
394 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.
. Asolepias Cornuti, A. Syriaca, Common milk-weed, silk-weed.
Habitat. — United States.
Parts used, — The rhizome.
Characters. — Root wrinkled, knotty, brownish ; bark, thick with
lactiferous vessels; wood with wedges, yellow ; taste bitter and nause-
ous. Dose, 15 to 40 grs.
Constituents. — Asclepion, a tasteless crystalline bitter principle ;
caoutchouc 6 p.c, milk juice, resin, tannin and starch.
Preparation. — Tincture (i in lo). Dose, 5 to 40 ms. ; and dusting
powder.
Actions and uses, — Alterative, expectorant and emetic, given in
asthma, cough, fever, &c. The powder is used locally to promote
cicatrization of wounds, ulcers, &c.
Afldepias Incarnata, JSesh-coloored asdepias, swamp silk-weed.
Habitat. — United States.
Parts used. — The root.
Characters, — Root knotty, oblong, brownish ; bark thin with central
pith, emitting milky juice when wounded; taste sweet and bitter. Dose,
powdered root, 10 to 40 grs.
Constituents, — Volatile oil, two acrid resins, and asclepiadin.
Preparations. — Fluid extract. Dose, 15I to 40 ms. Tincture
(i in 10). Dose 5 to 40 ms. Infusion and Decoction (i in 10).
Dose, 2 to drs.
Actions and uses, — As an alterative, given in scrofula, rheumatism
as an emetic in asthma, etc., as an anthelmintic to kill worms.
Asclepias Tuberosa.
Pleurisy root or butterfly weed, silk weed, colic root, orange
swallow wort, white root, wind root.
Habitat. — United States.
Parts used. — The root.
Characters. — Root large, fusiform, from 1 to 6 inches long, and
about three-quarters of an inch or more in thickness, head knotty and
slightly but distinctly annulate, and longitudinally wrinkled, externally
orange brown, internally whitish, tough, and having uneven fracture.
Bark thin, in two distinct layers, the inner one whitish with lar^e
white medullar)' rays, inodorous and of a bitterish somewhat acrid
taste. Dose of the powdered root, 20 to 00 grs.
Constituents. — Wood contains two resins, a crystalline glucoside
Asclepedin, gum, salts, a volatile odorous fatty matter, starch, tannin,
gallic acid, albumin, pectin. Asclepedin is freely soluble in alcohol
and ether, sparingly so in water.
CATOTROPIS GIGANTEA. 395
PreparaUoti.^Tincture (i in lo). Dose, 5 to 30 ms. Infusion or
Decoction (i in 20). Dose, ^ to i fld. dr. Liquid extract. Dose, 20
to 60 ms. Infusion (i in 15). Dose, i to 2 drs.
Actions and wj^^.— Diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic, cathartic,
and heart sedative. It is used as a speci6c in pleurisy. It should be given
in frequent doses till it produces free perspiration and expectoration.
Asclepidin is very useful in pneumonia, asthma, hepatic derangements,
diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, amenorrhoea. It promotes the
eruption in exanthematous fevers. Generally given with gelsimin,
veratrin, hyoscyamin, podophyllin, sanguinarin, &c. Its power is
increased by administering it in warm water.
CatotropiB Oigantea, C. Procera, Asolepias Oigantea
(White variety).
liahitat. — Throughout India, Malay Islands, Persia, Africa, S.
China.
Parts used, — The dried root bark (catotropis cortex), milky juice,
leaves and flowers.
Vernacular, — Arab. — Ushar. Beng. — Shwet-akund. Burm. —
Mayo-bin. Can. — Yakke-gida. Cing. — Varagaha. Eng. — Gigantic
swallow wort. Bomb., Mar., Guz., Hind. — Akadu Mundar Akund,
Rui. Malyal. — Erika. Panj. — Pachkand. Pers.— Khark, Drakhte-
zahrnak, Shakar-di-Tighal. Sans. — Arka, Rudra Aditya, Surya patra,
Mondara shri-ai, Taur-kam. Tam. — Erukku, Arka Vella yercam.
TeL—Tella Jelledu.
Drakhte Zahrnak — poison tree. Alarka, or white, and arka, or
red, the colour of their flowers.
Characters, — Most acrid of all the asclepeas ; every part of the
plant abounds in an acrid milky juice. Shrub 6 to 10 feet, of an ash
colour and of a peculiarly foetid odour. Root tapering and thick ; bark
small, flat or arched and in pieces, brownish or pale white externally,
yellowish grey internally. It is corky, soft and fissured longitudinally;
taste mucilaginous, bitter, acrid; odour peculiar. Wood porous, yellow-
ish and light; leaves thick, oblong, ovate, wedge-shaped, rather acu-
minate ; stem-clasping at the base, upper surface smooth, under
surface pale and clothed with woolly down ; flowers star-shaped, of
a pink or dark purple colour, rather large and showy ; leaflets, keel-
tormed, circinately recurved at the base. Dose, as an emetic ^ to I dr.,
as a diaphoretic and alterative, 5 to 10 grs.
Constituents, — Mudarine, caoutchouc, yellow bitter acrid resin.
Mudarine an active principle, soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble
in cold water, and olive oil, possesses the singular property of con-
gealing by heat and becoming again fluid on exposure to cold.
Preparations, — Powder. Dose, as an alterative 3 grs., as an emetic
30 to 60 grs. Infusion (i in 10). Dose, \ to i fld. oz. Aquae (1 in 50),
Dose, I to z ozs. Bougies. Medicated oil (arka taila). Boil together
the juice 16, sweet oil 8, and turmeric. Used in eczema.
396 CATOTROPIS GIGANTBA.
Actions and uses, — As an alterative the root with calomel and
antimonial powder is given internally, and the bark made into paste
applied to the legs and scrotum, in elephantiasis, to leprous
ulcers, leucoderma and other skin diseases. The root bark, powder-
ed, soaked in the milky juice, dried, and made into cigars, is
smoked as an inhalation in coughs and asthma. Dried bark is an emetic
a very good substitute for ipecacuanha, and with opium it is used like
Dover's powder in dysentery. The leaves are deobstruent, with rock
salt are roasted in a close vessel and the ashes given with whey by
the natives in enlargement of the liver and spleen, in intestinal worms,
ascites, anasarca, and in dysenter^% As rubefacient the leaves
are smeared with oil, and used as varalians, to relieve colicky
pain and tympanitis. As a poultice, they give relief to inflammatory
swellings. The flowers are tonic, stomachic and digestive, and used
in cough, asthma, &c. The juice is drastic purgative and caustic,
in combination with the juice of Euphorbia neriifolia applied to caried
teeth to relieve pain and dropped into the ear in earache Also applied to
the cerWx to procure abortion. Given in rheumatism, malarial and low
hectic fevers ; and largely used in syphilis, hence known as vegetable
mercury. The juice mixed with powdered wood of Berberis asiatica
and the juice of Euphorbia Neriifolia made into tents, and intro-
duced into the rectum to relieve tenesmus. In scorpion and insect
bites, it relieves the pain and burning. As a depilatory it is used by
tanners, and also by women for removing hair from the pubes and
other parts. It is a useful local application for the relief of painful
joints and swellings, and for ringworm of the scalp. In combination
with the juice of Natdo Thuhar and with the wood of Berberis Asia*
tica it is used as a caustic for closing sinuses and fistula in ano.
Cerope^ Aouminata et Bulbosa, C Tuberosa.
HahitaL — W. India, Punjab, Upper Gangetic plain, Malabar Hill.
Parts used. — The bulbous root.
Vernacular. — Mah. — P£tila tumbadi. Mar. — Khappar kadu.
Punj. — Gal6t. Tarn. — ^Bach-chalimanda. Tel. — Manchi ^landa.
Characters. — ^A creeper. Roots bulbous, as large as a small apple ;
tubers fleshy, when fresh taste like turnip, of a dark colour and smooth
externally, apex slightly depressed with a constriction at the other
end. On section white, pith-like and starchy. When chewed they
are mucilaginous like salep, and somewhat bitter. Dose, i to 2 grs.
Constituents. — ^A bitter alkaloid cerop^n, fat, sugar, gum»
albuminoids, starch. The ash contains manganese.
Actions and uses, — All parts of the plant are edible. The tubers are
nutritive tonic, gi\*en in leucorrhcea, seminal debility, bowel com-
plaint of children &c. It forms an ingredient of aphrodisiac and tonic
confections.
Ootmoeti^ma RaMmosum.
Habitat. — W. India, Ceylon, Chittagong.
Parts used. — ^The root.
WEMIA EXTFNSA,
397
Vernacular. — Can, — GhiVra huvvu. Goa* — Gharphul* Mai. — Vattu
valli, Mar.^ — Shendvd, Shendari, Marvel.
Charutiers. — Climber running over high trees. Leaves large^
coriaceous, snioolh, sometimes rounded with a group of dusty brown
prominent glands at ilje iunction of the petiole with the leaf ; root
light brown, externally ana scabrous, of a starchy and friable fracture*
Without any taste» but a fLunt odour like ipecacuanha. Dose, of the
root bark, 5 to 10 grs.
Cofistitueftts. — Crystalline fatty acids, soluble in cold rectified
spirit and aqueous alkaUes ; an acid resin which is glucocidal related
to jalapin, gum, sugar, and carbo-hydrates, etc., having the properties
of dextrin ; on incineration the roots leave inorganic matter.
Prrparatmis. — Decoction (i in lo), Dose^ 4 to 6 drs,
Aciiofis and u^e$. — The rout bark is an efficient cholagogue and
given in dyspepsia with fever and clay-coloured stools. It restores the
natural colour to stools even in cases where euonymin or mineral
acids, &c., have failed.
DcBmia EEtensa, Afiolepias Echinata^ Cynanohum Extensa m, G«
Cordifolium, C, Bicolor.
Habitat, — ^Throughout India.
Piarts Med, — ^The root and leaves.
Vernacular, — Beng. — Chhiigul. Can, — Kutinga^Jultuve, Talavar-
naballi. Duk — Utran, Jutuk. Guz, — r^as^ala-dudheli. Mar., -Hind. —
Utran» SAgav^ni. Malyal. — Velip-parutti. Sans* — Phala-Kantak.
Tam- — UtlAniani> Vclipparulti, TcL^ — Jittu*paku.
Utran, or Uttara, means ejecting or vomiting, or antagonist*
Characters* — Twining plant ; flowers dull white and drooping;
follicles with curved beak and covered with soft bristles ; leaves
roundish, cordate, acuminate, and pubescent, auricled ai the base;
odour mousy and peculiar; taste faintly bitter and nauseous, when igni-
ted evolve alkaline fumes like I hat of tobacco or adhaloda. The root
is long, slender, and of a dirty while colour ; root bark wrinkled and
longitudinally fissured, marked with scars of fallen rootlets j wood
whitish, porous, and arranged in wedges. Dose, 5 to to grs.
Constituents. — Alkaloid DcEraine — soluble in ether, alcohol and
/inter ; ash, 15-5 p*c.
Preparations^ — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, \ to i fid. 01. The
juice of the leaves. Dosc» | to 1 dr.
Actions and uses. — Emetic and expectorant, given lu cnddreii m
pulmonary bronchial catarrh and in asthma. The juice of the leaves
is used as an anthelmintic. Locally the juice mixed with lime
(chunam) is applied to ihcumatic swellings, boils and abscesses with
relief. In large doses it acts as a purgative.
Like Dcrmea Extensa, the leaves of hoya viridiflora are employed
by the natives as an application to boils and abscesses and as an emetic
and expectorant.
398 GOXOLCBUS COXDURANGO.
Dre^ Yolubilis Tar. Lacuna.
Habitat. — ^Bengaly Assam, Peninsula.
Parts used. — The root, herb and fruit.
Vernacular. — Beng. — ^Tita kanja. Hind. — Xak chikni. Mar. —
Hirandadi, ambri. Tain. — Kodi-palaL Tel. — Ehidhi palla.
Characters. — Large climber with green flowers in drooping umbels;
bark smooth and ash coloured ; leaves coriaceous, at the base rounded
or cordate: follicles obtuse, and covered with brown mealy substance
which consists of moniliform hairs. Dose of the root, lo to 40 grs.
Constituents. — ^The fruit contains a glucoside Dregein, in light
coloured transparent scales, of peculiar bitterish sweet taste, neutral
or slightly acid reaction, soluble in water.
/Reparations. — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, ^ to 2 02s.
Actions and uses. — Emetic, diaphoretic, expectorant, diuretic and
sternutatory. The root and tender stalks are intensely bitter and
nauseant. As a diuretic thev* are given in dropsy. The leai-es are
employed as poultices to bc>ils and abscesses. The root is applied to
snake bites.
Gmiolobiis Condaran^
Habitat. — Equador, Peru and Central America.
Parts used. — The bark.
Characters. — Bark in quills, or curved pieces ; reriderm. ash grey
colour, wrinkled, warty and with greenish black lichens attached ;
liber pale, brown and striated ; occur siigh:. taste biiter and acrid.
Do6e, 1 5 to 00 grs.
Constituents. — A glucoside, condurargin resia. alkalcid, starch,
tannin, gum, &c.
Pretaratr^ns. — Liquid extract. I>ose, 3 to co ms. Vine
(i in io>. Dose, i to 4 fld. dr^. Infusion \i in zo). Dcse. ^ to • fli.
czs. Tincture (i to 5). Dc^se, 1 to 4 fld. drs.
Ac:sr:ns and uses. — Alterative, tcnic and diuretic : emttic in large
do6es. given in chronic syphilis, rheumarism. almc<: as a specific in
canorr o: the stcmavh, i: mitigares caret r rair, improve* the appetite
and increases strength considerably. Cor o-^ ran gin :s a nene pc-^oa.
GjmaeBia Lactiferam.
Cow plant, Ceylcn cow :ree. Berg.— Kiri Harguca.
Cow tree derives its name rVcm prccucirg a 'uice sim: ,ir :c- milk
in colour and ccnsxsteuce. The leaves are aCE:in:scercd :c niirses to
increase the secretioii ot milk.
Gymnema Gymno*, raked; and rxn^a a thread — ir. allcsicn to
peculiar
GYM^fEMA SVXVBSTRE,
309
Qymnema Sylvestre, Asclepias Geminatai Periplacsi SylYestria.
Habitat, — ^Deccan Peninsular* Bengal, Nepaul, Assam, Eist
Africa, East Indies.
Parts used, — The root and leaves and the acid principle.
Vernacular. — Ben — Merasingi. Hind, and Bomb. — Meshasingi,
Can.— Sennagerse* Cin. — Binnug. Duk< — Parpatrah, Mar. — Kavli
Wakandi, Sans.— Mesharingi, Tarn, — Shiru-kurut^ja. Tel. — Poda
patra.
Meshashringi : — Mesha, a sheep (ram), and shringi horns^ in
allusion to the follicles resembling the horns of a sheep*
Characters, — Milky shrub of a twining habit; leaves from 4 to 5
inches long, ovate, lanceolate, and of a dark green colour, shininj^ above
and pale beneath ; flowers small, yellow, with globular apex oi" white
stigma ; root about the size of the little linger and resembling Hemides-
mus root ; wood tough ; bark spongy and of a reddish brown colour j
file acrid and saltish.
Coffstiti4fnfs, — The sun dried leaves contain resin ; a bitter neutral
Erinciple ; albuminous and colouring matters ;pararabin, glucose, carbo*
ydrates, tartaric acid, gymnemic acid 6 px. and ash. The bark contains
starch and a large amount of calcium salts and other crystalline
concretions.
Gymnemic acid: — Triturate the leaves in water, add sulphuric ncid
and precipitate the extract. In appearance it resembles chrysophanic
acid. Ft fornjH insoluble salts with alkaloids, a fact which accounts for its
property of masking the taste of quinine and of sweets.
Preparatiftiis^ — Decoction (i in 10). Dose, ^ to i fid, oit.
/iciiofts and uses. — Astringent, stomachic tonic» and refrigerant,
given in fever, cough. The root powder mixed with castor oil is applied
externally like Ipecacuanha to snake and insect biles. The leaves are
applied Uke varaliatis to enlarged li%*cr or spleen; the leaves when
cnewed benumb for a time the taste tor sweets and bitters 5uch as
sugar and quinine,
Hemiddsmus Tndicus. B. R. Periploca Indica, Smilax Aspera
Asclepias Pseudosara ¥ar. Latifolia.
Habitat.—^, W. and S. India^ Bengal and Bombay,
Parts used.^Tho roots, Hcmidesmi Radix, B, P,
Vernacular. — Arab. — Anslabatunnar. Cing. — Irimusu. Can* —
Djda-sali, Sngadc Karibanta. Bcng. — Anantauiool, Duk — Sttgr^ndhi-
p;Vli, NatkiVaushbah. Eng, — Indian scented and country Sar
Hind. — Anantamula, Magrale — Jangali Chambcli, KuraL Hind
Malyal. — Narst>nmh, Nannari-Kizhanna- Gu2., Mar, — ^Gopa-Kaiiga
Uperas;lra» Dudhsali. Goa,^ — Upcrcao. Per*. — Aushbahe-hindi^ Va?a
minc'barri, Mugraboo, Sans, — Anantamula, Gopi mulama, sugandhi-
utapala, sariva, Naga Jihva (snake tongue) Shadipa, Tun.— N'aitnun.
Tel, — Gadi-Sughandi.
400 HEMIDESMUS INDICUS.
Characters, — Plant twining ; root cylindrical and tortuous ; stem
glabrous, long and rigid ; root-bark fissured, longitudinally and cracked
or broken transversely ; wood hard and of a yellow colour ; bark wood
reddish, brown or dark brown coloured ; odour aromatic and cam-
phoraceous like that of sassafras, tonka bean, or mellilot. Taste sweet
but somewhat acrid.
Constttuenis. — Coumarin. The aroma and taste of the drug are due
to this constituent ; a volatile oil a crystallizable principle hemidesmine ;
and a crystalline stearopten called smilasperic acid.
Pre/Natations. — Infusion (i in lo). Dose, I to 2 fld. ozs-
Syrupus Hemidesmi, B. P. (i in loj). Dose, J to i fld. dr.
Actions and uses. — Valuable alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, tonic;
the powder fried in butter is given to children in thrush. With hon^
it is given in rheumatic pains and boils. As a diuretic, its infusion with
cows milk is given in scanty and high coloured urine, strangury and
gravel. As a diaphoretic and tonic, it is given in fevers with loss of
appetite and disinclination for food. As an alterative it is given in chro-
nic rheumatism, skin diseases, scrofula, syphilis, cachexia, constitu-
tional debility &c. Infusion with onion and cocoanut oil is given in
piles. It is a good substitute for sarsaparilla. Often mistaken for
Ichnocarpus Frutescens (apocynaceae). Both are called in Sanscrit
Sariva. Barleria preonitis. — Karanta (Hind), is frequently sold by
druggist, for upalasari.
Pentatropis Microphylla, Asdepias Tenniflora, Asolepias
Miorophylla, P. Spiralis.
Habitat. — Tropical plant.
Parts used. — The root.
Vernac 
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